旋转流中预混合火焰高速传播现象—II.点火位置与燃烧过程

在前期关于Vortex-bursting旋流式预混燃烧器的燃烧效率及其进口混合气速度分布对燃烧效率的影响实验基础上,围绕燃烧器的点火特性,对旋流场中的点火位置和稳定火焰形成进行了数值分析.结果表明,不适当的点火位置会影响稳定火焰的形成,在相同的燃烧工况下,在流场中点火位置不同,火焰的发展出现不同的趋势.在靠近中心轴附近的低速区点火时,火焰能够稳定;在靠近管壁的高速区点火时,撤离点火源后,火焰吹熄.本结果对于强化预混合燃烧的稳定性具有理论和工程指导意义.     

旋转流中预混合火焰高速传播现象-II. 点火位置与燃烧过程

在前期关于Vortex-bursting旋流式预混燃烧器的燃烧效率及其进口混合气速度分布对燃烧效率的影响实验基础上，围绕燃烧器的点火特性，对旋流场中的点火位置和稳定火焰形成进行了数值分析. 结果表明，不适当的点火位置会影响稳定火焰的形成，在相同的燃烧工况下，在流场中点火位置不同，火焰的发展出现不同的趋势. 在靠近中心轴附近的低速区点火时，火焰能够稳定；在靠近管壁的高速区点火时，撤离点火源后，火焰吹熄. 本结果对于强化预混合燃烧的稳定性具有理论和工程指导意义.     

煤粉气流等离子及电点火技术应用与展望

论述了国内外在电弧直接点燃煤粉的燃烧器研究与应用情况,对国内外煤粉锅炉无油直接点火燃烧器研究与发展现状及趋势作了深刻分析,介绍了激光点火燃烧器与电加热多级点火燃烧器,指出电加热多级点火燃烧器是一种很有发展前途的无油直接点火燃烧器．     

西门子SGT-200燃气轮机燃烧稳定性问题分析

珠海某LNG工厂使用的西门子SGT-200-2S小型燃气轮机,采用8个环形布置的干式低排放燃烧室,用于驱动天然气制冷流程混合冷剂压缩机。在高负荷状态及生产负荷调整期间,燃气轮机存在燃烧稳定性问题,时常因燃烧室熄火导致停机,给工厂造成了较大经济损失。本文对燃烧室熄火的原因进行了分析,通过调整值班燃烧器燃料比,提高了燃烧稳定性,并通过优化工艺流程操作,减少了生产负荷调整对燃气轮机的不利影响,燃烧不稳定熄火停机问题得到有效改善。     

废气燃烧器及控制系统的研制

燃烧器采用边混合边燃烧设计,辅以燃料阀捡漏、PLC加触摸屏控制、辅助点火、熄火保护、负荷变频比例控制及其它多重安全控制,实现了三种不同热值燃气的安全燃烧,各种燃气可随意切换。     

微型燃烧器内甲烷预混催化燃烧的数值研究

微尺度燃烧存在热量损失大、易熄火、燃烧不完全、转化效率不高等问题,因此对微型燃烧器内甲烷的燃烧采取预混催化燃烧方式来提高燃烧的稳定性和转化效率,为微型发动机碳氢燃料燃烧技术奠定基础。采用连续介质层流有限速率模型和二阶离散方法对微型燃烧器微流道内的催化燃烧、流动和传热进行了三维数值模拟。结果表明,甲烷质量流量和过量空气系数对催化转化效率有一定影响,壁面温度是影响催化转化效率的主要因素。甲烷质量流量、壁面温度与最佳过量空气系数之间具有一定的变化关系。可根据催化温度选择富燃料或富氧燃烧方式来提高微尺度催化转化效率。恒壁温边界条件下,催化燃烧主要发生在燃烧腔的下壁面。     

燃气燃烧器安全控制技术探讨

在燃气燃烧器研制设计中,燃气的易燃、易爆及毒性,使安全控制成为首要问题。根据燃气燃烧器的原理和燃烧特性,对其安全控制要求主要有预吹风、自动点火、燃烧状态监控、点不着火的保护、熄火的保护、燃气压力高低限保护、空气压力不足保护、断电保护、防泄漏措施等。国产燃烧器的安全控制装置和国外相比存在一定差距,需要企业和国家技术和产业部门共同努力,保障国内产业的健康有序发展。     

浅析锅炉等离子点火燃烧器的正确使用

能源紧缺以及环境保护的要求使得火电厂燃油受限,继而等离子点火燃烧器替代了传统锅炉点火稳燃燃烧的轻柴油,本文就离子点火燃烧器在金山热电厂1#、2#锅炉的运行情况,对影响其稳定运行的各参数的控制,投运等离子点火发生器的注意事项,及运用等离子点火发生器防止炉爆燃的安全措施等方面进行了全面的分析论述。     

有机废液燃烧器的研制

基于气泡雾化技术研制的燃烧器,加入燃料阀检漏、辅助点火、熄火保护、变频控制及其它多重安全控制,实现了对包括SE(styrene ethylbenzene)在内的多种废液体燃料的安全燃烧。燃烧火焰明亮、刚性强;排烟透明、无黑烟;负荷调节比可达1:6。     

纸张脉动燃烧尾气冲击流干燥过程的实验研究

脉动燃烧因其传热效率高、结构紧凑、环境污染小等优点而广泛应用于生产生活中,冲击干燥同样也能形成强烈的热质交换,本文将上述两种干燥技术结合应用。为了探讨脉动燃烧尾气冲击流干燥的性能,研制了小型Helmh01tz脉动燃烧器,并对脉动燃烧尾气冲击流干燥技术应用于纸张的干燥过程进行了实验研究。分析了气流辐射半径和燃料流量两个参数对干燥过程的影响,可以看出随着气流辐射半径的增加,干燥速度降低。此外还对不同干燥条件下的纸张干燥时间进行了估计,为实际生产提供参考。     

OPTIMIZATION AND NEURAL MODELLING OF PULSE COMBUSTORS FOR DRYING APPLICATIONS

Results of investigations of a valved pulse combustor to choose optimal geometry, which covered measurements of the flow rates of air and fuel, pressure oscillations, including pressure amplitude and frequency and flue gas composition are presented in the paper. Experimental studies compsiring the operation of the pulse combustor coupled with a drying chamber and working separately are described. It was found that coupling of the pulse combustor with a drying chamber had no significant effect on the pulse combustion process. Smoother runs of pressure oscillations in the combustion chamber, lower noise level and slightly higher NO_x emission were observed. The velocity flow field inside the drying chamber was measured by LDA technique. Results confirmed a complex character of pulsating flow in the chamber. A large experimental data set obtained from measurements enabled developing a neural model of pulse combustion process. Artificial neural networks were trained to predict amplitudes and frequencies of pressure oscillations, temperatures in the combustion chamber and emission of toxic substances. An excellent mapping performance of the developed neural models was obtained. Due to complex character of the pulse combustion process, the application of artificial neural networks seems to be the best way to predict inlet parameters of a drying agent produced by the pulse combustor     

Organization of a pulsed mode of combustion in scramjets

A new method is proposed to organize the working process in the combustion chamber of a scramjet. The flow velocity in the combustor is maintained close to the velocity of sound. In a constant-area channel, this situation is achieved by organizing combustion in a pulsed wave structure of the pseudo-shock type whose position is determined by parameters of the external thermal-gas-dynamic pulsed-periodic action on the flow. In the channel part with a variable cross section, the mean Mach number close to unity is maintained by choosing an appropriate degree of combustor expansion and appropriate places of fuel injection. The pulsed mode assists in improvement of fuel-air mixing and in reduction of the combustion zone length. The main advantage of this method is the high efficiency of the process determined by the minimum loss of the total pressure and the maximum increase in temperature. Experimental results are given to confirm the possibility of realization of the pulsed combustion mode.     

OPTIMIZATION AND NEURAL MODELLING OF PULSE COMBUSTORS FOR DRYING APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT

Results of investigations of a valved pulse combustor to choose optimal geometry, which covered measurements of the flow rates of air and fuel, pressure oscillations, including pressure amplitude and frequency and flue gas composition are presented in the paper. Experimental studies compsiring the operation of the pulse combustor coupled with a drying chamber and working separately are described. It was found that coupling of the pulse combustor with a drying chamber had no significant effect on the pulse combustion process. Smoother runs of pressure oscillations in the combustion chamber, lower noise level and slightly higher NO_x emission were observed. The velocity flow field inside the drying chamber was measured by LDA technique. Results confirmed a complex character of pulsating flow in the chamber. A large experimental data set obtained from measurements enabled developing a neural model of pulse combustion process. Artificial neural networks were trained to predict amplitudes and frequencies of pressure oscillations, temperatures in the combustion chamber and emission of toxic substances. An excellent mapping performance of the developed neural models was obtained. Due to complex character of the pulse combustion process, the application of artificial neural networks seems to be the best way to predict inlet parameters of a drying agent produced by the pulse combustor     

去耦室压力变化对脉动燃烧器尾管传热的影响

去耦室是脉动燃烧器的重要部件,除降低燃烧噪声外,其另一作用是保证尾管出口声学边界条件,维持整个燃烧器的运行性能。在一台无阀自激脉动燃烧器尾部建立了去耦室压力控制系统,通过调节引风机前的阀门开度来改变去耦室内部压力即尾管出口压力大小（调节范围-10～10 kPa）,实验研究了去耦室压力变化对脉动燃烧器尾管传热的影响。结果表明：当去耦室压力高于或低于大气压力时,尾管中的传热系数均能提高,而去耦室压力为负值时,尾管传热系数相对较高;燃烧室压力幅值的大小和速度比的大小均能反映传热系数的高低。     

Influence of power frequency on the performance of SiC thin films deposited by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering

Because of its high stability, good wear resistance, and high mechanical hardness, SiC is widely used in various mechanical parts as a protective film. However, there have been few reports published on the preparation of SiC films by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering. In this work, SiC films were deposited onto glass and ceramic substrates from a sintered SiC target through pulsed DC magnetron sputtering. The influence of the variation of the power pulse frequency (0?kHz, 50?kHz, 150?kHz, 250?kHz, and 300?kHz) on the film’s performance was studied. The surface morphology, structural characteristics, hardness, and adhesion strength of the deposited SiC films were investigated here. The results show that all the deposited films adhered well to the substrate. They were smooth, compact, and presented an amorphous structure. The film hardness was found to increase as the pulse frequency was increased. When the pulse frequency was 250?kHz, the resulting SiC film possessed optimal mechanical properties with a hardness of 25.74?GPa (measured using a nanometer indentation instrument) and an adhesion strength of about 36?N (measured by scratch tester).     

Effects of NTO Oxidizer Temperature and Pressure on Hypergolic Ignition Delay and Life Time of UDMH Organic Gel Droplet

Organic gel propellants are promising candidates for a variety of rocket motor and scramjet applications, since they are intrinsically safe and provide high performance. It is well known that organic gel fuel droplets exhibit distinct combustion characteristics compared with conventional liquid fuel droplets, and furthermore an understanding of the ignition delay and lifetime of these droplets is critical to the improvement of combustor design. In this work, investigations of the combustion of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) organic gel droplets in different nitrogen tetroxide (NTO) oxidizing atmospheres were conducted using two sets of experimental apparatus. The combustion characteristics under different conditions of temperature and pressure were compared and analyzed based on the flame shapes observed during experimentation. From these trials, an unsteady combustion model was developed and used for the numerical simulation of spray‐sized UDMH organic gel droplet combustion in an NTO atmosphere. The hypergolic ignition and burning characteristics of the organic gel droplets under conditions simulating either engine startup or steady state combustion were compared, and changes in ignition delay and droplet lifetime with ambient temperature and pressure were analyzed. The experimental and numerical results show that the UDMH organic gel droplets exhibit periodic swell‐burst behavior following the formation of an elastic film at the droplet surface. Each droplet burst results in fuel vapor ejection and flame distortion, the intensity of which declines with increasing ambient pressure. However, the swell‐burst period is extended with increasing ambient pressure, which results in potential flameout. Under conditions of low temperature and pressure similar to those at engine startup, the ignition delay and lifetime of spray‐sized gel droplets decrease with increasing temperature or pressure, although there is a sharp increase in droplet lifetime when the ambient pressure reaches a critical value associated with flameout. The ignition delay was found to be a rate‐limited phenomenon linked to the droplet heating rate. The proportion of ignition delay and droplet lifetime due to droplet heating‐up decreased with increasing temperature or decreasing pressure. Conversely, at high temperatures and pressures simulating the engine’s steady state operating conditions, the droplets were observed to flameout after several swell‐burst periods and both ignition delay and lifetime decreased monotonically with increasing temperature or pressure. The ignition delay time was determined to be rate‐limited by gas phase chemical reactions and contributed very little to the overall droplet lifetime compared with the engine startup condition.     

脉冲萃取柱空气脉冲旋转阀的特性

对脉冲萃取柱的空气脉冲旋转阀产生的空气脉冲发生过程进行了分析,给出了其充气和排气过程特征,得到脉冲腿内液面在空气脉冲作用下随时间变化的理论模型,并将理论计算结果与大型空气脉冲旋转阀产生的脉冲压力变化及在其作用下在直径0.3 m、高5.6 m无筛板脉冲柱中产生的液体运动的实验结果进行了对比. 结果表明,空气脉冲旋转阀充放气时间很短,充气时间约0.2 s,放气时间不超过0.05 s,加压空气通过旋转阀后产生接近梯形波的空气脉冲压力,脉冲柱内液面随时间变化曲线为类似正弦形,理论模型计算与实验结果符合很好,验证了模型的可靠性.     

脉动燃烧尾气冲击流传热特性的实验研究

对脉动燃烧尾气冲击流的传热将性进行了实验研究。利用自制的小型Helmhonz脉动燃烧器产生的尾气直接冲击陶瓷板，改变不同参数并测量各点温度随时间的变化，以预测纸张或织物等平面物料的传热特性及流动特性；根据测量数据得出了不同条件下的传热系数曲线；对脉动尾气流增强传热的可能原因进行了讨论。     

低压脉冲电场对高浓度O/W型乳化液破乳特性的影响

为实现高含油浓度O/W型乳化液的电场破乳预分水,借鉴电絮凝技术的工作原理自行设计了静态序批式电场破乳预分水实验装置。在对乳化液理化特性进行量化表征以确保其稳定性的基础上,以预分水率为主要评价指标,系统实验研究了电场形式、峰值电压、脉冲频率、占空比及含水率对O/W型乳化液静态破乳预分水特性的影响。结果发现,脉冲直流方波电场下乳化液的破乳效果比直流电场较好;含水率降低使乳化液的破乳程度减弱;峰值电压、脉冲频率和占空比都存在一个最优值。当施加脉冲直流方波电场、电压幅值为40V、脉冲频率为2kHz、占空比为0.5、加电时间为30min时,含水率90%乳化液的预分水率达87.18%。基于实验过程中的现象推测,高含油浓度O/W乳化液的破乳预分水机理包括双电子层作用和类似电絮凝作用。