纳米压痕技术在工程材料研究中的应用

纳米压痕技术具有高灵敏度、操作简单等优点,可以在微纳尺度上获得块体材料、薄膜以及涂层等的多种力学性能参数。尤其随着材料基因组技术的推广,其将成为应用越来越广泛的力学性能表征方法。本研究介绍了纳米压痕技术的Oliver-Pharr方法原理,以及其在载荷-位移、硬度、弹性模量、断裂韧度、蠕变性能、残余应力、纤维界面性能表征方面的应用。在使用过程中仍存在一些问题需要注意和进一步研究:纳米压痕技术获得的力学性能参量需要考虑其测试模型的适用性;材料表面加工过程需要很高的技术及一致性,以最大减小甚至消除材料表面状态及物理特征对测试结果准确性和重复性的影响;由于测试位置较难精确定位,标准压头外形尺寸存在偏差以及设备本身的热漂移,纳米压痕测试重复性差。     

纳米压痕测试技术在复合材料中的应用研究

纳米压痕技术广泛应用于微纳米尺度材料原位力学性能的测试,介绍了近些年来纳米压痕技术在复合材料各组分、界面性能、残余应力等表征方面的应用,在此基础上提出了纳米压痕技术在复合材料应用中存在的问题,并结合今后研究方向展望了其发展趋势和应用前景。     

纳米压痕和划痕法测定 TiO2 纳米薄膜的力学性能

目的研究相同工艺条件下阳极氧化法在不同钛合金基底(TA1,TC4,TC4F136)上生成的TiO2薄膜的力学性能差异。方法采用扫描电镜结合原子力显微镜观察3种薄膜的形貌和结构,用UNHT型纳米压痕仪测试TiO2纳米薄膜的力学性能,利用纳米划痕法测试3种钛合金表面生成的TiO2薄膜与基底的结合强度及摩擦性能,用纳米压痕技术测试TiO2的显微硬度和弹性模量。结果电解液及其它电化学条件相同时,不同钛合金基底上形成的TiO2薄膜结构(管直径、管壁厚及管长度)不同。结论阳极氧化法在钛合金基底上生成的TiO2纳米薄膜的力学性能,由TiO2微观结构及其与基底的结合强度决定,微观结构和结合强度归根到底由合金中元素决定。     

基于纳米动力学分析的钛薄膜力学行为和疲劳性能研究

利用纳米压痕试验研究了不同厚度钛薄膜的力学行为和疲劳性能。在纳米级动态力学分析的基础上,根据储存刚度的变化定量计算了薄膜的疲劳寿命。结果表明,薄膜的疲劳寿命与残余应力有显著的关系。压痕原位扫描图像显示,薄膜出现明显堆积分层,长裂纹从压头中心向压头边缘垂直延伸。而且,压痕周围积累了大量的应力,纳米级动态加载过程产生了高度局域化的塑性变形和应力释放。薄膜内部的残余压应力将抵消部分载荷应力,提高薄膜的疲劳寿命。     

纳米晶Ni疲劳行为的实验研究

系统研究了纳米晶Ni与粗晶Ni的疲劳行为. 通过疲劳实验获得了这2种材料的疲劳应力--寿命曲线, 并采用AFM对纳米晶Ni样品表面进行观察以研究其裂纹萌生的微观机制, 利用纳米压痕仪对疲劳实验前后样品的力学性能和显微组织变化进行了研究. 结果表明, 纳米晶Ni具有比粗晶Ni更高的疲劳极限. AFM观察表明,纳米晶疲劳后样品表面出现平均尺寸为73 nm的胞状起伏, 疲劳后样品的晶粒尺寸未发生明显改变. 压痕硬度结果表明, 疲劳过程材料的力学性能也未发生明显变化.     

基于原子力显微镜的薄膜原位压痕力学性能研究

基于原子力显微镜(AFM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)建立了一套原位纳米压痕测试系统。该系统可以实现控制带有金刚石(Cube corner)压头的AFM微悬臂梁对样品进行压入实验,并得到载荷-位移曲线,同时可以对压痕过程进行原位SEM实时观察。发展了一种基于AFM微悬臂梁加载和原位SEM压痕图像分析的力学性能测试方法,通过测量压入最大载荷和原位SEM测量压痕残余面积得到塑性薄膜的硬度和弹性模量。利用此方法对磁控溅射硅衬底上纳米晶银薄膜进行了压痕实验,并与Nanoindenter G200型纳米压痕仪实验进行对比研究。结果表明,原位AFM压痕方法具有高的载荷和位移分辨率,可以实现纳牛至微牛级的压痕实验,通过测量压痕面积得到塑性薄膜的硬度值,减小了使用Oliver-pharr方法中软膜硬基底上凸起(Pile-up)效应的影响,计算结果也具有好的测试精度和可靠性。     

用纳米压痕法表征钨纳米晶须的力学性能

通过化学气相沉积方法合成截面为六边形的单晶钨纳米晶须,利用纳米压痕仪和原子力显微镜对硅基底上的钨纳米晶须的力学性能进行表征。纳米压痕测试结果表明,钨纳米晶须的硬度为(6.2±1.7) GPa,弹性模量为(225±20) GPa。对比研究结果表明,钨纳米晶须的硬度与钨微米晶须的硬度相当,但比块体钨单晶高35%。这种硬度的增高是由于具有完好晶体结构的钨晶须在压痕测试中不会出现块体钨单晶中的位错崩。钨纳米晶须的弹性模量相当于钨微米晶须的80%,主要是由于纳米晶须的尺寸效应和测量过程中的基底效应所致。     

基于分子动力学模拟的纳米压痕技术研究进展

纳米压痕技术是一门在微观尺度上测量材料力学性能的新兴技术,分子动力学模拟则可对抛光、超声振动、激光加工等工艺过程进行仿真,在研究加工过程中材料受微观粒子挤压、划擦及冲击等而变化的力学性能机理方面具有显著优势,故总结了分子动力学模拟和纳米压痕技术的基本原理,对采用分子动力学模拟研究纳米压痕技术的现状进行了综述。两种先进技术的有机结合,将极大地促进材料在微观尺度下的研究进程。     

微观力学性能与元素分布间的跨尺度评价

材料织构的原位力学性能(弹性模量、硬度)作为计算模拟和材料设计学中重构的基本参数至关重要。通过对高铬铸铁材料表面施加等静压得到显微组织的微区(纳米尺度)弹/塑性形变数据,从而实现样品表面织构力学参数的高通量跨尺度分布分析。同时,对映射区域应用光学显微镜、显微硬度仪、纳米压痕仪和扫描电镜进行微观组织及宏观力学性能的对比分析,所得数据与通过等静压试验所得结果一致。对比常规的测试方法,等静压技术不仅可无损、无腐蚀的得到表面织构的力学性能参数,还可得到高分辨跨尺度的微观组织图谱。     

浅析表面自身纳米化及其应用进展

简要介绍了表面自身纳米化技术的特点,表面自身纳米化材料的制备原理,综述了表面自身纳米化对材料的力学、腐蚀、疲劳等性能的影响.     

The Study on Plasma Boriding of H13 Steel at Low Temperature Assisted by Surface Nanocrystallization Technology

Plasma boriding treatment was carried out at low temperature for the hot work die steel H13 assisted by surface nanocrystallization technology in this paper.At the same time,the thermal fatigue property of it was investigated through thermal fatigue testing with 3000 continuous cycles from room temperature to 700℃.The changes of structure and grain size in surface layer were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM).After plasma boriding at 580℃ for 4 h,the phase composition,morphology and in-situ nanomechanical property of boride layer were investigated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),nanoindentation test,respectively.The results show that the boride layer with about thickness of 5μm is composed with two phases of Fe2B and FeB.The nanohardness of boride layer is as high as 21 GPa.Furthermore,thermal fatigue testing shows that the boride layer with excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical strength at elevated temperatures could effectively delay the crack initiation and impede the crack propagation.Therefore,the thermal fatigue property of H13 can be remarkably improved.     

火药复合焊条力学性能研究

采用材料试验机研究了火药复合焊条中火药含量对焊条力学性能的影响.结果表明,即使在火药含量较低的情况下,焊条也能具备足够的力学性能,能够满足焊条的正常运输、储存及使用要求.     

力学测试中的不确定度评定

简要介绍了测量不确定度的基本概念,同时对力学测试中测量不确定度的评定过程和基本方法进行了论述。评定了力学测试中钢材拉伸试验的相对不确定度,验证了实验室日常检测结果的可靠程度。     

力学测试不确定度的评定

讨论了测量不确定度的来源和力学测试中测量不确定度的影响因素，介绍了一些力学测试测量不确定度评定的实例。     

High-Throughput Nanoindentation for Statistical and Spatial Property Determination

Standard nanoindentation tests are “high throughput” compared to nearly all other mechanical tests, such as tension or compression. However, the typical rates of tens of tests per hour can be significantly improved. These higher testing rates enable otherwise impractical studies requiring several thousands of indents, such as high-resolution property mapping and detailed statistical studies. However, care must be taken to avoid systematic errors in the measurement, including choosing of the indentation depth/spacing to avoid overlap of plastic zones, pileup, and influence of neighboring microstructural features in the material being tested. Furthermore, since fast loading rates are required, the strain rate sensitivity must also be considered. A review of these effects is given, with the emphasis placed on making complimentary standard nanoindentation measurements to address these issues. Experimental applications of the technique, including mapping of welds, microstructures, and composites with varying length scales, along with studying the effect of surface roughness on nominally homogeneous specimens, will be presented.     

Rauschmessungen zur Früherkennung der Korrosionsneigung mechanisch gefügter Bleche

Application of noise measurement for the early detection of corrosion property of mechanical joined metal sheets In the area of mechanical joining an active development is to be registered. The use of new materials, new rivet forms, new protective layers, changed production technologies, use of mixed materials, changed medial loads, demanded long‐term guarantees etc. let arise various old and new questions regarding the corrosion resistance. Conventional corrosion testing methods often give only insufficient answers to these questions. With the use of the electrochemical noise it is possible to receive meaningful results over material and construction characteristics within a short time since a metal surface constantly sends signals over its condition, even if one does not measure. Apart from the possibility of determining the probability of corrosion also certain processing errors and surface defects can be proven with noise measurements. Thus the application of this method offers possibilities for the process optimization and quality assurance of mechanically joined construction units, or also for the estimation of existing joining connections.     

热疲劳对B/M复相H13钢组织及力学性能的影响

为提高其热疲劳性能,对H13钢进行了贝氏体-马氏体(B/M)复相热处理,使其得到了由回火索氏体和贝氏体组成的复相组织。利用OM、SEM、TEM、洛氏硬度计、万能拉伸试验机等设备研究了热疲劳对B/M复相H13钢微观组织、碳化物及力学性能的影响。结果表明:较传统H13钢硬度随疲劳次数增加而迅速降低的现象,B/M复相H13钢的硬度随疲劳次数的增加呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势。拉伸试验表明,较传统H13钢,B/M复相H13钢的强塑性配合更加优异,且在热疲劳后,其断面收缩率反而有所增大。通过显微组织观察发现力学性能变化的主要原因是B/M复相H13钢在热疲劳过程中存在贝氏体板条合并及碳化物析出并长大粗化的行为。     

Effects of recrystallization on the low cycle fatigue behavior of directionally solidified superalloy DZ40M

The effects of recrystallization on low cycle fatigue behavior were investigated on directionally solidified Co-base superalloy DZAOM.Optical microscopy and SEM were used to examine the mierostructure and fracture surface of the specimens.The mechanical testing results demonstrated that the low cycle fatigue property of DZ40M significantly decreased with the partial reerystallization.Fatigue cracks initiate near the carbides and the grain boundaries with slip-bands.Both the fatigue crack initiation and propagation can be accelerated with the occurrences of recrystallized grain boundaries.