抗原负载树突状细胞刺激细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞治疗晚期胃癌的临床观察

目的探讨抗原负载树突状细胞(DC)刺激细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)治疗晚期胃癌的临床疗效及毒副反应。方法采集晚期胃癌患者外周血单个核细胞,洗涤后在体外培养成CIK,同时培养DC,并给予负载抗原,7 d后将DC与CIK共培养,14 d后回输体内,观察疗效。结果CIK治疗晚期胃癌可明显减轻症状,改善患者免疫功能,而无明显副反应。结论CIK治疗可作为晚期胃癌常规治疗的有效辅助手段。     

CIK细胞体外培养的免疫表型

目的探讨体外培养过程中细胞因子激活的杀伤细胞(CIK)免疫表型的动态变化。方法通过向外周血单个粒细胞(PBMC)中加入白细胞介素2(IL-2)、γIL-1α、γ干扰素(γ-IFN)与抗CD3McAb,诱导出CIK细胞。经流式细胞分析法对CIK细胞进行动态表型分析。结果动态表型分析显示,在第14~21天时CD3 CD16 56 细胞为(31·6±5·5)%~(35·8±9·7)%,呈高表达的平台期。结论CIK细胞在体外培养14~21d,CIK细胞CD3 CD16 56 双阳性细胞呈高表达,此时临床应用可取得较好疗效。     

化疗联合CIK输注对晚期NSCLC患者T细胞哑群及生存的影响

目的：探讨化疗联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（ cytokine induced killer ,CIK）治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌（ non small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者的近期疗效。方法将61例确诊的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者给予化疗联合CIK治疗,观察治疗前后外周血中T细胞亚群及细胞因子的变化和临床疗效,并观察其对1年总生存率和无进展生存期的影响。结果 CIK回输后患者CD3、CD8、CD56的比例较治疗前明显上调（P＜0．05）,且CIK输注可明显提高患者Th1类细胞因子IFN-γ和TNF-α的水平（P＜0．05）。治疗总体有效率为47．3％,临床获益率为67．3％。该研究患者的中位总生存期为10．3个月,1年生存率为22．9％,而无进展生存期7．2个月,1年无进展生存为14．0％。结论化疗CIK治疗能提高患者的免疫功能及生活质量,有望成为非小细胞肺癌有效的过继免疫治疗方法。     

DC-CIK细胞制备和回输的护理

树突状细胞(DC)是体内功能最强的专职抗原提呈细胞,可识别病原,激活获得性免疫系统.成熟的DC可有效抵制肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸机制[1].细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)是将人外周血单个核细胞(MNC)在体外用多种细胞因子共同培养一段时间获得的一群异质细胞,兼具有T淋巴细胞强大的杀瘤活性和自然杀伤细胞(NK)非限制性杀瘤的特点[2].DC、CIK相互作用,可使CIK细胞杀瘤活性增强,对靶细胞的杀伤更具特异性,.DC-CIK细胞免疫治疗联合放疗、化疗及手术治疗,有助于减少恶性肿瘤的转移与复发,进一步提高临床疗效[3],提高患者的生活质量及延长生存期.该疗法中,DC-CIK细胞制备和回输的护理过程尤为重要.我科于2005年9月至2007年11月共给予36例恶性肿瘤患者实施DC-CIK 细胞免疫治疗.     

细胞因子激活的杀伤细胞治疗晚期肺癌的研究

目的探讨细胞因子激活的杀伤细胞(CIK)过继性免疫治疗对晚期肺癌患者近期免疫指标及生活质量(QOL)的影响,并观察CIK细胞治疗的安全性。方法 41例晚期肺癌的患者,体外在富细胞因子——干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)及白细胞介素-2(IL-2)的环境下,经1周左右的时间培养、增殖CIK细胞,细胞数量达到(2～5)×109后分次回输给患者。分别于CIK细胞回输前1 d及回输结束后4周抽取患者的外周血,行T细胞亚群及NK细胞活性的检测,同时分别于CIK细胞回输前1 d及回输结束后至下一疗程前评价患者的Karnofsky(KPS)状态。该组患者治疗前后的免疫指标及KPS状态进行自身对比。结果 41例晚期肺癌患者行CIK细胞治疗后的CD3+CD4+百分率上升(P<0.05),CD3+CD8+百分率下降(P<0.05),CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+值上升(P<0.05),NK细胞百分率升高(P<0.05)。该组患者CIK细胞治疗后KPS评分提高率为75.6%。41例肺癌行CIK细胞治疗后,1例患者出现超过39℃的高热,1例患者出现皮疹,余患者未见明显副作用出现。结论 CIK细胞治疗能改善晚期肺癌患者近期细胞免疫功能,提高患者生活质量,且安全可靠,值得临床进一步的研究。     

树突状细胞联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞体内外抗肺癌的实验效应研究

目的探讨树突状细胞（DC）联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（CIK）在体内外对肺癌的影响。方法正常人外周血单个核细胞经不同细胞因子作用后培养成DC和CIK细胞,单个核细胞经贴附塑料平皿获得单核细胞,加入GM-CSF,IL-4及TNF-a诱导获得DC,悬浮细胞加入IFN-g,24h后IL-1a,IL-2及CD3McAb诱导获得CIK,将A549制备成肿瘤细胞冻融物,作为肿瘤抗原刺激DC,并将DC与CIK细胞联合培养（DC＋CIK,负载抗原的DC＋CIK）,以CIK细胞单独培养作为对照。用流式细胞仪分析细胞表型,自体混合淋巴细胞反应和异体混合淋巴细胞反应检测其刺激T细胞的的增殖活性。Cytotoxicity TOX96体外杀伤实验测定体外细胞毒活性,同时用A549细胞系建立荷瘤裸鼠模型研究其体内抗肺癌活性。结果在培养的第15d,与负载抗原的DC共同培养的CIK与CIK细胞单独培养细胞相比,增殖速率明显提高[（23.4±2.3）倍vs（16.7±2.7）倍,P〈0.05],CD3＋CD56＋细胞表达水平也明显提高,[（64.3±3.6）%vs（43.9±2.1）%,P〈0.05],同时负载抗原的DC的CIK对A549细胞的体外下细胞毒活性增强,体内实验显示,与单独培养的CIK细胞相比,与负载抗原的DC共同培养的CIK,可明显抑制接种瘤细胞的裸鼠成瘤率,DC＋CIK与负载抗原的DC＋CIK在抗六效应上没有明显差异。结论 DC与CIK细胞共培养后可提高CIK细胞的增殖速率,提高CIK细胞表型的表达水平,增强CIK体内抗肺癌的活性。将来可作为一种临床有效的过继免疫治疗策略。     

CIK免疫治疗对肿瘤患者生活质量影响的观察

目的评价CIK过继免疫治疗后患者生活质量。方法按常规方法采集细胞,分离培养,10～15 d收获,对50例患者采用CIK细胞静脉输注治疗。结果 50例患者通过CIK细胞治疗后生活质量有不同程度的改善;培养后CIK细胞表型检测可见CD3+,CD3+CD56+细胞较培养前显著增加(P0.01)。结论 CIK细胞治疗肿瘤是一种安全有效的方法,能有效地改善病人的免疫力及生活质量,可成为继手术,放疗,化疗后的肿瘤治疗的重要辅助手段。     

NSCLC患者术后CIK细胞免疫治疗联合化疗疗效观察

目的评价细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（cytokine-induced killer,CIK）免疫治疗联合化疗治疗术后非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者的近期疗效。方法选取82例Ib-IIIa期NSCLC患者,经手术治疗后随机分为两组,常规化疗组和CIK细胞治疗联合化疗组,每组41例。观察比较两组患者生活质量及外周血CD3＋,CD4＋,CD4＋/CD8＋比值,自然杀伤细胞（Na-ture-Kille）r比率以及Th1/Th2细胞因子水平免疫功能指标的变化。结果生活质量：CIK细胞治疗联合化疗组和常规化疗组生活质量总提高率分别为90.0%与73.2%,研究组患者生活质量高于对照组（P〈0.05）。免疫功能指标：CIK细胞治疗联合化疗组于CIK细胞治疗后2周,外周血CD3＋,CD4＋T细胞,NK细胞和CD4＋/CD8＋的比值、白细胞介素-2,干扰素γ水平较治疗前升高（P〈0.01）,于治疗后4周达高峰,此后逐渐回落;而Th2细胞因子于CIK细胞治疗后2周下降,治疗后4周降至低谷。CIK细胞治疗联合化疗组于CIK细胞治疗后2、4、8周CD3＋,CD4＋,CD4＋/CD8＋,NK细胞,IL-2,IFN-γ,白细胞介素-4和白细胞介素-10与常规治疗组各时点比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 CIK细胞免疫治疗联合化疗能增强NSCLC患者术后的免疫功能,改善其生活质量。     

树突状细胞联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞体外抗肺癌的实验研究

目的探讨树突状细胞（DC）联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（CIK）在体内外能否有效的抗肺癌。方法正常人外周血单个核细胞经不同细胞因子作用后培养成DC和CIK细胞,单个核细胞经贴附塑料平皿获得单核细胞,加入GM—CSF,IL-4及TNF—a诱导获得DC,悬浮细胞加入IFN—g,24h后IL-1a,IL-2及CD3McAb诱导获得CIK,将A549制备成肿瘤细胞冻融物．作为肿瘤抗原刺激DC,并将DC与CIK细胞联合培养（DC＋CIK,负载抗原的DC＋CIK）,以CIK细胞单独培养作为对照。CytotoxicityTOX96体外杀伤实验测定体外细胞毒活性。结果在培养的第15d．与负载抗原的DC共同培养的CIK与CIK细胞单独培养细胞相比,增殖速率明显提高[（23．4±2．3）倍vs（16．7±2．7）倍,P〈0．05],CD3＋CD56＋细胞表达水平也明显提高,[（64．3±3．6）％vs（43．9±2．1）％,P〈0．05],同时负载抗原的DC的CIK对A549细胞的体外下细胞毒活性增强。结论DC与CIK细胞共培养后可提高CIK细胞的增殖速率,提高CIK细胞表型的表达水平,增强CIK抗肺癌的活性．将来可作为一种临床有效的过继免疫治疗策略。     

CIK细胞制备方法的研究进展

细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)是一种新型的免疫活性细胞,是人外周血单个核细胞在体外经多种细胞因子刺激后获得的一群异质细胞,同时兼具T淋巴细胞强大的杀瘤活性和NK细胞的非MHC限制性。人们对于CIK细胞基础与临床应用的认识一直在不断的更新,本文着重从CIK细胞制备方面进行探讨。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.