Mg-3Zn-1Zr合金细径管材的挤压模具设计

基于Mg-3Zn-1Zr合金本构方程运用Defrom-3D软件对多种Mg-3Zn-1Zr合金细径管材的挤压模具参数的配合进行了有限元模拟分析。结果表明:挤压模入口圆角半径一定时,挤压模模角越大,挤压杆的载荷越小,挤压模圆锥段发生紊流现象越严重,挤压死区越大。挤压模入口圆角处的磨损最为严重,当挤压模模角为120°,挤压模入口圆角半径为2 mm时,模具磨损最小,挤压载荷和模具应力也较小。工作带长度超过4 mm时,随着工作带长度的增加,模具磨损深度显著增大,管材与模具易产生黏结,进而产生缺陷和变形不均匀。采用模拟优化的模具挤压出的Mg-3Zn-1Zr合金细径管材表面质量良好、尺寸精度高,说明基于Deform-3D有限元分析能够为实际模具设计与镁合金型材的生产提供可靠参考。     

镁合金管件热态内压成形研究进展

首先简介了热态内压成形国内外研究现状,然后重点介绍了哈尔滨工业大学在热态内压成形装置和镁合金热态内压成形方面的研究进展.所研制的热态内压成形装置可在一定温度下实现镁合金大膨胀率变径管、弯曲轴线变截面管的研制.采用AZ31B镁合金管材获得膨胀率30%,最大减薄率6.7%的变径管件;采用AZ61A镁合金管材试制了正方形截面件和某轿车样件,采用AZ31镁合金管材试制了截面带有小圆角的管件.介绍了上述样件的工艺过程,表明镁合金热态内压成形工艺具有广阔的应用前景.     

Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr稀土镁合金无缝管材正反挤压过程模拟

目的 研究稀土镁合金无缝管材制备过程,开展模具结构优化和正反挤压过程的有限元研究,为稀土镁合金的无缝管材制备提供技术基础。方法 通过对稀土镁合金无缝管材正反挤压过程进行数值模拟,分析了在正反挤压过程中,反挤压凸模圆角、正挤压挤压角及挤压工艺参数对应变场的影响规律,以降低工艺参数对模具寿命的影响,提高产品成形质量。结果 在无缝管材挤压成形过程中,当凸模圆角半径为10 mm,挤压角为30°时,应变分布更为均匀,所需挤压力最低。随着挤压温度的升高,应变分布越来越均匀,所需挤压力下降,适宜的挤压温度为400 ℃。结论 合理的凸模圆角半径和挤压角可以改善挤压流场、应变分布及降低挤压力。挤压温度对流场影响较小,挤压力随着摩擦因数增加而增加。     

内高压成形合模力对变径管尺寸精度的影响

目的 在内高压成形过程中,合模力加载不合理不仅会导致模具寿命降低,而且容易引起管件截面精度超差,需探究合模力对管件截面尺寸的影响以改善这一缺陷。方法 以低碳钢和铝合金变径管为例,采用内高压成形实验与数值模拟的方法,在两种不同的加载条件下分析合模力对管件截面尺寸精度的影响规律。结果 变径管内高压成形时,模腔上、下侧的等效应力高于左、右侧,模腔顶部的径向位移最小,分型面附近的径向位移最大。模腔在合模力的作用下被压扁,导致卸载内压和合模力后管件截面竖直方向的直径始终小于水平方向,存在一定的不圆度。SAPH440低碳钢和6063铝合金变径管的截面最大不圆度分别为0.27%和0.26%。结论 在内高压成形过程中,合模力对截面精度的影响不可避免,需通过增大模具尺寸或采用可变合模力的加载方式以减小其影响。     

加载条件对内高压成形管件尺寸精度的影响

为了研究内高压成形管件横截面尺寸变化规律,获得管件横截面尺寸精度的调控方法,采用内高压成形实验研究了内压和合模力加载条件对低碳钢变径管直径尺寸精度的影响规律。结果表明:随着内压从60 MPa增加到210 MPa,变径管直径逐渐增加,卸压出模后管件发生0.045%～0.075%的回弹,当内压为150 MPa时,获得的管件直径尺寸精度最高。随着合模力增加,变径管水平方向的直径尺寸逐渐增大,竖直方向的直径尺寸逐渐减小,横截面不圆度增大,导致尺寸精度降低。因此,在内高压成形中,可通过增加模具尺寸或采用可变合模力加载以降低合模力对管件横截面尺寸精度的影响,也可通过控制内压使模具弹性变形量恰好等于管件回弹量,从而使管件最终直径尺寸等于设计值,以保证管件的横截面尺寸精度。     

AZ31镁合金薄壁管材挤压技术研究

目的得到综合力学性能良好的AZ31镁合金Φ8 mm薄壁管材。方法研究了热挤压、等温挤压与反向温度场挤压3种工艺对AZ31镁合金薄壁管材晶粒组织和力学性能的影响。结果热挤压管材组织不均匀,头部晶粒粗大、尾部细小,等温挤压和反向温度场管材挤压组织较为均匀。结论反向温度场挤压在模具温度为300℃、坯料温度为20℃条件下,薄壁管材抗拉强度达278MPa,伸长率达20.1%,综合力学性能最佳。     

AZ31薄板热拉深工艺研究

为提高AZ31薄板热拉深质量、确定热拉深过程的合理工艺参数,选取不同的成形温度、模具间隙及凸模圆角半径,拉深成形了AZ31试样,采用KH-2200MD金相显微镜观察其内部组织变化,并通过x-ray衍射实验分析晶面取向的变化.实验结果表明,0.8mm的AZ31B镁合金板料在240℃附近的成形性能最好,拉深后材料组织晶粒大小均匀,晶面取向分布均匀.热拉深AZ31B镁合金板料应将凸、凹模间隙选为1.1倍的板料厚度.在压边力不变的条件下,随着凸模圆角半径的减小,拉深高度降低加快,并且起皱现象加重.     

高塑性Mg-Gd-Zn镁合金管材的组织和力学性能研究

为了制备高塑性镁合金无缝管材,将具有不同初始组织的Mg-3%Gd-1%Zn(质量分数/%,以下简称GZ31)合金空心锭在420～480℃挤压成无缝管材,采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析和拉伸试验等表征了管材的组织和力学性能.结果表明:GZ31镁合金无缝管材较AZ31具有更弱的基面纤维织构;420℃一次挤压成形的GZ31管材由于组织中还存在粗大的原始晶粒,导致室温伸长率较低;440℃及以上挤压时得到完全再结晶组织,且随挤压温度升高,再结晶晶粒和第二相尺寸逐渐增大;经过一次挤压开坯后再在440℃二次挤压的无缝管材具有更细小的平均晶粒尺寸(约12μm),其室温伸长率高达35%,明显优于传统AZ31以及一次挤压成形的GZ31镁合金无缝管材.     

AZ31 镁合金轧制-剪切-弯曲变形工艺数值模拟研究

目的研究温度和道次压下量的变化对AZ31镁合金轧制-剪切-弯曲变形工艺的影响规律。方法对AZ31镁合金轧制-剪切-弯曲变形过程进行数值模拟,探究变形过程中应力、应变分布规律。结果压下量越大,模具转角处累积的等效应变值越大;随着温度的升高,模具转角处等效应力逐渐减小,等效应变逐渐增大。结论试样在模具转角处发生了剧烈的塑性变形,研究结果为板材的制备提供了依据。     

电轧AZ31镁合金在模拟海水中腐蚀行为研究

为对比研究高能电脉冲轧制工艺和冷轧工艺对AZ31镁合金腐蚀性能的影响,采用腐蚀形貌观察、动电位极化测试、电化学阻抗谱与腐蚀速度测试等方法系统地研究了高能电脉冲轧制和冷轧AZ31镁合金带材在模拟海水(3.5%NaCl)中的腐蚀行为.结果表明:在同样变形量下,与冷轧AZ31镁合金相比,电轧AZ31镁合金的耐腐蚀性略有提高.这与电轧AZ31镁合金再结晶比例大,位错密度小,具有较低能态的位错组态及能形成较稳定的腐蚀产物膜有关.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.