内压对镁合金差温内压成形起皱行为的影响

针对镁合金管材热态内压成形存在的壁厚不均、膨胀率小等问题,本文提出利用温度差控制变形的差温内压成形新方法,沿管材轴向建立了具有不同温度梯度的温度场,开展非均匀温度场作用下的镁合金管材塑性失稳起皱行为研究,研究了内压对镁合金差温内压成形起皱参数的影响规律。当恒定内压8MPa时,成形后形成均匀的三个皱纹;采用线性增加的内压补料,成形后仅形成均匀的两个皱纹。恒定内压下轴向补料有助于形成更均匀的多点起皱,变内压轴向补料会改变起皱临界条件,提高了成形区材料的稳定性,抑制后续皱纹的形成。     

加载条件对内高压成形管件尺寸精度的影响

为了研究内高压成形管件横截面尺寸变化规律,获得管件横截面尺寸精度的调控方法,采用内高压成形实验研究了内压和合模力加载条件对低碳钢变径管直径尺寸精度的影响规律。结果表明:随着内压从60 MPa增加到210 MPa,变径管直径逐渐增加,卸压出模后管件发生0.045%～0.075%的回弹,当内压为150 MPa时,获得的管件直径尺寸精度最高。随着合模力增加,变径管水平方向的直径尺寸逐渐增大,竖直方向的直径尺寸逐渐减小,横截面不圆度增大,导致尺寸精度降低。因此,在内高压成形中,可通过增加模具尺寸或采用可变合模力加载以降低合模力对管件横截面尺寸精度的影响,也可通过控制内压使模具弹性变形量恰好等于管件回弹量,从而使管件最终直径尺寸等于设计值,以保证管件的横截面尺寸精度。     

内高压成形技术现状与发展趋势

介绍了内高压成形原理,工艺分类、优点、应用范围和适用材料,综述了国外内高压成形在工业领域尤其汽车工业的应用情况,给出了用内高压成形制造的典型结构件、枝杈管件、异形管件和空心轴类件.详细介绍了国内研制的400MPa内高压成形机参数及在该设备上试制的铝合金管件、不锈钢管件、空心阶梯轴和轿车后轴纵臂等内高压成形件.最后指出内高压成形需要深入研究的课题和发展趋势.     

内高压成形技术现状与发展趋势

介绍了内高压成形原理、工艺分类、优点、应用范围和适用材料,综述了国外内高压成形在工业领域尤其汽车工业的应用情况,给出了用内高压成形制造的典型结构件、枝杈管件、异形管件和空心轴类件.详细介绍了国内研制的400MPa内高压成形机参数及在该设备上试制的铝合金管件、不锈钢管件、空心阶梯轴和轿车后轴纵臂等内高压成形件.最后探讨了内高压成形需要深入研究的课题和发展趋势.     

内高压成形合模力对变径管尺寸精度的影响

目的 在内高压成形过程中,合模力加载不合理不仅会导致模具寿命降低,而且容易引起管件截面精度超差,需探究合模力对管件截面尺寸的影响以改善这一缺陷。方法 以低碳钢和铝合金变径管为例,采用内高压成形实验与数值模拟的方法,在两种不同的加载条件下分析合模力对管件截面尺寸精度的影响规律。结果 变径管内高压成形时,模腔上、下侧的等效应力高于左、右侧,模腔顶部的径向位移最小,分型面附近的径向位移最大。模腔在合模力的作用下被压扁,导致卸载内压和合模力后管件截面竖直方向的直径始终小于水平方向,存在一定的不圆度。SAPH440低碳钢和6063铝合金变径管的截面最大不圆度分别为0.27%和0.26%。结论 在内高压成形过程中,合模力对截面精度的影响不可避免,需通过增大模具尺寸或采用可变合模力的加载方式以减小其影响。     

AZ31镁合金管材游动芯头拉拔有限元模拟

运用Deform软件模拟了AZ31镁合金管材游动芯头拉拔过程,并对比研究了模具锥角、定径带长度、变径带长度对拉拔管材成形性的影响。结果表明:在拉拔AZ31管材时,最大压应力出现在外模变径段与定径段过渡区,合适的模角配合不仅能降低拉拔力,还能提高尺寸精度。模具定径段长度对管材变形时的均匀性和拉拔力的影响较大,变径段长度对管材拉拔的影响较小。最终通过实验验证了模拟结果,制备出了尺寸精度高的AZ31镁合金管材。     

加载路径对不锈钢球形件内高压成形过程影响

为了研究加载路径对不锈钢球形件内高压成形过程的影响,采用实验方法分析了加载路径对成形过程中缺陷形式的影响,获得了80%膨胀率成形管件的壁厚分布规律.结果表明:当初始内压与屈服强度比值小于0.21时,管坯形成两个皱纹,在整形阶段发生开裂;当初始内压与屈服强度比值大于0.25时,管坯在轴向进给阶段即发生开裂.在初始内压与屈服强度比值为0.21～0.25时,可以成形出合格管件,合格管件最大减薄点位于球形件的最大截面处,最大减薄率为24.5%.本文所成形不锈钢球形件内高压成形区间,合理初始内压与屈服强度比值范围为0.21～0.25.     

AZ31B镁合金管材热态内压成形性能的研究

为了研究变形镁合金AZ31B管材的热态内压成形性能,通过单向拉伸测试了不同温度和应变速率下其力学性能的变化,通过胀形实验研究了温度对内高压成形性能的影响,以及相应变形条件下微观组织的变化.实验结果表明:在20～300℃时,AZ31B的屈服强度和抗拉强度随着温度的升高而降低,总伸长率随着温度的升高而提高,均匀伸长率随着温度的升高先增大后减小;当应变速率在0.001～0.1s-1时,屈服强度和抗拉强度随应变速率的增大而升高,总伸长率随着应变速率的增大而减小,均匀伸长率随着应变速率的增大先增加后减小;当温度在20～250℃时,镁合金管材的极限胀形率随温度的升高先增大后减小,在175℃时达到最大值.微观组织观察表明,175℃下不完全动态再结晶和孪晶两种微观组织的出现是使镁合金管材极限胀形率提高的主要原因.     

铝合金薄壁管热态内压成形的变形控制

薄壁管材热态内压成形时,管材内部各处受到均匀内压的作用,但是由于管材各处的温度和边界条件不同,所以将产生复杂的变形过程。讨论热态内压成形时影响管材变形的主要因素,揭示管材热态内压成形时产生不均匀变形的主要原因。在此基础上,结合实例说明如何从控制温度分布和模具约束条件2个方面来控制管材的变形。采用不均匀温度分布,可改变各区域材料的变形抗力和摩擦状况,提高管材零件的壁厚均匀性;采用局部快速加热,可实现长管状零件的局部成形而无需大尺寸的模具;采用局部模具约束,可改变不同区域变形的先后顺序、有效控制变形的不均匀性,从而提高管材的成形性能。     

1 800 MPa超高强钢变径管热气胀成形特性研究

目的 对B1800HS热成形钢进行管件热气胀成形研究,探究变径管特征件热气胀成形的可行性和规律,为进一步研究热气胀成形超高强钢管件及工程应用推广提供参考和支撑。方法 采用ABAQUS有限元仿真分析和试验对比,研究了1 800 MPa超高强钢变径管热气胀成形特性,通过有限元分析研究了成形温度(700、800、900 ℃)、气压加载速率(1、3、5 MPa/s)及胀形压力(12、15、18 MPa)对变径管成形规律的影响,通过变径管热气胀成形试验,研究了敏感参数对变径管样件尺寸精度、强度分布及厚度变化的影响。结果 提高成形温度、气压加载速率和胀形压力可明显提高变径管的成形质量和贴模精度,当成形温度为900 ℃时,变径管抗拉强度可达到1 800 MPa级别,且增压速率和胀形压力影响较小;变径管沿环向厚度分布均匀,零件无明显增厚和过度减薄缺陷。结论 通过热气胀工艺成形1 800 MPa级别变径管是可行的,通过优化工艺参数,可有效提高零件的成形精度和强度,为典型超高强钢管件热气胀成形的开发提供了依据和参考。     

Galvanisches Verzinken von Magnesiumlegierungen

Zinc‐Plating of Magnesium Alloys Magnesium alloys are highly susceptible to corrosion that limits their application when exposure to corrosive service conditions is needed. One of the ways to prevent corrosion is to coat the magnesium‐based substrate to avoid a contact with an aggressive environment. Results concerning corrosion behaviour of wrought AZ31 magnesium alloy with electrolytic zinc coatings deposited from different electrolyte solutions are described. Evaluation of corrosion processes in chlorides containing solutions was performed by electrochemical measurements. It was found that thick and dense electrolytic zinc coatings formed on AZ31 significantly improve the corrosion behaviour of magnesium alloy after one hour immersion of zinc coated magnesium alloys in corrosive media. Further increase of immersion time leads to relatively fast decrease of corrosion properties. Electrolytic zinc coatings obtained in consecutive alkaline / acidic process demonstrate an improvement of corrosion resistance of coated AZ31. The time to coating degradation strongly increases.     

Effects of extrusion ratio on the ratcheting behavior of extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy under asymmetrical uniaxial cyclic loading

Magnesium alloys are increasingly used in the automotive and aerospace industries for weight reduction and fuel savings. The ratcheting behavior of these alloys is therefore an important consideration. The objective of this investigation was to study the effects of extrusion ratio on the ratcheting behavior of extruded AZ31B magnesium alloy. The experiments have shown that the extruded AZ31B Mg alloy presented the following characteristic behavior with increasing number of loading cycles: first an apparent cyclic softening was observed, then a cyclic hardening occurred, and finally a stable state was reached. This generic behavior can be explained by the fact that the variation trend of the maximum strain with the number of cycles differs from that of the minimum strain. The extrusion ratio did not influence the cyclic softening/hardening behavior or the final ratcheting strain variation trend of the extruded AZ31B Mg alloy with the mean stress and the peak stress. However, the extrusion ratio influenced the final ratcheting strain variation trend of the extruded AZ31B Mg alloy with the stress amplitude. Increasing the extrusion ratio also reduced the ratcheting strain and the effects of the load history on the ratcheting behavior of the extruded AZ31B Mg alloy.     

2A16 铝合金锥形件多级充液热成形仿真及优化分析

目的解决2A16铝合金锥形件常温充液成形困难、表面质量差的问题。方法介绍了充液热成形工艺,并提出了3种锥形件成形方案,通过专用有限元软件Dynaform对所有方案进行了数值仿真;同时,对一步成形方案进行了试验。结果通过试验验证了有限元模型的正确性。由仿真分析可知,成形缺陷包括悬空区起皱和凹模圆角及底部破裂,一步成形方案不可取,两步成形方案均可以将减薄率控制在13%以下。起皱危险主要发生在零件法兰以下30~55 mm处。结论充液热成形与常温充液成形相比,可以显著提高材料的成形性;两步充液热成形方案可以获得2A16铝合金锥形件;预成形凸模的形状设计对零件的表面质量影响明显;最终确定用先热冲压筒形件,后充液热成形的工艺方案,来成形2A16铝合金锥形件。     

Influence of nano-sized carbon nanotube reinforcements on tensile deformation,cyclic fatigue,and final fracture behavior of a magnesium alloy

Magnesium alloy (AZ31) based metal matrix composite reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was fabricated using the technique of disintegrated melt deposition followed by hot extrusion. In this research paper, the microstructure, hardness, tensile properties, tensile fracture, high cycle fatigue characteristics, and final fracture behavior of CNTs-reinforced magnesium alloy composite (denoted as AZ31/1.0 vol.% CNT or AZ31/CNT) is presented, discussed, and compared with the unreinforced counterpart (AZ31). The elastic modulus, yield strength, tensile strength of the reinforced magnesium alloy was noticeably higher compared to the unreinforced counterpart. The ductility, quantified both by elongation-to-failure and reduction in cross-section area of the composite was higher than the monolithic counterpart. A comparison of the CNT-reinforced magnesium alloy with the unreinforced counterpart revealed a noticeable improvement in cyclic fatigue life at the load ratios tested. At all values of maximum stress, both the reinforced and unreinforced magnesium alloy was found to degrade the cyclic fatigue life at a lower ratio, i.e., under conditions of fully reversed loading. The viable mechanisms responsible for the enhanced cyclic fatigue life and tensile behavior of the composite are rationalized in light of macroscopic fracture mode and intrinsic microscopic mechanisms governing fracture.     

Electrochemical noise analysis on the pit corrosion susceptibility of biodegradable AZ31 magnesium alloy in four types of simulated body solutions

Magnesium alloys have been investigated as biodegradable implant materials since the last century. Non-uniform degradation caused by local corrosion limits their application, and no appropriate technology has been used in the research. In this study, electrochemical noise has been used to study the pit corrosion on magnesium alloy AZ31 in four types of simulated body solutions, and the data have been analyzed using wavelet analysis and stochastic theory. Combining these with the conventional polarization curves, mass loss tests and scanning electron microscopy, the electrochemical noise results implied that AZ31 alloy in normal saline has the fastest corrosion rate, a high pit initiation rate, and maximum pit growth probability. In Hanks’ balanced salt solution and phosphate-buffered saline, AZ31 alloy has a high pit initiation rate and larger pit growth probability, while in simulated body fluid, AZ31 alloy has the slowest corrosion rate, lowest pit initiation rate and smallest pit growth probability.     

预弯对铝合金管材内高压成形缺陷与尺寸精度的影响

铝合金异形截面管件是实现汽车结构轻量化的有效途径之一,其成形工艺是先将铝合金管材经过数控弯曲获得轴线形状,然后进行内高压成形。弯曲产生的回弹、截面畸变及起皱等缺陷会影响后续内高压成形的质量。本工作通过建立管材塑性弯曲的理论模型和材料模型,计算任意弯曲角度的卸载回弹量,在弯曲过程考虑回弹量补偿,有效避免了内高压成形时的咬边缺陷。通过改善芯轴条件,使用带有一个芯球的芯轴,使截面不圆度由7.55%降低至1.43%,避免了弯曲件在内高压成形时发生破裂。同时对弯曲产生皱纹的管件进行内高压成形,证实了内高压成形过程不能够消除管件在弯曲过程形成的起皱。通过工艺实验研制出6063铝合金异形截面管件,获得了无缺陷的成形件。对47个内高压成形件进行尺寸精度测量,最大尺寸偏差为1.08mm(1.63%),尺寸和精度符合设计要求。     

Preliminary study of biodegradation of AZ31B magnesium alloy

Magnesium alloys are potential to be developed as a new type of biodegradable implant material by use of their active corrosion behavior. Both in vitro and in vivo biodegradation properties of an AZ31B magnesium alloy were investigated in this work. The results showed that AZ31B alloy has a proper degradation rate and much lower hydrogen release in Hank’s solution, with a degradation rate of about 0.3 mm/year and hydrogen release below 0.15 mL/cm². The animal implantation test showed that the AZ31B alloy could slowly biodegrade in femur of the rabbit and form calcium phosphate around the alloy sample, with the Ca/P ratio close to the natural bone.     

Microstructural characteristics and deformation of magnesium alloy AZ31 produced by continuous variable cross-section direct extrusion

Magnesium(Mg) alloy AZ31 was produced by continuous variable cross-section direct extrusion(CVCDE)to study its deformation behavior. Metallographic microscopy(OM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) were used to observe the variations in microstructure and fracture morphology of Mg alloy AZ31 as a function of processing methods. The results reveal that grains of Mg alloy AZ31 were refined and their microstructure was homogenized by CVCDE. The recrystallization in Mg alloy AZ31 produced by CVCDE with 2 interim dies was more complete than that produced by conventional extrusion(CE) and CVCDE with 1 interim die, and the grains were finer and more uniform.Plasticity of the AZ31 alloy was improved. Fracture mode was evolved from a combination of ductility and brittleness to a sole ductile form. In summary, a CVCDE mold structure with 2 interim dies can improve microstructure, plasticity, and toughness of Mg alloy AZ31.