相变材料复合八水氢氧化钡的制备及热性能

纯八水氢氧化钡相变蓄热材料在使用过程中存在凝固过冷、相分离及体积变化等问题,因此需要对其进行相应的改性研究。本文根据相变蓄热材料成核机理,以八水氢氧化钡为相变蓄热材料基材,一水氢氧化钡及去离子水作为复合添加剂,制备了混合比例为95.1% Ba（OH）₂·8H₂O+2% Ba（OH）2·H₂O+2.9% H₂O的复合相变蓄热材料。对该复合相变蓄热材料进行了热性能测试,结果表明：复合相变蓄热材料的平均热导率为1.2W/（m·K）、相变潜热值为263.7kJ/kg;在复合相变蓄热材料融化过程中进行升温-压力实验,测试数据显示容器内部的相对压力不超过0.09MPa;利用恒温金属浴仪器对该复合相变蓄热材料进行300次融化/凝固循环实验,测试数据显示复合相变蓄热材料过冷度增加量0.7℃、相变潜热值降低0.796%。改性后的复合相变蓄热材料相变温度适宜、热性能稳定,可推广应用于中低温相变储热系统。     

相变蓄热电采暖结构模拟研究

相变蓄热层是相变蓄热电采暖结构的核心层,蓄热层中的储能材料以显热或相变的方式吸收,当一定的时间温度降到相变点,通过交换介质以导热、对流和辐射的方式将储存的热量释放给热用户。本实验将探究相变热过程中的理论蓄热、散热,先在GAMBIT软件中进行几何建模,网格划分,边界设定,完成模拟前处理。运用Fluent软件模拟蓄热层为纯石蜡微胶囊、蓄热层为泡沫金属铜/石蜡微胶囊复合相变材料的蓄热过程。结果表明,蓄热层中添加泡沫金属铜与石蜡微胶囊,强化了传热效果,解决了石蜡微胶囊导热率低的问题。与纯石蜡微胶囊对比,加快了相变响应时间,同时,导热效果更加明显。     

Na_2SO_4/MgO复合相变蓄热材料的制备及性能研究

研究利用熔融盐Na2SO4的高潜热和陶瓷材料MgO的耐腐蚀等特性,采用粉末烧结工艺制备复合相变蓄热材料;对制备过程工艺参数进行初步研究,通过化学热力学分析、SEM-EDS、TG-DTA检测,对所制备材料的性能进行初步分析,这种新型复合材料兼备了固相显热蓄热材料和相变蓄热材料两者的长处,具备了快速蓄热、快速放热及蓄热密度高的性能。     

ZrO2和TiO2对刚玉质陶瓷蓄热体热震稳定性的影响

采用板状刚玉(＜0.044 mm)、活性氧化铝(d50=1.7 μm)为主要原料,CMC为结合剂,分别制备了无添加剂、添加TiO2、添加ZrO2以及复合添加ZrO2和TiO2 4种刚玉质陶瓷蓄热体试样;试样经1550℃保温2 h热处理后,检测了其热震稳定性、显气孔率和热膨胀系数.结果表明:与无添加剂和单独添加TiO2、单独添加ZrO2的刚玉质陶瓷蓄热体试样相比,复合添加ZrO2和TiO2的刚玉质陶瓷蓄热体试样的热震稳定性显著提高,其原因是:ZrO2的马氏体相变产生微裂纹增韧、钛酸铝(AT)与刚玉的线膨胀系数差形成微裂纹增韧及AT的线膨胀系数低三者协同增韧的机制显著提高了刚玉质陶瓷蓄热体试样的热震稳定性.     

封装PCM/蜂窝陶瓷复合蓄热模型设计及数值模拟研究

太阳能热发电技术是一种将太阳热能转化为电能的新兴发电技术,蓄热系统则是太阳能热发电技术的核心和关键,研究和开发高性能的蓄热材料意义重大。设计了一个集蓄热和高效换热一体化的封装PCM/蜂窝陶瓷复合蓄热结构模型,并对其充热和放热过程进行数值模拟。将蜂窝陶瓷一部分孔洞封装相变材料,另一部分孔洞作为换热通道,采用FLUENT软件对PCM/蜂窝陶瓷复合蓄热模型的充热和放热过程进行数值模拟研究。结果表明,封装PCM热导率越大,其充热时间越短,充热效率越高;NaCl熔盐相变潜热大,在放热过程中能够提供长时间的恒温热源,使换热介质在出口时的温度稳定,有利于太阳能热发电系统的稳定运行。     

复合相变蓄热材料研制及性能分析

制备了一种复合相变蓄热材料,该蓄热材料是由两种相变材料(硬脂酸和石蜡油)组成,通过物理吸附的方法将其复合在固态支撑材料中,通过实验分析了所研制的蓄热材料的相变点、相变热、热稳定性及微相结构等性能。测试结果表明该蓄热材料具有较高的相变潜热和较好的热稳定性。     

组合相变材料强化固液相变传热可视化实验

采用高清相机和红外热像技术，对组合相变材料融化-凝固循环过程与传热特性开展了可视化实验研究。以填充三种石蜡的相变蓄热腔体为研究对象，追踪了腔体内固液相界面的动态演化过程和温度分布的变化规律。在此基础上，考察了相变材料布置顺序对蓄热腔体热性能的影响，分析了组合相变材料蓄热腔体的相变行为及强化传热特性。结果表明，相变温度较高的相变材料应靠近加热壁面布置；组合相变材料蓄热腔体存在多个固液相界面现象，不同相变材料可同时融化/凝固；与单一相变材料相比，组合相变材料的应用改善了蓄热腔体各单元相变速率的均匀性，提高了平均相变速率；组合相变材料虽然降低了蓄热腔体的显热蓄热量，但减小了温度变化速率，增强了系统的稳定性，并显著增加了潜热蓄热量，有效提高了相变蓄热腔体的总蓄热量。     

组合相变材料强化固液相变传热可视化实验

采用高清相机和红外热像技术,对组合相变材料融化-凝固循环过程与传热特性开展了可视化实验研究。以填充三种石蜡的相变蓄热腔体为研究对象,追踪了腔体内固液相界面的动态演化过程和温度分布的变化规律。在此基础上,考察了相变材料布置顺序对蓄热腔体热性能的影响,分析了组合相变材料蓄热腔体的相变行为及强化传热特性。结果表明,相变温度较高的相变材料应靠近加热壁面布置;组合相变材料蓄热腔体存在多个固液相界面现象,不同相变材料可同时融化/凝固;与单一相变材料相比,组合相变材料的应用改善了蓄热腔体各单元相变速率的均匀性,提高了平均相变速率;组合相变材料虽然降低了蓄热腔体的显热蓄热量,但减小了温度变化速率,增强了系统的稳定性,并显著增加了潜热蓄热量,有效提高了相变蓄热腔体的总蓄热量。     

低温相变蓄热材料研究进展

蓄热技术是解决能源危机的重要手段之一,相变温度在60～80℃范围内的蓄热材料被广泛应用于太阳能储存、工业废热回收、电子器件热管理以及供暖和空调系统等领域。本文介绍了常用的可作为相变材料(PCMs)的有机物和无机物,探讨了复合相变材料的制备方法,分析了该类型相变蓄热材料的应用现状及发展前景。     

硬脂酸/十八醇/乙酸钠复合相变材料蓄/放热性能

首次将无机相变材料乙酸钠和混合有机相变材料（硬脂酸和十八醇）复合，获得三元复合相变材料。有机和无机相变材料复合可有效解决无机相变材料在相变过程中存在相分离、过冷度大和有机相变材料热导率低的缺点。利用同心套管蓄/放热实验台测试了乙酸钠/硬脂酸/十八醇三元复合相变材料的蓄/放热性能，分析了流体流量及温度对相变材料蓄/放热过程的影响，并结合Fluent数值模拟和实验结果分析了相变过程中相界面的移动规律。研究结果表明，三元复合相变材料在蓄热过程中自然对流起主导作用，放热过程中导热起主导作用，蓄热所需时间小于放热所需时间。蓄热过程中，相变材料的上部相界面横向移动明显快于下部；放热过程中，相变材料的上、下部相界面均匀地径向移动。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。