CO2在ZIF-8/乙二醇-2-甲基咪唑浆液中溶解能力理论分析

有效降低CO₂排量实现碳中和是当前研究热点之一。ZIF-8/乙二醇-2-甲基咪唑浆液被发现不仅能高效地捕集CO₂,同时能利用浆液良好的流动性实现一个碳捕集-浆液流动再生-浆液再利用的连续碳捕集过程。为了有效地掌握纯CO₂气体在ZIF-8/乙二醇-2-甲基咪唑浆液中的溶解能力,本文首先测定了293.15K、303.15K和313.15K下CO₂在干ZIF-8上的吸附量和在2-甲基咪唑-乙二醇溶液中的溶解性;然后基于Langmuir方程和CO₂溶解机理进一步建立了相应吸附量和溶解度计算数学模型;最后综合考虑ZIF-8/乙二醇-2-甲基咪唑浆液中乙二醇和ZIF-8之间的共存特征和相互影响,建立了CO₂在目标浆液中溶解吸收量计算数学关联式。所得研究结果对浆液法CO₂技术的推广和后续流程模拟具有良好的指导作用和理论意义。     

ZIF-8浆液中试分离CO2/N2过程模拟及能耗分析

ZIF-8/2-甲基咪唑-乙二醇-水浆液(ZIF-8浆液)可以高效低耗能地分离CO₂。为了进一步评估ZIF-8浆液在填料塔中分离CO₂的塔效率及能耗,使用Peng-Robinson(PR)状态方程,求出CO₂和ZIF-8浆液的二元交互作用参数(k_CO2),将二元交互作用参数和Aspen Plus软件进行关联,对CO₂/N₂多级吸收分离进行过程模拟。计算结果表明在中试填料塔中,ZIF-8浆液仅需要5块理论塔板即可将CO₂浓度由20%(mol)降低至2%(mol)以下,填料塔的塔板效率为25%。对中试分离CO₂/N₂进行能耗计算,结果表明当解吸条件为解吸温度333 K,解吸压力0.8 MPa和空气吹扫流量200 L/h时,CO₂捕集等效功最低可至0.474 GJ/t CO₂。在同样条件下使用ZIF-8浆液和MEA(30%(mass))水溶液进行碳捕集时,CO₂捕集等效功分别为0.507 GJ/t CO₂和0.957 GJ/t CO₂,ZIF-8浆液的CO₂捕集等效功仅为MEA水溶液的53%。     

油水乳液分离沼气实验研究

研究了柴油-水乳液体系在水合物生成条件下对沼气（CO₂/CH₄）中CO₂的捕集能力。阻聚剂Span20被加入到乳液中以分散水滴和水合物颗粒。综合考虑了温度、原料气组成、压力和乳液含水率对柴油-水乳液体系分离能力的影响。从实验结果可以看出,吸收-水合耦合分离效果明显优于单独的吸收分离,且分离平衡后,浆液中水合物分散均匀,流动性良好。乳液体系分离能力在一定范围内随着温度降低和含水率的增加而增强。综合考虑乳液分离能力和流动特性表明,温度270.15～272.15 K,体系含水率 20%～25%（vol）和初始推动力为3.2 MPa左右时为最合适的分离条件,在对应条件下经过两级模拟分离,气相中CO₂浓度能从31%（mol）降到近10%（mol）,超过87%（mol）的CO₂被水合物浆液捕集。     

Optimization of electrochemically synthesized Cu3(BTC)2 by Taguchi method for CO2/N2 separation and data validation through artificial neural network modeling

Cu₃(BTC)₂, a common type of metal organic framework (MOF), was synthesized through electrochemical route for CO₂ capture and its separation from N₂. Taguchi method was employed for optimization of key parameters affecting the synthesis of Cu₃(BTC)₂. The results indicated that the optimum synthesis conditions with the highest CO₂ selectivity can be obtained using 1 g of ligand, applied voltage of 25 V, synthesis time of 2 h, and electrode length of 3 cm. The single gas sorption capacity of the synthetized microstructure Cu₃(BTC)₂ for CO₂ (at 298 K and 1 bar) was a considerable value of 4.40 mmol·g⁻¹. The isosteric heat of adsorption of both gases was calculated by inserting temperature-dependent form of Langmuir isotherm model in the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The adsorption of CO₂/N₂ binary mixture with a concentration ratio of 15/85 vol-% was also studied experimentally and the result was in a good agreement with the predicted value of IAST method. Moreover, Cu₃(BTC)₂ showed no considerable loss in CO₂ adsorption after six sequential cycles. In addition, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were also applied to predict the separation behavior of CO₂/N₂ mixture by MOFs and the results revealed that ANNs could serve as an appropriate tool to predict the adsorptive selectivity of the binary gas mixture in the absence of experimental data.     

Design and experiment of high-productivity two-stage vacuum pressure swing adsorption process for carbon capturing from dry flue gas

A two-stage vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) process that coupled kinetically controlled and equilibrium controlled separation process with reflux has been investigated for capturing carbon dioxide from dry flue gas (85% N₂/15% CO₂). In the first enriching stage, carbon molecular sieve (CMS), which shows kinetic selectivity for CO₂/N₂, is adopted as the adsorbent to remove most N₂ in feed gas, thereby upgrading CO₂ and significantly reducing the amount for further refinement. The second stage loads zeolite 13X as adsorbent to purify the CO₂-rich flow from the first stage for meeting the requirements of National Energy Technology Laboratory. Series of experiments have been conducted for adsorption isotherms measuring and lab-scale experimental validation as well as analysis. The effect of feed composition on the separation performance of the PSA system was studied experimentally and theoretically here. The optimal results achieved 95.1% purity and 92.9% recovery with a high CO₂ productivity (1.89 mol CO₂·h^-1·kg^-1) and an appropriate energy consumption of 1.07 MJ·(kg CO₂)^-1. Further analysis has been carried out by simulation for explicating the temperature, pressure, and concentration distribution at cyclic steady state.     

Hydrophobic modification of SAPO-34 membranes for improvement of stability under wet condition

SAPO-34 zeolite membranes show high efficiency for CO₂/CH₄ separation but suffer from the reduction of separation performance when exposed to humid atmosphere. In this work, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS) was used to modify the hollow fibers supported SAPO-34 membranes to increase the external surface hydrophobicity and thus sustain their performance under moisture environment. The modified membranes were fully characterized. Their separation performance was extensively investigated in both dry and wet gaseous systems and compared with the un-modified ones. The un-modified SAPO-34 membrane exhibited a high separation selectivity of 160 and CO₂ permeance of 1.18×10^-6 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1 for separation of dry CO₂/CH₄ at 298 K. However, its separation selectivity declined to 0.9 and the CO₂ permeance was only about 1.7×10^-8 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1 for wet CO₂/CH₄ at same temperature. High temperature (e.g. 353 K) could reduce the effect of moisture to improve SAPO-34 separation selectivity, but further increasing temperature (e.g. 373 K) led to decrease in CO₂/CH₄ separation selectivity. A significant decrease of selectivity was observed at higher pressure drop. The modified SAPO-34 membrane showed decreased CO₂ permeance but increased separation selectivity for dry CO₂/CH₄ gas mixture, and super performance for wet CO₂/CH₄ gas mixture due to the improved hydrophobicity of membrane surface. A separation selectivity of 65 and CO₂ permeance of 4.73×10^-8 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1 for wet CO₂/CH₄ mixture can be observed at 353 K with a pressure drop of 0.4 MPa. Furthermore, the modified membrane exhibited stable separation performance during the 120-hour test for wet CO₂/CH₄ mixture at 353 K. The hydrophobic modification paves a way for SAPO-34 membranes in real applications.     

水合物法平衡级分离CO2/N2流程模拟分析

化石燃料燃烧排放烟气中CO₂的量占CO₂总排放量的75%，为了缓解CO₂导致的全球温室效应，需将CO₂/N₂中的CO₂分离出来。水合物法分离是一种高效、低能耗的CO₂/N₂分离技术。本文研究了水合物法平衡级分离CO₂/N₂过程中，进料CO₂体积分数、反应条件与反应特性三者间的关系，利用CPA-SRK方程+Chen-Guo模型对其进行平衡级分离流程模拟分析。经计算发现，进料干基CO₂体积分数对水合物法分离CO₂/N₂工艺的反应压力、平衡级级数均有较大影响。随着体积分数的增加，反应压力呈减小趋势，减小幅度随体积分数增加而减小，当进料CO₂体积分数小于20%时，压力下降较快，当体积分数大于50%时，压力降低幅度变小。温度为277K时，CO₂体积分数小于10%时，需四个水合物平衡级分离才能得到满足要求的气样；当体积分数为10%~20%时，需三个水合物平衡级分离；体积分数大于30%时为两个水合物平衡级分离。温度对水合分离的反应压力有较大影响，但对所需平衡级分离级数的影响并不大。随着温度的升高，水合反应压力呈增加趋势，增加幅度随进料干基CO₂体积分数的增加而降低。针对所研究气样，在不同温度下，均需三个水合物平衡级分离才能达到工艺要求。     

ZIF-8/乙二醇浆液连续捕集二氧化碳

有效捕获CO₂对于减少温室气体排放和控制全球变暖具有重要意义。本文采用吸收-吸附组合的方式将沸石咪唑骨架-8（ZIF-8）和乙二醇混合形成可流动浆液,分别在常压透明有机玻璃鼓泡塔（高3.7m,内径50mm）和高压不锈钢鼓泡塔（高3m,内径40mm）内连续捕集二氧化碳,浆液在解吸罐内解析后返回到吸收塔再进行二氧化碳捕集,整个分离过程可连续化进行。研究了不同环境温度、不同混合气流率、浆液再生温度和塔内不同操作压力对二氧化碳捕集能力,结果表明环境温度和混合气流率越低,浆液再生温 度和塔内压力越高,浆液吸着二氧化碳的量越大,最佳操作条件为：常压下环境温度0.5℃,气体流率 47mL/min,浆液再生温度333.13K。在此最佳操作条件下,分离因子高达395,同时在经过100h以上的分离过程后,ZIF-8结构没有发生变化并且ZIF-8/乙二醇浆液能重复利用,更进一步说明ZIF-8/乙二醇浆液具有潜在的工业应用价值。     

TiO2掺杂对Na2CO3/Al2O3吸收剂CO2捕捉性能的影响

钠基固体吸收剂脱除燃煤烟气CO₂技术具有反应温度低、能耗低等优点,日益受到学术界的关注。该技术的主要不足是吸收剂的活性成分碳酸钠与CO₂的反应（碳酸化反应）活性较低。针对这一问题,本文旨在研制一种新型改性钠基固体吸收剂,采用活性氧化铝作为载体、TiO₂作为掺杂剂进行改性,利用热重分析装置、XRD、SEM和氮吸附仪研究钠基固体吸收剂的CO₂捕捉性能。结果表明：掺杂TiO₂后,钠基固体吸收剂与CO₂的反应速率加快,CO₂捕捉量增加;反应前后除TiO₂外无其他含Ti化合物生成;碳酸化反应产物为NaHCO₃和Na₅H₃（CO₃）₄;然而TiO₂掺杂过多会堵塞吸收剂的微观孔道,不利于甚至阻碍碳酸化反应的进行,因此,TiO₂的掺杂量应控制在一定的范围内。     

胺基CO2固体吸附剂脱碳特性及SO2的影响

燃煤电厂烟气中存在的微量SO₂对胺基CO₂固体吸附剂的碳酸化反应及循环特性有不利影响。利用固定床反应器,针对采用溶胶凝胶法制备的胺基CO₂固体吸附剂的碳酸化特性及其在含SO₂气氛下的失效规律进行了实验研究,并结合红外光谱、有机元素分析、BET等测试手段,研究其失效机理。结果表明,所制备的胺基CO₂固体吸附剂在反应温度50℃时具有较好的碳酸化反应特性和循环特性。当反应气氛中存在SO₂时,由于生成了不可再生的亚硫酸/硫酸盐类物质而导致胺基活性位损失,孔隙结构发生变化,影响了吸附剂的脱碳性能,但适当提高反应温度可提高吸附剂的碳酸化反应竞争性。     

Effect of K2CO3 doping on CO2 sorption performance of silicate lithium-based sorbent prepared from citric acid treated sediment

In this paper, a low-cost and environmental-friendly leaching agent citric acid (C₆H₈O₇) was used to treat the sediment of Dianchi Lake (SDL) to synthesize lithium silicate (Li₄SiO₄) based CO₂ sorbent. The results were compared with that treated with strong acid. Moreover, the effects of preparation conditions, sorption conditions and desorption conditions on the CO₂ sorption performance of prepared Li₄SiO₄ were systematically studied. Under optimal conditions, the Li₄SiO₄ sorbent was successfully synthesized and its CO₂ sorption capacity reached 31.37% (mass), which is much higher than that synthesized from SDL treated with strong acid. It is speculated that the presence of some elements after C₆H₈O₇ treatment may promote the sorption of synthetic Li₄SiO₄ to CO₂. In addition, after doping with K₂CO₃, the CO₂ uptake increases from the original 12.02% and 22.12% to 23.96% and 32.41% (mass) under the 20% and 50% CO₂ partial pressure, respectively. More importantly, after doping K₂CO₃, the synthesized Li₄SiO₄ has a high cyclic stability under the low CO₂ partial pressure.     

High-performance SSZ-13 membranes prepared using ball-milled nanosized seeds for carbon dioxide and nitrogen separations from methane

SSZ-13 membranes with high separation performances were prepared using ball-milled nanosized seeds by once hydrothermal synthesis. Separation performances of SSZ-13 membranes in CO_2/CH_4 and N_2/CH_4 mixtures were enhanced after synthesis modification. Single-gas permeances of CO_2, N_2 and CH_4 and ideal selectivities were recorded through SSZ-13 membranes. The effects of temperature, pressure, feed flow rate and humidity on separation performance of the membranes were discussed. Three membranes prepared after synthesis modifications had an average CO_2 permeance of 1.16 × 10~(-6) mol·(m~2· s·Pa)~(-1)(equal to 3554 GPU) with an average CO_2/CH_4 selectivity of 213 in a 50 vol%/50 vol% CO_2/CH_4 mixture. It suggests that membrane synthesis has a good reproducible. The membrane also displayed a N_2 permeance of 1.07 × 10~(-7) mol·(m~2·s·Pa)~(-1)(equal to 320 GPU) with a N_2/CH_4 selectivity of 13 for a 50 vol%/50 vol% N_2/CH_4 mixture. SSZ-13 membrane displayed stable and good separation performance in the wet CO_2/CH_4 mixture for a long test period over 100 h at 348 K. The current SSZ-13 membranes show great potentials for the simultaneous removals of CO_2 and N_2 in natural gas purification as a facile process suitable for industrial application.     

水合物法分离二氧化碳的研究现状

介绍了利用水合物法从火力发电厂排放的烟气和从整体煤气化联合循环发电系统（IGCC）合成气中分离二氧化碳（CO₂）的研究及发展现状,包括水合物形成促进剂和添加剂的选择,水合物分离捕集工艺以及成本核算。TBAB和THF在研究中证明能有效地提高水合物形成速度、降低反应压力、提高CO₂的分离捕集效率。在此基础上,提出了不同的分离捕集工艺,这些工艺都是以水合物法分离为主,结合化学吸附法或者膜分离法而展开。通过与传统的化学吸附法的成本核算做比较,发现水合物法分离捕集每吨CO₂的成本约为USD 26,比化学吸附法要便宜约31%,并且随着水合物法研究的进一步深入,水合物法分离捕集CO₂的成本还可能进一步降低,显示了未来的工业应用中有光明的前景。     

膜法脱除天然气中二氧化碳的工艺技术发展现状

综述了目前膜法脱除天然气中二氧化碳的工艺技术发展现状。首先对比了天然气脱除二氧化碳多种工艺技术特点及应用场合情况,膜分离法相比于其他分离方法,具有投资较少、占地小、耗能少等优势。介绍了膜法分离原理、膜材料、膜组件发展现状和膜法脱除天然气中二氧化碳工艺技术单元情况。而工艺技术单元又分为预处理单元和膜分离单元：预处理单元根据采出原料气成分选择不同脱除方法进行组合;原料气经预处理单元后进入膜分离单元,根据实际工况,综合考虑烃类回收率、占地、能耗、投资等因素合理地设计膜法脱碳分离工艺。然后又对国内外膜法脱除天然气中二氧化碳应用案例进行介绍,目前国外膜法脱除天然气中二氧化碳应用案例较多,而国内应用案例较少,因此需加大国内膜法脱除天然气中二氧化碳的工业应用。最后对天然气膜法脱除二氧化碳技术发展方向进行了展望,指出研发具有自主知识产权并且在实际复杂工况条件下能保持高性能、长周期稳定性的膜材料是未来膜分离技术发展的重点,同时将两种或两种以上的单一脱除二氧化碳技术相结合的耦合集成组合工艺,如膜法分离+化学吸收法、膜法分离+变温吸附法等,这种耦合集成组合工艺为未来脱碳工艺技术发展提供了新方向。     

Synthesis and optimization of high-performance amine-based polymer for CO2 separation

Membrane technology features inspiring excellence from numerous separation technologies for CO₂ capture from post-combustion gas. Polyvinylamine (PVAm)-based facilitated transport membranes show significantly high separation performance, which has been proven promising for industrial scale-up. However, commercialized PVAm with low molecular weight and excessive crystallinity is not available to prepare high-performance membranes. Herein, the synthesis process of PVAm was optimized by regulating polymerization and acidic hydrolytic conditions. The membranes based on PVAm with a molecular weight of 154 kDa and crystallinity of 11.37% display high CO₂ permeance of 726 GPU and CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 55 at a feed gas pressure of 0.50 MPa. Furthermore, we established a PVAm synthesis reactor with an annual PVAm solution (1%(mass)) capacity of over 7000 kg and realized the scaled-up manufacture of both PVAm and composite membranes.     

Electrochemical CO2 mineralization for red mud treatment driven by hydrogen-cycled membrane electrolysis

CO₂ mineralization as a promising CO₂ mitigation strategy can employ industrial alkaline solid wastes to achieve net emission reduction of atmospheric CO₂. The red mud is a strong alkalinity waste residue produced from the aluminum industry by the Bayer process which has the potential for the industrial CO₂ large scale treatment. However, limited by complex components of red mud and harsh operating conditions, it is challenging to directly mineralize CO₂ using red mud to recover carbon and sodium resources and to produce mineralized products simultaneously with high economic value efficiently. Herein, we propose a novel electrochemical CO₂ mineralization strategy for red mud treatment driven by hydrogen-cycled membrane electrolysis, realizing mineralization of CO₂ efficiently and recovery of carbon and sodium resources with economic value. The system utilizes H₂ as the redox-active proton carrier to drive the cathode and anode to generate OH^- and H⁺ at low voltage, respectively. The H⁺ plays as a neutralizer for the alkalinity of red mud and the OH^- is used to mineralize CO₂ into generate high-purity NaHCO₃ product. We verify that the system can effectively recover carbon and sodium resources in red mud treatment process, which shows that the average electrolysis efficiency is 95.3% with high-purity (99.4%) NaHCO₃ product obtained. The low electrolysis voltage of 0.453 V is achieved at 10 mA·cm^-2 in this system indicates a potential low energy consumption industrial process. Further, we successfully demonstrate that this process has the ability of direct efficient mineralization of flue gas CO₂ (15% volume) without extra capturing, being a novel potential strategy for carbon neutralization.     

一步法制备含氨基化合物的非对称CO2分离膜

采用一步相分离法,制备以聚醚砜（PES）为主体材料,二乙醇胺（DEA）为添加剂和氨基载体的膜,用于CO₂分离。考察了PES浓度、DEA浓度、膜厚度对CO₂/N₂分离性能的影响,同时考察了膜性能的长时间稳定性。当涂膜液中DEA/PES的质量比为12/26、刮刀与无纺布的距离为300 μm、进料气压力为0.11 MPa（表压）时,膜的CO₂渗透速率可达274 GPU,CO₂/N₂分离因子可达50。测试温度低于40℃时,DEA/PES膜的CO₂渗透速率和CO₂/N₂分离因子保持稳定。另外,对CO₂/N₂分离性能较好的DEA/PES膜（质量比为12/27）进行CO₂/CH₄分离性能测试,在1 MPa（表压）下性能优于商品膜。上述结果表明,本文研制的DEA/PES膜制备步骤简单,易于规模化制备,性能较优,在CO₂分离领域具有良好的应用前景。     

掺杂Ce、Zr对CO2钙基吸附剂循环特性的影响

利用湿法混合-煅烧法将元素Ce、Zr掺杂到CO₂钙基吸附剂中,利用热重分析仪(TGA)研究了24种改性钙基吸附剂吸附CO₂的循环特性。研究发现:CeO₂散布在CaO晶粒之间可抑制晶粒融合,对吸附剂烧结有一定的阻碍作用;CeO₂可明显提高吸附剂在扩散控制阶段对CO₂的吸附速率,原因在于CeO₂中丰富的氧空位可促进CO₂以离子迁移的方式穿过表面产物层到达内部与CaO反应;吸附剂中CeO₂含量越高,稳定性越强;ZrO₂与CaO高温化合成具有高塔曼温度的CaZrO₃,均匀分散在CaO晶粒间,构成稳固的支撑骨架,有效抑制了吸附剂烧结。     

膜法碳捕集技术——研究现状及展望

碳捕集是实现CO₂减排的重要技术手段之一。在众多碳捕集技术中,膜分离技术具有操作简单、能耗低、环境污染小等优势,吸引了广泛关注。完整的膜法捕集CO₂技术研究链条包括膜材料开发、分离膜规模化制备、膜组件研制和膜分离工艺及装置的设计建造。本文针对膜法碳捕集技术链的四个环节,总结对比了国内外技术水平和研究进展,分析了碳捕集膜从实验室研究到工业放大的瓶颈问题,并对本文作者课题组在各个技术环节所积累的研究成果进行了综述。在此基础上,对进一步提高膜法碳捕集技术水平的研究方向进行了展望。     

CO2水合物浆在水平圆管中的传热特性

在CO₂水合物浆流动传热特性测试实验系统上,采用套管式电加热的方法对CO₂水合物浆进行了分解实验,并对CO₂水合物浆的流动传热特性进行了分析。对CO₂水合物浆的相变特性进行了研究,得到CO₂水合物浆的相变温度在8～12℃。研究了在固相体积分数为13.2%以及流速为0.45m/s的条件下CO₂水合物浆在内径为8mm的水平不锈钢管中的传热特性,计算得到CO₂水合物浆在不锈钢水平圆管中的对流传热系数为1500～1800 W/(m²·K),并且其在流动传热过程中呈现先增大随后趋向平稳的趋势,在水合物的相变区相应的对流传热系数表现最大。研究了分解加热功率对管壁温和对流传热系数的影响,发现加热功率对管壁温度的影响较强。在实际应用中可利用CO₂水合物浆的相变作用来增强传热,提高传热效率。