Structural and mechanical characteristics of porous 316L stainless steel fabricated by indirect selective laser sintering

Selective laser sintering (SLS) technique is capable of rapidly fabricating customized implants with porous structure. A simple encapsulation process was developed to coat 316L stainless steel (316L SS) powder with ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). Subsequently, porous 316L SS was prepared by SLS preforming of EVA-coated metal powders, debinding and sintering in hydrogen atmosphere. The effects of processing parameters on pore characteristics and mechanical properties were analyzed. The results indicate that the porosity of green body mainly depends on laser energy density, while the pore features and mechanical properties of sintered specimens are largely dominated by sintering temperature. After sintering at 1100–1300 °C, the average pore size and porosity are 160–35 μm and 58–28%, respectively. In addition, the elastic modulus and compressive yield strength are 1.58–6.64 GPa and 15.5–52.8 MPa, respectively. It is revealed that the pore structural parameters and mechanical properties of the as-sintered porous 316L SS can be controlled readily to match with those of cancellous bone by modification of SLS processing parameters and subsequent sintering temperature.     

不锈钢纤维多孔材料拉伸性能研究

以316L不锈钢纤维毡为原料,采用不同的烧结工艺,制备出孔隙度为70%~95%的不锈钢纤维多孔材料,研究了纤维丝径、孔隙度、烧结温度和保温时间对其拉伸性能的影响。研究表明,不锈钢纤维多孔材料的拉伸过程主要分为3个阶段:弹性阶段、塑性变形阶段和断裂阶段。纤维越细,多孔材料的抗拉强度越高;随着孔隙度的增加,多孔材料的抗拉强度逐渐降低;提高烧结温度或延长保温时间,均会提高多孔材料的抗拉强度。     

Sliding Wear Characteristics and Corrosion Behaviour of Selective Laser Melted 316L Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is one of the most popular materials used for selective laser melting (SLM) processing to produce nearly fully dense components from 3D CAD models. The tribological and corrosion properties of stainless steel components are important in many engineering applications. In this work, the wear behaviour of SLM 316L stainless steel was investigated under dry sliding conditions, and the corrosion properties were measured electrochemically in a chloride containing solution. The results show that as compared to the standard bulk 316L steel, the SLM 316L steel exhibits deteriorated dry sliding wear resistance. The wear rate of SLM steel is dependent on the vol.% porosity in the steel and by obtaining full density it is possible achieve wear resistance similar to that of the standard bulk 316L steel. In the tested chloride containing solution, the general corrosion behaviour of the SLM steel is similar to that of the standard bulk 316L steel, but the SLM steel suffers from a reduced breakdown potential and is more susceptible to pitting corrosion. Efforts have been made to correlate the obtained results with porosity in the SLM steel.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of B-Bearing Austenitic Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Metal Deposition In-Situ Alloying

In the field repair application of laser metal deposition (LMD), the kinds of powder materials that can be used are limited, while the equipment components are made of various materials. Hence many components have to be repaired with heterogeneous materials. However, it is difficult to match the mechanical properties between the repaired layer and the substrate due to the different materials. Based on the high flexibility of raw materials and processes in LMD, an in-situ alloying method is proposed herein for tailoring the mechanical properties of LMDed alloy. Using different mixing ratios of Fe314 and 316L stainless steel powders as the control parameter, the microstructure and mechanical properties of B-bearing austenitic stainless steel fabricated by LMD in-situ alloying with different proportions of Fe314 and 316L particles were studied. With the increase in the concentration of 316L steel, the volume fraction of the eutectic phase in deposited B-bearing austenitic stainless steel reduced, the size of the austenite dendrite increased, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decreased monotonically, while the elongation increased monotonically. Moreover, the fracture mode changed from quasi-cleavage fracture to ductile fracture. By adding 316L powder, the yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation of deposited B-bearing austenitic stainless steel could be adjusted within the range of 712 MPa-257 MPa, 1325 MPa-509 MPa, and 8.7%-59.3%, respectively. Therefore, this work provides a new method and idea for solving the performance matching problem of equipment components in the field repair.     

2205和316L不锈钢在氢氟酸中的电化学腐蚀行为

通过动电位极化和电化学阻抗方法考察了2205双相不锈钢和316L不锈钢在5%(体积分数)HF溶液中的电化学行为,借助Mott-Schokkty曲线分析了两种不锈钢表面钝化膜的半导体特性。结果表明：两种不锈钢在氢氟酸溶液中都能发生钝化,且2205双相不锈钢的钝化区间范围更宽,维钝电流密度更低。2205双相不锈钢表面钝化膜表现出更高的钝化膜电阻和电荷转移电阻,其抗氢氟酸腐蚀性能优于316L不锈钢,这主要与2205双相不锈钢中的Mo和Cr含量高、表面钝化膜缺陷少、钝化膜易修复等因素有关。     

不锈钢表面Cr-Pd合金电沉积及镀层在强还原性介质中的耐蚀性

通过选择络合剂、缓冲剂及采用方波脉冲电流和优化电镀工艺, 在酸性镀液中实现了Cr-Pd共镀, 并在不锈钢表面制备出均匀致密且与基体结合良好的Cr-Pd合金镀层. 通过改变镀液中铬盐和钯盐的相对含量, 可以大范围改变镀层成分. Cr-Pd合金镀层可显著提高不锈钢在高温还原性腐蚀介质中的耐蚀性, 在沸腾的20%(质量分数)H₂SO₄溶液中, Cr-Pd合金镀层使316L不锈钢的腐蚀速率降低了4个数量级以上. 镀层中的Cr和Pd对致钝具有协同促进作用, 当镀层中含有2.5%Pd(质量分数)时即具有明显的促进钝化效果, 含33.3%Pd镀层对不锈钢的保护效果与纯Pd镀层相当.     

Mechanical properties of CNT reinforced hybrid functionally graded materials for bioimplants

The hybrid functionally graded materials (FGM) of hydroxyapatite (HA), stainless steel 316L (SS316L) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were synthesized for biomedical implants. Three different types of FGM were produced by the combination of SS316L and CNT to reinforce HA in discrete layers of FGM. In the first type of FGM, concentration of SS316L was varied from 10% to 40% (mass fraction) with an increment of 10% to reinforce micro HA. In the second type of FGM, 0.5% (mass fraction) functionalized CNT was added by maintaining the rest of composition as that of the first type of FGM. In the third type of FGM, mixture of micro and nano HA (mass ratio1:1) was used, keeping rest of composition similar to the second type of FGM. All types of FGM were subjected to uniaxial compaction and sintered by pressureless sintering technique at similar compaction and sintering parameters. The results show that the densification is enhanced with the addition of CNT and nanocrystalline HA in the FGM. Hardness and fracture toughness increase in both FGM reinforced with CNT, but the increase of the hardness and fracture toughness are more pronounced in FGM with micro and nanocrystalline HA.     

SLM成形316L工艺对滑动磨损特性及硬度的影响

目的提高选区激光熔化(SLM)成形316L不锈钢的耐磨性和硬度。方法在能量密度为50～110 J/mm~3、扫描间距为0.04～0.12 mm范围内,改变能量密度和扫描间距两种工艺参数,采用选择性激光熔化技术(SLM)制备了12种316L不锈钢试样。通过表面粗糙度测量、孔隙率测量、销盘摩擦试验和布氏硬度试验,研究了工艺参数对SLM成形316L不锈钢试样的摩擦磨损特性和硬度的影响。结果能量密度为90 J/mm~3且扫描间距为0.12 mm时,表面粗糙度Ra最小,为5700 nm。孔隙率范围为12.35%～0.94%,扫描间距为0.12 mm的试样的孔隙率比扫描间距为0.04 mm和0.08 mm的孔隙率小。扫描间距不变时,孔隙率随能量密度增大而减小。能量密度为50 J/mm~3时,扫描间距为0.12 mm的试样的摩擦系数和磨损率比扫描间距为0.04 mm和0.08 mm的要小;能量密度不变时,扫描间距为0.12 mm的试样硬度比扫描间距为0.04mm和0.08 mm的试样高。结论改变扫描间距和能量密度会直接影响成形试样的表面粗糙度、孔隙率。研究范围内,表面粗糙度和孔隙率随扫描间距增大而减小。孔隙率与磨损量及硬度存在相关性:孔隙率越小,硬度越大,磨损率越小。因此,合理选择工艺参数可以降低孔隙率,进而提高表面质量,降低磨损率,增大硬度。     

络合剂对316L不锈钢化学机械抛光效果的影响

为提高316L不锈钢化学机械抛光（chemical-mechanical polishing,CMP）效率,针对络合剂类型对316L不锈钢加工效果的影响及影响机制进行研究。以材料去除率（material removal rate,MRR）和表面粗糙度（R_a）为指标,探究络合剂类型（甘氨酸、草酸和柠檬酸）及浓度对抛光效果的影响。利用电化学工作站、接触角测量仪和X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）分析络合剂对316L不锈钢CMP加工影响机制。结果表明:当甘氨酸质量分数为0.2%时,能够同时获得较高的材料去除率和较低的R_a,分别为210 nm/min和1.613 nm。高浓度的络合剂对316L不锈钢材料去除率的抑制作用来源于络合剂增强了316L不锈钢表面耐蚀性,降低了表面氧化速度。XPS分析表明部分甘氨酸络合物会吸附于316L不锈钢表面产生缓蚀作用。      

Enhanced sintering, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel with MoSi2 addition

Sintering 316L stainless steel to near full density with an appropriate sintering additive can ensure high mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. We present here a sintering approach which exploits the dissociation of ceramics in steels at high temperatures to activate sintering densification to achieve near full dense 316L stainless steel materials. MoSi₂ ceramic powder was used as a sintering additive for pre-alloyed 316L stainless steel powder. Sintering behavior and microstructure evolution were investigated at various sintering temperatures and content of MoSi₂ as sintering additive. The results showed that the sintering densification was enhanced with temperature and MoSi₂ content. The distribution of MoSi₂ was characterized by XMAPs. It was found that MoSi₂ dissociated during sintering and Mo and Si segregated at the grain boundaries. Excess Mo and Si were appeared as separate phases in the microstructure. Above 98% of theoretical density was achieved when the specimens were sintered at 1300 °C for 60 min with 5 wt.% MoSi₂ content. The stainless steel sintered with 5 wt.% MoSi₂ exhibited very attractive mechanical properties.     

过量Fe2O3对铝热法制备微纳结构316L奥氏体不锈钢组织和拉伸性能的影响

不锈钢结构和成分的调节对获得良好综合性能至关重要。为了使铝热反应完全、降低316L奥氏体不锈钢(ASSs)中残余Al的含量,在反应粉体中加入了不同过量分数的Fe2O3粉末,详细分析了过量Fe₂O₃对316L ASSs微纳米组织和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,随着Fe2O3过量分数的增加,铁素体相的体积分数显著降低,而纳米晶的体积分数由87.4%提高到了93.4%,平均晶粒尺寸由32 nm降低到了22 nm。对比分析表明,铝热法制备316L ASSs的最佳工艺参数为添加过量分数5.0%的Fe₂O₃,在该条件下制备的单相奥氏体钢,其抗拉强度为573.92 MPa,屈服强度为340.12 MPa,延伸率为4.68%。     

Effect of Cold-Rolling on Precipitation Phenomena in Sensitized Type 316L and 340L Austenitic Stainless Steels

Precipitation phenomena in Type 316L and 304L stainless steels were studied mainly by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observations after cold-rolling ranging from 0% (as solution annealed) to 80% reduction in thickness,and then by sensitization treatment. Precipitates were identified by electron diffraction analysis and EDS analysis.Precipitates observed in sensitized 316L stainless steel were sigma and chi phases, whereas carbide and sigma were observed in sensitized 304L stainless steel. Recrystallized grains were formed in 30% cold-rolled and sensitized 304L.However, the tendency toward recrystallization in sensitized 316L was much lower than in 304L. Precipitation of sigma and chi phases was accelerated by cold-rolling and they were observed at grain boundaries in lower cold-rolling; they were also seen, in grain interiors in higher cold-rolling. Higher deformation induced partially recrystallization combined with precipitation, resulting in the formation of heterogeneous microstructures.     

Effect of Cold-Rolling on Precipitation Phenomena in Sensitized Type 316L and 304L Austenitic Stainless Steels

Precipitation phenomena in Type 316L and 304L stainless steels were studied mainly by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observations after cold-rolling ranging from 0% (as solution annealed) to 80% reduction in thickness,and then by sensitization treatment. Precipitates were identified by electron diffraction analysis and EDS analysis.Precipitates observed in sensitized 316L stainless steel were sigma and chi phases, whereas carbide and sigma were observed in sensitized 304L stainless steel. Recrystallized grains were formed in 30% cold-rolled and sensitized 304L.However, the tendency toward recrystallization in sensitized 316L was much lower than in 304L. Precipitation of sigma and chi phases was accelerated by cold-rolling and they were observed at grain boundaries in lower cold-rolling; they were also seen, in grain interiors in higher cold-rolling. Higher deformation induced partially recrystallization combined with precipitation, resulting in the formation of heterogeneous microstructures.     

海洋大气环境下TC4钛合金与316L不锈钢铆接件腐蚀行为研究

研究了TC4-316L异种金属铆接件在模拟海洋大气环境条件下的腐蚀行为。利用失重法、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、激光共聚焦显微镜等方法分析了试样的腐蚀动力学、锈层成分、腐蚀形貌。结果表明,TC4-316L铆接件在周期浸润实验1200 h后,316L不锈钢发生了腐蚀,而TC4钛合金并没有明显的腐蚀现象;316L不锈钢腐蚀产物包含FeOOH,Fe3O4和Fe2O3,而TC4钛合金表面主要为TiO2和Ti2O3等钛的氧化物组成的氧化膜。与单件316L不锈钢相比,由于电偶腐蚀与缝隙腐蚀的共同作用,TC4-316L铆接件中的316L不锈钢腐蚀加速。     

Effect of high-velocity oxygen-fuel thermal spraying on the physical and mechanical properties of type 316 stainless steel

Data on the microstructural, physical, and mechanical characteristics of high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF)-sprayed type 316 stainless steel coatings are presented and compared with properties of wrought 316 stainless steel. Coatings were prepared at three different spray particle velocities; coating characteristics are presented as a function of velocity. The coatings had relatively low porosity and oxide contents and were significantly harder than annealed, wrought 316 stainless steel. The hardness difference is primarily attributed to high dislocation densities resulting from peening imparted by high-velocity spray particles. The coating hardness increased with increasing spray particle velocity, reflecting increased peening effects. The elastic modulus of the coatings was essentially identical to wrought material. The mean coefficient of thermal expansion of as-sprayed coatings was lower than wrought material, but the expansion of annealed coatings matched the wrought behavior.     

体能量密度对SLM成形316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响

为了探究不同体能量密度对SLM成形316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响,采用正交试验法制备不同激光功率、扫描间距和扫描速度下的SLM 316L不锈钢成形件,利用扫描电镜和电化学试验对其微观组织和自腐蚀电位进行观察和测量。结果表明,体能量密度过大或过小时,成形件表面的气孔和孔洞等缺陷较多,自腐蚀电位减小,耐腐蚀性变差。体能量密度为44.64 J/mm^-3时,SLM 316L不锈钢成形件的自腐蚀电位最高,组织表面的气孔等缺陷相对较少,耐腐蚀性最好。激光功率、扫描间距和扫描速度对SLM 316L不锈钢成形件的耐腐蚀性影响的次序为:激光功率＞扫描间距和扫描速度,最佳的工艺参数组合为激光功率250 W,扫描间距0.14 mm,扫描速度800 mm/s。     

Microstructure and properties of composite of stainless steel and partially stabilized zirconia

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炼油加工过程中氯离子与硫离子对 316L 不锈钢和Monel 合金腐蚀的影响

目的研究常减压装置高温原油馏分及塔顶水相中氯离子、硫离子含量对316L不锈钢和Monel合金(镍基合金)腐蚀的影响。方法通过腐蚀挂片实验,获得316L不锈钢和Monel合金在含不同浓度氯离子和硫离子的水相、油相中的腐蚀速率变化规律。利用扫描电子显微镜,研究316L和Monel合金表面腐蚀后的微观形貌,探讨两种离子对316L不锈钢和Monel合金腐蚀的影响规律。结果在酸值较高的脱后原油中,316L不锈钢和Monel合金的腐蚀速率分别为0.0091,0.0248 mm/a;在酸值较低的常二段馏分中,316L不锈钢和Monel合金的腐蚀速率分别为0.0078,0.0031 mm/a。在常二段馏分中,加入600mg/L氯离子和30 mg/L硫化钠时,316L不锈钢和Monel合金的腐蚀速率分别为0.1755,0.1707 mm/a。在相同条件的脱后原油中,316L不锈钢的腐蚀速率为0.0545 mm/a,Monel合金的腐蚀速率为0.1281mm/a。结论油相中氯离子含量较低时,环烷酸腐蚀占主导因素;而氯离子含量达到较高水平后,氯离子对腐蚀的影响占主导作用。316L不锈钢和Monel合金的腐蚀速率都随氯离子含量的增加而增加,并且硫离子的存在对腐蚀也有一定的促进作用。在塔顶水相中,氯离子和硫离子均对Monel合金腐蚀的影响不大。     

不锈钢金属多孔材料固相烧结热变形特性研究

烧结工艺对多孔材料性能有很大的影响,为了获得最佳的力学性能和需要的零件形状,有必要对烧结的热变形过程进行研究。基于SVOS粘塑性本构模型,采用热力耦合计算不锈钢多孔材料在烧结过程中宏观变形。通过自由烧结实验和弯曲实验,使用4阶Gauss函数对烧结应力、体积和剪切粘度等模型参数进行了拟合。讨论了相对密度、线性收缩率等随烧结时间和温度的变化规律。结果表明：模拟过程与实验符合得较好,验证了模型的合理性。不同升温速率下,材料的线性收缩曲线变化不大,因此,升温速率对烧结过程影响较小。升温速率对计算时间影响比较大,升温速率很慢或很快时,计算不容易收敛,计算时间比较长。对模压生坯零件的烧结模拟结果表明,由于初始密度分布不均匀性导致最终密度分布的不均匀,但是密度变化范围不大。     

不锈钢增材制造件的激光超声表面波声速研究

利用激光超声技术对增材制造件进行无损检测具有重要的理论和应用价值。因此,针对不同激光功率下制备的316L不锈钢增材制造样品进行试验。利用激光超声在样品不同成型方向上测试,对表面波声速进行了表征。结果表明:不同激光功率下制备的316L不锈钢增材制造件的成型质量与表面波传播速度有着密切的关系,而且同一增材制造件在不同成型方向上的表面波声速也有明显的差异,具有各向异性。实验结果对研究316L不锈钢增材制造材料的表面声学特性以及金属增材制造材料的激光超声质量检测具有重要参考价值。