奥氏体不锈钢弹簧丝的大变形拉拔强化

借助于光学显微镜和X射线衍射仪等研究了奥氏体不锈钢弹簧丝在经过97.7%的大变形后抗拉强度高达1980 MPa的强化现象。结果表明,钢丝的硬度和抗拉强度随着变形量的增加而升高。在大变形量时,沿拉拔方向的组织趋向纤维化,变形马氏体的体积分数在增加,拉拔钢丝的抗拉强度值升高的幅度增加。分析认为变形强化,纤维组织强化和马氏体相变强化是大变形强化的主要原因。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of B-Bearing Austenitic Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Metal Deposition In-Situ Alloying

In the field repair application of laser metal deposition (LMD), the kinds of powder materials that can be used are limited, while the equipment components are made of various materials. Hence many components have to be repaired with heterogeneous materials. However, it is difficult to match the mechanical properties between the repaired layer and the substrate due to the different materials. Based on the high flexibility of raw materials and processes in LMD, an in-situ alloying method is proposed herein for tailoring the mechanical properties of LMDed alloy. Using different mixing ratios of Fe314 and 316L stainless steel powders as the control parameter, the microstructure and mechanical properties of B-bearing austenitic stainless steel fabricated by LMD in-situ alloying with different proportions of Fe314 and 316L particles were studied. With the increase in the concentration of 316L steel, the volume fraction of the eutectic phase in deposited B-bearing austenitic stainless steel reduced, the size of the austenite dendrite increased, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decreased monotonically, while the elongation increased monotonically. Moreover, the fracture mode changed from quasi-cleavage fracture to ductile fracture. By adding 316L powder, the yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation of deposited B-bearing austenitic stainless steel could be adjusted within the range of 712 MPa-257 MPa, 1325 MPa-509 MPa, and 8.7%-59.3%, respectively. Therefore, this work provides a new method and idea for solving the performance matching problem of equipment components in the field repair.     

On the processing,microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of cermet/stainless steel layer composites

This study deals with layer composites of carbide reinforcements and stainless steel prepared successfully by powder technology. The layer material consisted of two layers. The top layer consisted of reinforcements (TiC and NbC) and 465 stainless steel as the binder material for the carbides. The bottom layer was entirely of binder material (465 stainless steel). The microstructure of the composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The microstructural study revealed that the top layer (TiC–NbC/465 stainless steel) showed the typical core–rim microstructure of conventional steel bonded cermets and the bottom layer showed the structure of sintered steel. An intermediate layer was found with a gradient microstructure, having a higher carbide content towards the cermet layer and lower carbide content towards the stainless steel layer. The bending strength of the layered material measured in the direction perpendicular to the layer alignment was remarkably high. The variation of strength as a function of the thickness of the bottom layer revealed that the character of the material changed from the cermet, to a layer composite and then towards metallic materials. The wear resistance of the top layer was studied against high speed steel. The wear mechanisms were discussed by means of microscopical observations on the worn surfaces. The wear was severe at higher wear loads and lower TiC content. Microploughing of the stainless steel matrix was found to be the dominant wear mechanism. Heavy microploughing and rapid removal of material from the wear surface was observed at high wear load. The fracture morphologies of the top, bottom and intermediate layers are reported.     

不锈钢网增强锆基非晶复合材料的压铸制备及力学性能研究

全程真空压铸技术的快速发展为大块非晶合金的工业化应用提供了可能,受到了广泛关注。但是,非晶合金的室温脆性限制了压铸结构件在一些关键领域的应用。本论文利用压铸工艺高速充型及高压凝固的特性,通过在Vit1锆基非晶合金中引入304不锈钢网叠层焊接制造的骨架,成功制备出了不同体积分数晶态相增强的非晶复合材料,并系统研究了不锈钢网体积分数对力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,不锈钢网在非晶基体中均匀分布,与非晶合金存在冶金界面结合。力学性能测试显示,随着不锈钢编织网的引入,室温脆性的压铸Vit1块体金属玻璃的塑性得到了显著提升。随着不锈钢网目数增大(对应晶态相体积分数增大),非晶复合材料的塑性呈增大的趋势,但是,当目数超过200时,过细的孔洞会导致骨架局部区域无法填充,恶化性能。当晶态相的体积分数为53.7％时,断裂应变达到最大值,约为10％左右,其值高于传统不锈钢纤维增韧的Zr基非晶复合材料。韧化机制分析表明,压铸非晶合金出现脆-延性转变的根本原因是不锈钢网对剪切带扩展进行高效抑制,促进剪切带的增殖和萌生,减少宏观塑性变形的局域化。本研究为非晶复合材料的结构设计提供了新的思路,对于促进非晶合金的更广泛应用具有重要的工程价值。     

贝氏体含量对F/B双相管线钢力学性能的影响

采用700、720、740、760 ℃临界区热处理的方法,依次获得了4种不同贝氏体体积分数(16%、28%、41%、48%)的铁素体/贝氏体(F/B)双相管线钢。利用SEM、TEM及力学性能测试手段,研究了贝氏体含量对管线钢的强度、塑性和韧性的综合影响规律。结果表明,相比原始组织,F/B双相管线钢具有较低的屈服强度和相当的抗拉强度,从而具有较好的应变能力,表现为较低的屈强比,较高的伸长率和加工硬化指数。贝氏体含量对F/B组织管线钢的强度、伸长率和加工硬化指数影响较小,对冲击性能的影响显著。贝氏体含量在40%左右时可获得最佳的强度、塑性和韧性。     

过量Fe2O3对铝热法制备微纳结构316L奥氏体不锈钢组织和拉伸性能的影响

不锈钢结构和成分的调节对获得良好综合性能至关重要。为了使铝热反应完全、降低316L奥氏体不锈钢(ASSs)中残余Al的含量,在反应粉体中加入了不同过量分数的Fe2O3粉末,详细分析了过量Fe₂O₃对316L ASSs微纳米组织和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,随着Fe2O3过量分数的增加,铁素体相的体积分数显著降低,而纳米晶的体积分数由87.4%提高到了93.4%,平均晶粒尺寸由32 nm降低到了22 nm。对比分析表明,铝热法制备316L ASSs的最佳工艺参数为添加过量分数5.0%的Fe₂O₃,在该条件下制备的单相奥氏体钢,其抗拉强度为573.92 MPa,屈服强度为340.12 MPa,延伸率为4.68%。     

硅含量与淬火温度对Q&P钢组织及性能的影响

采用盐浴对两种硅含量不同的试验钢进行了淬火配分处理,并用金相显微镜、扫描电镜与拉伸试验机对不同淬火温度下试验钢组织及性能的转变规律展开了研究。结果表明,试验钢的显微组织由铁素体、马氏体、残留奥氏体与贝氏体组成;硅含量增加,有利于试验钢中残留奥氏体体积分数提高,抗拉强度和屈服强度显著提高,伸长率降低,强度随淬火温度变化的幅度减小;经260 ℃淬火、360 ℃配分后,2.13%(质量分数)Si钢在拥有高强度的同时保持了较好的伸长率,其抗拉强度为958.66 MPa,屈服强度为458.99 MPa,伸长率为15.35%,强塑积为14.66 GPa·%,综合力学性能最佳。     

Al-SiC powder preparation for electronic packaging aluminum composites by plasma spray processing

Powders of pure aluminum (Al) with 55 and 75 vol.% SiC particles were ball milled in a conventional rotating ball mill with stainless steel and ZrO₂ balls for 1–10 h. The morphology and microstructure of the milled powders have been observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX). The milled powders were plasma sprayed onto a graphite substrate to obtain Al matrix composites with high SiC volume fraction. SiC particles in the milled powders existed in two forms; i.e., the combination of Al into composite powder and individual. Plastic Al particles were broken during ball milling, and fine Al particles can be coated onto the surface of SiC particles. Iron contamination in the milled powders occurred when stainless steel balls were used. The iron level can be effectively controlled by using ZrO₂ ball media. The milling efficiency by ZrO₂ balls is inferior to that by stainless steel balls. Longer milling time was required with ZrO₂ balls to achieve the same effect as obtained with stainless steel balls. SiC particles in the sprayed composites from the milled powders exhibited a reasonably uniform distribution and high volume fraction.     

Effects of Silicon on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 15-15Ti Stainless Steel

Effects of silicon on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 20% cold-worked 15-15Ti austenitic stainless steels are systemically investigated by uniaxial tensile tests, scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, and strength calculations. The results reveal that a large number of deformation twins are formed in the 20% cold-worked steels with various silicon additions. The volume fraction of deformation twins and the density of dislocations increase with silicon content, while the twin thickness slightly decreases. A better strength-ductility combination is achieved by silicon addition, since the yield strength of the steel with 2% silicon is 61 MPa higher than that of the steel with 1% silicon, while their uniform elongations are almost both equal to 16%. The yield strength of the 15-15Ti stainless steels is predominantly contributed by the solid solution, dislocation and deformation twin strengthening effects, which can be enhanced by silicon addition.     

氧化物/不锈钢梯度复合材料初步设计与评价

采用粉末层叠和整体热压烧结的方法,制备了Y₂Ti₂O₇/316L不锈钢功能梯度复合材料。经金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪和电子探针分析确定,该材料在金属和氧化物界面处实现了成分和微观组织的梯度过渡。对不同梯度含量复合材料的力学性能测试表明,界面处的力学性能存在相应的梯度变化,即随各层金属相含量的逐渐增加,过渡区材料的致密度、抗弯强度不断提升,而硬度则不断下降。     

固溶温度对2507双相不锈钢力学性能及耐蚀性的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、XRD、拉伸试验机和电化学综合测试仪等研究了不同固溶温度对2507超级双相不锈钢组织、力学性能和耐蚀性的影响。采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算了2507双相不锈钢的热力学平衡相图,并与测试结果进行了对比。研究结果表明,经1050 ℃及以上温度固溶后,σ相溶解;随着固溶温度的升高,铁素体相含量增加,奥氏体相含量降低,α/γ相体积分数比增加;1050~1100 ℃固溶30 min并水冷时,双相不锈钢具有较好的综合力学性能,屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率分别大于600 MPa、840 MPa和35%。1050 ℃固溶30 min时,双相钢可获得较好的耐蚀性能。     

Influence of Superheat on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ductile Cu47.5Zr47.5Al5 Bulk Metallic Glass-Matrix Composite

Generally bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) posses very less ductility and toughness at room temperature. Over the recent past years to improve up on these properties in many alloy system BMG composites have been developed. It was also reported that Cu_47.5Zr_47.5Al₅ BMG composite shows a very high strength together with an extensive work hardening-like behavior of large ductility around 18%. In this study, the influence of superheat on microstructure and the resulting mechanical properties in Cu_47.5Zr_47.5Al₅ bulk metallic glass-matrix composite alloy has been studied. The Cu_47.5Zr_47.5Al₅ melt solidifies into a composite microstructure consisting of crystalline precipitates embedded in an amorphous matrix. The crystalline phase consists of B2 CuZr (cubic primitive with CsCl structure) with a small amount of monoclinic CuZr martensitic structure embedded in an amorphous matrix. The volume fraction of crystalline phases varies with melting current as well as position along the length of the as-cast rod, depending on the local cooling condition. The volume fraction and the distribution of the crystalline precipitates are heterogeneous in the amorphous matrix. Room temperature uniaxial compression tests revealed high yield strength ranging from 796 to 1900 MPa depending upon the volume fraction of the crystalline phases present. The presence of the dendritic B2 CuZr significantly improved the ductility. The BMG composites show a pronounced plastic strain up to 14% for the higher volume fraction of crystalline phase.     

Processing and mechanical properties of porous 316L stainless steel for biomedical applications

Highly porous 316L stainless steel parts were produced by using a powder metallurgy process, which includes the selective laser sintering（SLS） and traditional sintering. Porous 316L stainless steel suitable for medical applications was successfully fabricated in the porosity range of 40%-50% （volume fraction） by controlling the SLS parameters and sintering behaviour. The porosity of the sintered compacts was investigated as a function of the SLS parameters and the furnace cycle. Compressive stress and elastic modulus of the 316L stainless steel material were determined. The compressive strength was found to be ranging from 21 to 32 MPa and corresponding elastic modulus ranging from 26 to 43 GPa. The present parts are promising for biomedical applications since the optimal porosity of implant materials for ingrowths of new-bone tissues is in the range of 20%-59% （volume fraction） and mechanical properties are matching with human bone.     

选择性键合金属-类金刚石复合薄膜的性能研究

目的研究具有选择性键合作用的掺杂金属元素(Cu、Al、Ti)对类金刚石(DLC)薄膜的结构和摩擦学性能的影响。方法以高纯石墨及其与金属复合靶作为靶材,采用离子源镀膜技术分别在n-型(100)单晶硅片和抛光304不锈钢片基体上制备金属-DLC复合膜。采用514.6 nm氩离子激发源的Raman光谱仪,对金属-DLC复合薄膜进行拉曼光谱分析。采用努氏硬度计和表面轮廓仪测量计算薄膜的硬度和残余应力。采用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察DLC薄膜的表面形貌和结构。使用球-盘滑动磨损试验机对DLC复合薄膜进行摩擦学性能分析。结果类金刚石薄膜中掺入不同金属元素掺杂后,摩擦系数保持相对稳定,但磨损率存在较大差异。无掺杂DLC膜中的sp~3键含量最高,薄膜硬度高,残余应力大,在摩擦过程中易脱落。Ti-DLC金属复合膜的表面质量最好,结构致密,残余应力释放的同时保持较高的硬度,测得其磨损率最低,为0.13×10~(-15) m~3/nm。结论通过在DLC膜中掺杂不同键合能力的金属元素能够调控DLC薄膜的微观结构,改善薄膜的力学性能(硬度、残余应力),提高薄膜的抗磨损性能。薄膜的摩擦学性能与薄膜的微观结构与金属掺杂元素的存在形态有关。     

淬火工艺对粉末冶金马氏体不锈钢组织与性能的影响

研究了淬火工艺对粉末冶金超高碳不锈钢的微观组织与力学性能的影响。高碳铬粉末冶金不锈钢经900~1200 ℃淬火并于200 ℃回火后,碳化物主要为M₇C₃,少部分为MC,随淬火温度升高,马氏体中固溶碳增大,硬度与抗弯强度升高;经1150 ℃淬火与低温回火后,力学性能达到最佳,硬度为59 HRC,冲击吸收能量为18.9 J,抗弯强度为3079 MPa,碳化物均匀弥散分布于基体中,其中M₇C₃相平均尺寸约为2 μm,体积分数为17%,MC相尺寸为0.5 μm,体积分数为2%;经1200 ℃淬火后残留奥氏体体积分数为35%,导致硬度下降。     

Research on Laser Gladded Nickel Based Nanometer Tungsten Carbide Composite Coating

APPLICATION of laser beam with on material surfacehas made many important progresses'11.As used onmaterial surface cladding and alloying,the coatinglayer is remarkably improved in terms of defects,density,grain size,and the bonding strength,etc.Withthe characteristics of"photofabrication",such as highflexibility,high efficiency,low consumption,withoutpollution and easy to control with computer,thetechnology is extremely competitive.However,as mostof the coating materials adopted so far are…     

超高重力场燃烧合成TiB2基陶/304不锈钢叠层复合材料

采用超高重力场燃烧合成技术,通过陶瓷和不锈钢之间的熔化连接与原子互扩散,制备出界面具有化学成分梯度特征的TiB2基陶瓷/1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢复合材料。因超高重力场燃烧合成工艺具有“爆燃”的特性以及超高重力场所形成的高温真空环境,使得不锈钢表面发生部分熔化,进而实现了陶瓷/不锈钢的熔化连接。经XRD、FESEM 及EDS 分析发现,接头界面连接良好,并因原子的强烈互扩散在界面过渡区形成了三维网络陶瓷/金属梯度复合结构。经测试发现,维氏硬度值与陶瓷基体至不锈钢基底测试距离的关系曲线呈近似抛物特征。同时,复合材料的界面剪切强度达到325±25 MPa,其界面断裂模式是由TiB2片晶沿晶断裂和Fe-Ni-Cr合金相延性断裂的混合模式组成。     

Research on Laser Cladded Nickel Based Nanometer Tungsten Carbide Composite Coating

CO2 laser is adopted on the surface of austenitic stainless steel (1Cr18Ni9) to clad nickel based nanometer WC/Co composite coating. SEM, EDAX, XRD, AFM and Scratch Testers are adopted to conduct analysis and research on the microstructure, composition, phase and bonding strength of the coating. Results indicate that the microstructure of coating is metallurgically bonded with stainless steel base, eliminating porosities and cracks. The coating has a considerable quantity of nanometer particles visible with a granularity ≤ 100nm under a nanoscope atomic microscope. The bonding strength of the laser cladded coating is remarkably improved respectively compared with conventional hot-sprayed coating and spray welding. The nanometer effect of nanometer WC/Co introduced into the coating plays an important role in the laser cladding processes.     

Extracting Constitutive Stress–Strain Behavior of Microscopic Phases by Micropillar Compression

The macroscopic behavior of metallic materials is a complex function of microstructure. The size, morphology, volume fraction, crystallography, and distribution of a 2nd phase within a surrounding matrix all control the mechanical properties. Understanding the contributions of the individual microconstituents to the mechanical behavior of multiphase materials has proven difficult due to the inability to obtain accurate constitutive relationships of each individual constituent. In dual-phase steels, for example, the properties of martensite or ferrite in bulk form are not representative of their behavior at the microscale. In this study, micropillar compression was employed to determine the mechanical properties of individual microconstituents in metallic materials with “composite” microstructures, consisting of two distinct microconstituents: (I) a Mg–Al alloy with pure Mg dendrites and eutectic regions and (II) a powder metallurgy steel with ferrite and martensite constituents. The approach is first demonstrated in a Mg–Al directionally solidified alloy where the representative stress–strain behavior of the matrix and eutectic phases was obtained. The work is then extended to a dual-phase steel where the constitutive behavior of the ferrite and martensite were obtained. Here, the results were also incorporated into a modified rule-of-mixtures approach to predict the composite behavior of the steel. The constitutive behavior of the ferrite and martensite phases developed from micropillar compression was coupled with existing strength–porosity models from the literature to predict the ultimate tensile strength of the steel. Direct comparisons of the predictions with tensile tests of the bulk dual-phase steel were conducted and the correlations were quite good.     

CeO2掺杂对ZrO2-Y2O3纳米涂层性能的影响

在45钢基体表面等离子弧喷涂制备了掺杂不同含量CeO2纳米ZrO2涂层,运用XRD,SEM对涂层的组织结构进行了分析,测试了涂层的结合强度和显微硬度,考察了涂层与铝青铜对磨时的摩擦磨损性能．结果表明,CeO2增加了ZrO2涂层的致密性、结合强度和显微硬度．纳米ZrO2涂层中加入CeO2后,增加了ZrO2涂层／铝青铜摩擦副的摩擦系数,增强了纳米ZrO2涂层,耐磨能力．涂层与铝青铜对磨时,随着CeO2含量的增加,ZrO2涂层粘着磨损形式增强,而涂层脆性断裂脱落的趋势减轻．