超声波辅助滚揉对生鲜鸡肉腌制效果的影响

研究了超声波辅助滚揉对生鲜鸡肉腌制效果的影响。取宰后4h剔除筋腱修整之后的新鲜鸡肉(鸡胸肉,每份(150±1)g),随机分成6组,分别进行超声波以及滚揉处理,对应累积处理时间为10、20、30、40、50、60min,然后测定剪切力、腌制吸收率等指标。结果表明,随着超声波辅助滚揉累积处理时间的延长,样品剪切力显著降低(p0.05),腌制吸收率显著增加(p0.05),处理60min组剪切力降至5.37N,腌制吸收率为3.34%;MFI随累积处理时间的延长显著增加(p0.05),处理30min组达到最大值57.04;由电泳图谱看出,超声波辅助滚揉可以促进大分子量蛋白(45.0~116.0ku)的降解,同时产生较多的小分子量蛋白(18.4~45.0ku)。结果表明,超声波辅助滚揉可促进生鲜鸡肉腌制,改善其腌制效果。     

超声波辅助变压滚揉工艺对鸭肉食用品质的影响

研究超声波辅助变压滚揉工艺对鸭肉食用品质的影响。冷冻鸭腿肉剔除筋腱修整之后,随机分成2组,采用真空滚揉、超声波辅助变压滚揉2种工艺分别对其进行处理,后依次测定其色泽、剪切力、腌制吸收率、蒸煮损失率及质构5项指标。结果表明:与真空滚揉腌制处理组相比,鸭肉经超声波辅助变压滚揉处理后,肉块色泽方面,亮度值(L*)显著升高(P0.05)、红度值(a*)显著降低(P0.05)、黄度值(b*)显著升高(P0.05);蒸煮损失率、剪切力值显著降低(P0.05);腌制吸收率显著增加(P0.05),处理100 min后,增至35.91%;硬度显著降低(P0.05)、弹性和凝聚性显著增加(P0.05)。因此,超声波辅助变压滚揉工艺在改善鸭肉食用品质方面显著优于传统的真空滚揉工艺。     

腌制方式对鸭肉腌制速率及品质的影响

为缩短腌制时间、降低生产成本、提高产品品质、指导鸭肉快速腌制,以鸭胸肉为研究对象,考察常压腌制(对照组)、真空滚揉腌制和静态变压腌制方式对鸭肉腌制速率及品质的影响。结果表明:真空滚揉腌制对比静态变压腌制和常压腌制显著(P0.05)增加了腌制速率,静态变压腌制与常压腌制差异不明显。真空滚揉腌制2 h亮度值(L*)显著升高(P0.05),红度值(a*)和黄度值(b*)显著降低(P0.05),肉块色泽得到改善;剪切力显著降低(P0.05),硬度显著降低(P0.05),提高肉块嫩度;但此时蒸煮损失显著(P0.05)高于其他2种腌制方式。静态变压腌制4 h咀嚼性、内聚性、回复性最低,其他品质与常压6 h无显著差异(P0.05)。低场核磁共振结果显示,腌制8 h真空滚揉腌制不易流动水横向弛豫时间显著减小(P0.05),静态变压腌制与常压腌制差异不显著(P0.05)。在同一腌制方式中真空滚揉腌制不易流动水峰面积百分比最大在2 h处,静态变压腌制4 h最大,常压腌制6 h最大。综上,最佳腌制方式时间为真空滚揉腌制小于2 h、静态变压腌制4 h、常压腌制6 h。真空滚揉腌制在适当腌制时长内可有效改善肉质嫩度,缩短腌制时间,降低生产成本。     

不同腌制方式对猪肉腌制速率及肉质的影响

为缩短腌制时间,降低生产成本,指导腊肉的快速腌制,以常压液腌为对照,探讨了常压滚揉,真空滚揉、脉动真空滚揉3种腌制方式对猪肉p H值、腌制液吸收百分比、蒸煮损失、剪切力和食盐含量的影响。结果显示,4种腌制方式下,猪肉的p H值总体呈上升趋势,但相邻检测点间差异不显著(p>0.05);脉动真空滚揉、真空滚揉与常压滚揉的腌制液吸收百分比高于常压液腌,其中脉动真空滚揉腌制的腌制液吸收百分比最大;脉动真空滚揉腌制后的蒸煮损失与剪切力跟其他3种腌制方式相比最小;在达到相同的食盐含量时,脉动真空滚揉腌制所需要的时间最短。结果表明,脉动真空滚揉腌制猪肉效果较好。     

不同滚揉腌制对鸭肉蛋白及水分分布的影响

为了研究超声波辅助变压滚揉腌制对鸭肉蛋白质及水分的影响,对鸭胸肉分别进行真空滚揉(VT)和超声波辅助变压滚揉(PTU)腌制处理,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、拉曼光谱和低场核磁共振(LFNMR)测定鸭肉蛋白质的组成、结构以及水分存在状态的变化。结果显示,经过VT和PTU腌制处理的鸭肉蛋白质组成、结构以及水分状态较未任何处理的原料肉存在显著差异(P0.05),其中经PTU处理的样品比VT处理的变化更显著。SDS-PAGE图谱表明,经滚揉腌制处理的鸭肉肌原纤维蛋白明显降解,肌球蛋白重链(MHC)、肌间线蛋白(Desmin)、肌钙蛋白T(Troponin T)、原肌球蛋白(Tm)含量逐渐减少,同时产生许多的小分子质量蛋白,并且超声波辅助变压滚揉处理的样品降解程度更大。拉曼光谱分析显示超声波辅助变压滚揉处理能够显著降低鸭肉蛋白α-螺旋构象含量(P0.05),同时增加β-折叠、β-转角以及无规则卷曲构象含量(P0.05);LFNMR结果显示,PTU处理的鸭肉横向弛豫时间T21和T22以及对应的峰面积百分比P21和P22都较未任何处理的原料肉及VT处理组显著增大(P0.05)。研究结果表示,PTU处理通过改变蛋白质结构和水分状态分布,来加速鸭肉产品生产过程的腌制效率,改善嫩度,提高保水性。本研究结果为PTU技术在肉制品腌制中的应用及相关设备的开发提供理论依据。     

调理鸡肉制品的加工条件对鸡肉质地的影响

以鸡胸肉为原料,通过研究鸡肉的加工条件(切片厚度、食盐添加量、磷酸盐添加量以及腌制、滚揉和热处理三段时间)对鸡肉剪切力、韧性和蒸煮损失率的影响,筛选出最佳鸡肉质地的加工条件。在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验考察磷酸盐添加量、腌制时间、滚揉时间和热处理时间对鸡肉的协同作用。结果表明:鸡肉的最优加工条件为鸡肉片厚度8 mm、腌制液(啤酒)中食盐添加量0.1%、磷酸盐添加量0.1%、腌制处理时间60 min;滚揉中食盐添加量1.5%、滚揉时间15 min、热处理时间8 min。鸡肉剪切力、韧性和蒸煮损失率分别为2230.10g、10 503.88g·s和5.33%。     

不同腌制工艺对发酵芹菜粉发色效果的研究

芹菜粉富含天然的硝酸盐,是新型肉制品发色剂之一。以腌肉色泽、挥发性盐基氮含量及亚硝酸盐含量为指标,研究不同腌制工艺(4 ℃静置腌制、常压滚揉腌制、真空滚揉腌制)对发酵芹菜粉发色效果的影响。结果表明:真空滚揉工艺发色效果最好,且最佳条件是在真空度0.06 MPa条件下,以5 r/min的滚揉转速滚揉6 h。添加发酵芹菜粉的猪肉在真空滚揉腌制下的a^*值(红度)显著高于其他组(P<0.05);亚硝酸盐含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05);挥发性盐基氮含量低于其他组,且与4 ℃静置腌制组有显著差异(P<0.05)。     

不同腌制方式对猪排骨品质的影响

为探索不同腌制方式对猪排骨品质的影响,该研究以猪排骨为原料分别进行常压静态腌制(static pressure marination, ST)、间歇真空滚揉腌制(vacuum intermittent tumbling marination, IT)和连续真空滚揉腌制(vacuum continuous tumbling marination, CT),腌制时间均为6 h。分别测定腌制后猪排骨的腌制吸收率、水分含量及水分状态、离心损失、剪切力及TPA质构、肉内部盐溶性蛋白浓度。结果显示, IT组和CT组较ST组在腌制吸收率、保水性以及嫩度等方面均显著改善(p0.05),其中CT组具有最佳改善效果。CT组的腌制吸收率较ST组和IT组分别改善了168.49%和27.50%;剪切力和硬度也显著降低(p0.05);不易流动水峰面积百分比例较其他组显著增加(p0.05),保水性显著提高(p0.05);肉内部盐溶性蛋白浓度降低,溶出量显著增加。综上,真空滚揉提高了猪排骨的腌制效果,加快盐溶性蛋白的溶出,并提高了肉的保水性,改善其嫩度。研究结果为连续式真空滚揉腌制改善猪排骨的保水性、嫩度等品质提供了理论依据,并为相关设备的开发提供参考。     

滚揉对羊肉成熟过程中钙激活中性蛋白酶活性的影响

以小尾寒羊背最长肌为研究对象,研究轻度滚揉(滚揉10 min)和重度滚揉(滚揉30 min)2种滚揉处理对羊肉成熟过程中钙激活中性蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明,宰后成熟12 h,滚揉处理显著提高了μ-calpain和calpastatin的活性(p0.05),随着成熟时间的延长,各处理组的μ-calpain和calpastatin活性显著下降(p0.05),且滚揉处理组下降速度快于不滚揉组;滚揉处理对m-calpain活性影响不显著(p0.05),其活性随着成熟时间延长也显著下降(p0.05)。     

变压滚揉腌制工艺对冷却猪肉中微生物的影响

采用正交实验的方法,研究了变压滚揉腌制工艺中滚揉温度、变压交变比、气体压力以及CO2和N2混合抑菌气体比例四个因素对冷却猪肉微生物指标的影响,筛选出最佳工艺,并将此工艺与传统真空滚揉腌制工艺进行了比较.结果表明,滚揉温度5℃、变压交变比2:1、压力0.25MPa、混合气体比2:1组合抑菌效果最佳;在同等滚揉里程数条件下.变压滚揉腌制工艺抑菌效果要优于真空滚揉腌制工艺.     

超声波辅助卤制雪山鸡的品质和风味分析

为研究超声波技术对卤制鸡肉品质和风味的影响,以雪山鸡作为研究对象,选择功率300 W、频率20 kHz超声波辅助卤制0、30、60、90、120 min,对卤制鸡肉的出品率、颜色、质构、剪切力、感官品质、蛋白质氧化指标、挥发性风味物质进行测定,并进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）分析。结果表明：超声波辅助卤制可以提高鸡肉出品率,在超声90 min时出品率最高为91.43%;超声波处理可以改善卤制鸡肉的色泽和感官品质,显著降低鸡肉的硬度和咀嚼性（P＜0.05）,提高嫩度,超声120 min处剪切力最低为26.49 N;SDS-PAGE结果表明,超声波可以促进鸡肉中130～250 kDa蛋白的降解,使小分子质量蛋白条带增加,并显著影响肌肉的蛋白质氧化状态。基于主成分分析和热图分析,超声波处理会增加鸡肉挥发性风味物质的种类及含量,改善鸡肉风味。因此,与传统卤制工艺相比,超声波辅助卤制提升了鸡肉产品的品质和风味。     

超声波联合木瓜蛋白酶处理对鸡胸肉嫩度的影响

本文通过使用不同浓度的木瓜蛋白酶,采用不同功率、不同处理时间、不同处理温度的超声波对鸡胸肉进行嫩化处理,分析不同处理条件对鸡胸肉剪切力的影响。并以剪切力为响应值,超声波功率、超声时间、木瓜蛋白酶浓度为影响因素,对超声波联合木瓜蛋白酶处理嫩化鸡胸肉工艺进行了响应面优化。结果表明,超声波联合木瓜蛋白酶嫩化鸡胸肉最优的工艺参数为:木瓜蛋白酶浓度200 U/g,超声时间30 min,超声功率425 W,实测剪切力为1537.14 g,与未经处理的鸡胸肉剪切力相比降低了41.45%,与单独使用木瓜蛋白酶和超声波处理的鸡胸肉剪切力分别降低了22.48%和19.02%。本研究为改善鸡肉的嫩度提供技术支持。     

Influence of cooking conditions on cooking loss and tenderness of raw and marinated chicken breast meat

The influence of different cooking treatments on tenderness and cooking loss, as main quality characteristics of chicken breast meat, was investigated. Industrial skinless chicken breast meat samples were designated as raw and marinated and cooked in the oven by hot air and hot air-steam mixture at 130, 150 and 170 °C, for 4, 8 and 12 min. Cooking losses were evaluated by weight changes before and after cooking, and tenderness changes were determined on cooked samples by measuring shear force using instrumental texture analysis. Results showed that marination, followed by air-steam cooking is the best combination to obtain the most tender chicken breast slices. The time and temperature of cooking showed similar effects on cooking loss and tenderness: short cooking time (4 min) and temperatures of 130–150 °C resulted in lower cooking losses and best meat tenderness, in both not marinated and marinated meat. Statistically significant correlations between tenderness and cooking loss indicated that the cooking loss correlated better with cooking time than with cooking temperature. An opposite phenomenon was observed for meat tenderness.     

EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE AND PECTIN ON QUALITY AND SHELF-LIFE OF MARINATED CHICKEN BREAST

Fresh split chicken breasts were injected with 5% sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), 5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), 2.5% Genu pectin (GENU), or the combination of 5% SAPP with 2.5% GENU and 5% STPP with 2.5% GENU. Calcium lactate (0.1 M) solution was sprayed on the surface of chicken marinated in pectin. Marinated samples were stored at 4C for 7 days to evaluate changes in the psychrotrophic bacterial count and quality. STPP injected chicken breast had highest (α=0.05) marinade pickup, net weight increase, cook yield and moisture content. SAPP injected chicken had intermediate marinade pickup, but lowest retention in the muscle among all treatments. Marinades with pectin or pectin combined with phosphate had lower pickup but higher marinade retention compared with SAPP injected breasts. The water holding capacity (WHC) of STPP and GENU injected cooked chicken breast was higher than SAPP injected samples or control. All marinated chicken breasts had significantly lower shear force than noninjected control. Neither phosphate nor pectin had a significant influence on microbial activity of marinated chicken.     

马铃薯淀粉添加量对真空滚揉调理鸡柳品质的影响

目的 探讨马铃薯淀粉结合真空滚揉腌制技术对调理鸡柳品质特性的影响。方法 通过测定调理鸡柳的出品率、蒸煮损失、水分含量、水分活度、色差、质构特征和剪切力等指标,探究不同马铃薯淀粉添加量（0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0和2.5%,w/w）对真空滚揉腌制调理鸡柳品质特性的影响。结果 随着马铃薯淀粉添加量的增加,调理鸡柳的出品率、嫩度、弹性、回复性、凝聚性、亮度值和红度值显著提高（P < 0.05）。然而,调理鸡柳的水分含量、水分活度、蒸煮损失、硬度则随着淀粉添加量的增加而显著下降（P < 0.05）,黄度值没有显著变化（P > 0.05）。结论 马铃薯淀粉的添加对真空滚揉腌制的调理鸡柳品质特性具有良好的促进作用,且以2.0%为最佳添加量。本研究为更高品质的调理鸡柳的工业生产提供技术支撑。     

Effects of different types of soy sauce on the formation of heterocyclic amines in roasted chicken

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of different types of soy sauce and marinating time on the formation of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in roasted chicken. Chicken breast samples were marinated with sweet, salty, light and dark soy sauce at 0, 3, 6 and 12 h (control treatment was the chicken without marinade). The concentrations of free amino acids, sugars and creatinine were determined before roasting while HCA concentrations were determined after roasting. All types of soy sauce significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) the concentration of HCAs in roasted chicken with increasing marinating time. The highest increment of total concentration of HCAs was found in samples marinated with light soy sauce (887%) followed by dark (375%), salty (193%) and sweet (169%) at 12 h. PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine) showed a substantial reduction in samples only momentarily marinated with sweet, salty and dark soy sauce (0 h). Free amino acids were found to be more strongly correlated with the formation of HCAs than reducing sugars or creatinine.     

Effect of marinating ingredients on temperature-induced denaturation of hemoglobin and its relation to red blood spot formation in cooked chicken breast

Red blood spot (RBS) commonly found in cooked chicken breast has caused severe economic loss as it is perceived as a sign of undercooked product. The objectives of this study were to investigate the cause of RBS as related to common ingredients used in marination, based on both chicken breast and isolated chicken hemoglobin (Hb) models. The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and glucose on thermal denaturation of Hb was investigated along with the extent of RBS formation in cooked marinated chicken breast. After vacuum tumbling for 65 min and subsequent storage at 4 °C for 20 hr, STPP and glucose were not absorbed into the center of chicken breast. However, Na⁺ was absorbed after 12 hr storage. The denaturation temperature (T_d) of isolated chicken Hb decreased to 65.8 °C in the presence of 1.5 M NaCl, while that of the control was 69.4 °C. STPP at pH 9 decreased T_d of Hb to 61.4 °C. The alkaline pH induced by STPP destabilized the Hb structure. RBSs were observed at 100% incidence when cooked to core temperatures of 50 and 70 °C for 1 min. RBSs were completely eliminated at core temperature of 85 °C. The ingredients used during marination appeared to have a minimal effect on RBS formation due to their limited absorption into the chicken breast. The cooking temperature is a major factor governing RBSs, as it directly affects the denaturation of Hb.     

超声波解冻对鸡胸肉品质的影响

本实验旨在研究超声波解冻对鸡胸肉品质的影响。以15 ℃静水解冻组为对照组,在同样水温条件下,以 4 种不同功率（120、180、240、300 W）超声波解冻组为实验组,分析不同功率超声波解冻对鸡胸肉品质的影响。 结果表明：与对照组相比,超声波解冻后鸡胸肉红度（a*值）显著升高,解冻时间显著缩短,细菌总数显著降低 （P＜0.05）,但其解冻汁液流失率、T23（表征自由水）峰面积比显著升高（P＜0.05）,pH值、亮度（L*值）、总蛋 白溶解度和肌原纤维蛋白溶解度显著降低（P＜0.05）;与240 W和300 W超声波处理组相比,120 W和180 W超声波解 冻后鸡胸肉剪切力、总蛋白溶解度和肌原纤维蛋白溶解度显著升高（P＜0.05）,T23峰面积比显著降低（P＜0.05）, 而180 W超声波处理组细菌总数显著低于120 W处理组（P＜0.05）。综合分析,与静水解冻相比,超声波解冻工艺 可有效提高鸡胸肉解冻速率并显著改善新鲜度,但解冻后鸡胸肉蛋白质变性导致保水性较差,解冻汁液流失率高且 肉色偏暗,对解冻后鸡胸肉品质有一定的负面影响,其中180 W超声波解冻对鸡胸肉品质负面影响最小。