453名大学生膳食调查

目的　了解温州市高校学生现时营养状况 ,并针对出现的问题提出改进措施。　方法　采用 2 4h膳食记录及称重法连续 4d调查温州市某高校 4 5 3名大学生的膳食消费结构。　结果　男生热能的摄入占参考摄入量 (DRIs)的 95 .7% ,达到DRIs的要求 ;女生热能的摄入量为DRIs的 84 .1% ,基本满足需要。蛋白质摄入量男生平均为 71.2g ,达DRIs的 94 .9% ;女生平均 6 3.8g达DRIs的 98.2 %。男女生铁的摄入量占DRIs10 8.7%和 92 .5 %。钙、锌及多种维生素摄入量均不足。　结论　必须加强膳食指导 ,调整膳食结构 ,以提高矿物质、维生素等摄入量     

合肥市1656名住校中学生膳食营养状况调查分析

目的了解合肥市某中学住校学生的膳食结构及存在的问题,为合理膳食提供依据。方法对合肥市1656名住校中学生进行连续3d的膳食调查,根据《中国居民膳食指南》和《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRIs）》作出评价。结果合肥市1656名住校中学生平均每人每日能量摄入量为：男生8331J、女生7247J,三餐的能量构成比约为2∶5∶3;三大营养素的摄入：碳水化合物不足,脂肪、蛋白质过量;而男、女学生优质蛋白质摄取分别为49.9%和52.2%;营养素摄入量：钙和维生素A严重不足;食物种类：果蔬类、鱼虾类、奶类和大豆类摄入不足,畜禽肉类和油脂摄入量偏高。结论合肥市1656名住校中学生平均每人每日能量摄入量不足、膳食结构不合理、营养素摄入不均衡。应加强营养教育,指导学生合理膳食。     

宁夏吴忠市职业技术学院学生膳食调查

目的了解职业技术学院在校学生营养状况，促进平衡膳食、合理营养，为职业技术学院制订学生科学食谱提供依据。方法采用称量记帐法对吴忠市职业技术学院349名学生进行膳食调查。结果蛋白质摄入量占《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量，DRIs》的69％左右；能量摄入分布中，蛋白质供能不足，仅占9．4％(标准为12％～14％)；动物脂肪摄入量偏低；钙摄入量占DRIs的45％左右，严重缺乏；核黄素摄入量为DRIs的53％左右，维生素A摄入量占DRIs的65％左右；铁、硫胺素、尼克酸以及维生素C摄入量大于DRIs。结果吴忠市职业技术学院学生膳食结构不合理，应增加蛋白质、矿物质、钙和维生素A、B2的摄入量。     

德惠市某农村寄宿中学初三学生膳食营养状况

目的 了解德惠市某农村寄宿中学初三学生的膳食营养状况,为学生合理营养提供科学依据.方法 采用称重记账法,对德惠市某农村寄宿中学172名初三学生每日三餐主、副食供给量连续3d进行称重及登记,记录三餐各种食物的摄入量和每日就餐人数.查阅《食物成分表》,计算每人每日所需能量和主要营养素摄入量,依据“中国居民膳食平衡宝塔”和《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》进行评价.结果 初三学生三餐能量比基本接近3:4:3;食物种类过少;钙、锌摄入普遍不足.男、女生钙摄入量仅占建议量的40％;锌摄入量女生低于建议量的60％,男生低于建议量的75％;女生视黄醇摄入不足,铁明显缺乏,摄入量占建议量的64％;男生维生素C摄入不足,低于建议量的65％.结论 初三学生膳食结构不够合理,对学生及膳食管理人员应加强营养知识教育,按膳食指南和平衡膳食宝塔的要求合理安排膳食.     

内蒙古民族大学蒙古族学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解蒙古族大学生的膳食结构和营养状况,为合理营养提供科学依据。方法采用称重记账法和膳食记录法进行5d膳食调查,依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)》中18岁以上中等体力劳动的推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)进行比较评价。结果蒙古族男女学生蛋白质、铜、硒、维生素PP摄入充足,男生铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2均达到和超过推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)。蒙古族男女学生膳食中存在的共性问题是膳食纤维、维生素C及钙不足,脂肪类食物来源比例不合理。蒙古族女生膳食蛋白质质量尚可,但数量不足,膳食中能量、铁、锌、维生素B2摄入不足,维生素A和维生素B1摄入严重不足;蒙古族男生早餐能量摄入不足。结论蒙古族男女大学生膳食结构均不合理,应对学生加强营养知识的教育。     

山东大学生膳食营养状况调查

目的通过膳食调查了解山东部分高校大学生膳食营养状况,为大学生的平衡膳食、合理营养提供科学依据。方法采用随机整群抽样的方法抽取858名1～3年级大学生,采用24h回顾法进行膳食调查,依据中国营养学会2000年修订的《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》标准(DRIs)进行评价。结果大学生钙、维生素A、核黄素、抗坏血酸等摄入偏低;男生脂肪供能比明显偏低,碳水化合物供能比偏高,三餐热能分配不合理,早餐偏少,晚餐偏多;女生蛋白质供能比稍低,脂肪供能比偏低,碳水化合物供能比偏高。结论学生膳食结构仍有待完善,应加强对大学生的营养教育,指导其建立合理的饮食习惯,并增加钙、维生素A的摄入量,减少零食摄入,多吃蔬菜水果。     

重庆工商大学学生膳食营养状况分析

目的了解重庆工商大学学生膳食营养状况,为引导学生膳食的合理摄入提供依据。方法采用24h回顾法,对507名学生进行连续5d膳食调查,食物成分用膳食营养软件分析,数据用SPSS11.0统计。结果男生能量、蛋白质摄入量低于推荐摄入量（RNIs）的分别占79.93%,86.02%,女生分别占78.07%,83.77%。男生和女生钙、锌、硒、视黄醇当量、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、钾、镁等摄入量也低于推荐摄入量（RNIs）。结论学生能量来源分布基本合理,但膳食结构不合理,各种食物搭配较差,膳食营养素摄入量及供能不足且不平衡。     

武汉市部分高校大学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解大学生的膳食营养状况,为指导大学生进行合理饮食提供科学依据。方法从武汉工业学院、中国地质大学(武汉)和湖北工业大学分层整群抽取1 400名学生,编制大学生食物频率问卷,并进行膳食调查。结果 3所高校大学生能量及营养素摄入均较充足;武汉工业学院男生和女生的膳食纤维及男生的硫胺素摄入不足,分别占推荐摄入量的78.7%,79.7%和78.6%;中国地质大学男生和女生的膳食纤维摄入不足,分别占推荐摄入量的占79.3%和78.0%。3所高校整体男生和女生每日所得三大营养素所提供的能量占总能量的百分比基本在正常范围内;每日所摄取的优质蛋白均比较充足,分别占总蛋白的57.3%和59.3%。3所高校男生在维生素C摄入上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);女生在脂肪和维生素E摄入上差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。结论高校大学生日常饮食中能量和其他营养素摄入充足,膳食纤维摄入稍微偏低,建议平时多食粗粮。     

北京市房山区164名中小学生膳食营养摄入状况分析

目的调查北京市房山区中小学生膳食营养摄入状况,为房山区学生改善营养提供科学依据。方法对北京市房山区中小学生进行膳食调查,采用3 d 24 h膳食回顾结合家庭调味品称重法,依据中国食物成分表计算每日食物消费及营养素摄入状况。结果共调查北京市房山区中小学生164名,男生91名,女生73名,平均年龄(8.93±2.21)岁。中小学生水产品类、奶及奶制品、大豆类及其制品、蔬菜水果类摄入不足,畜禽肉类、盐摄入过多。能量平均摄入量为1710.30 kcal,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物平均摄入量分别为61.57、72.21、211.48 g,供能比分别占14.38%、37.95%和47.68%。中小学生维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、硒平均摄入量达到推荐摄入量(RNI)的比例分别为34.8%、27.4%、33.5%、24.4%和47.0%。仅2.4%的学生钙摄入量达到了RNI,超过一半的学生铁、锌、铜平均摄入量达到RNI。其中,女生铁摄入量达到RNI的比例低于男生(P<0.05)。结论北京市房山区中小学生膳食结构不合理、微量营养素摄入不足,需加强学生、家长、学校食堂营养宣教,有针对性地改善学生营养状况。     

新疆和田地区408名农牧区维吾尔族初中生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解新疆和田农牧区维吾尔族初中生膳食营养状况。方法采用24 h膳食回顾法对学生的膳食状况进行调查,按照《学校卫生情况年报表技术规范》的要求,测量所调查学生的身高和体重。结果所调查学生平均每天摄入的谷薯类(567.9 g)、水果(460.5 g)、畜肉类(100.2 g)食物偏高,摄入的蔬菜(248.6 g)、蛋类(30.0 g)偏低,鱼虾类(6.8 g)食物严重不足,食盐(18.0 g)摄入量明显超标;所调查学生蛋白质摄入量偏高,维生素A、B2、钙、碘、铁摄入量偏低;所调查学生身高、体重平均值低于全国水平,女生营养不良检出率(15.03%)高于男生(8.51%),而男生超重(9.79%)和肥胖(2.55%)检出率高于女生(5.78%,1.15%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论和田农牧区维吾尔族初中生膳食构成不合理,营养素摄入不均衡,营养不良人数仍占一定比例,这一现象应引起各方重视,及时提出改善方案。     

青海高等职业技术学院学生膳食营养状况

目的了解高等职业技术学院学生膳食营养状况,为开展营养指导工作提供依据。方法对青海高等职业技术学院385名学生采用24 h膳食回顾法连续3 d跟踪调查,计算学生每人每日营养素摄入量,并与推荐摄入量比较。结果与《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》比较,学生的能量、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物盐摄入量均有不同程度的不足;钙摄入量明显不足,仅占推荐摄入量的33.3%;维生素C摄入量不足,占推荐量的64.0%;蛋白质主要来源于粮谷类食物,占蛋白总量的52.1%;脂肪供能比例偏低,占总能量15.8%。结论该学院学生膳食结构不合理。应全面增加各种营养素摄入量,加强营养知识教育,提高学生的营养水平。     

南京市区中学生膳食状况调查

目的了解南京市区中学生的膳食结构及存在的问题,为合理膳食提供依据。方法采用24h膳食回顾法,对随机整群抽取的南京市区4所中学的336名学生进行连续3d的膳食调查,并用中国居民膳食指南和中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)进行评价。结果南京市区中学生谷类和果蔬类食物摄入不足,畜禽肉类和蛋类摄入量偏高。除硒和维生素E以外的其他营养素以及能量均存在不同程度的摄入不足,最严重的是钙和维生素A。蛋白质和锌多来源于动物性食品。三餐及三大营养素的供能比不合理。结论南京市区中学生膳食结构不合理,营养素摄入不足。应加强营养教育,指导学生合理膳食。     

Diet quality in Croatian university students: Energy,macronutrient and micronutrient intakes according to gender

The aim of the study was to evaluate diet quality and nutrient intakes in Croatian university students, which are missing for the past 15 years, and also to report the prevalence of overweight/obesity and underweight. The subjects were 663 students (average age 22 years), representing 0.6% of all Croatian university students. The Quantified Food Frequency Questionnaire, checked for reproducibility and validity, was used for dietary assessment. Students on average had an adequate number of daily meals and snacks, but consumption of breakfast was irregular, particularly for men. The average energy intake was 130.1% of the dietary reference intake and the protein intake was more than double the dietary reference intake in 64.3% students. Dietary fiber, iron (in females), calcium, zinc, folate, and vitamins C, A and E intake were below recommendations in both genders. Only 3.8% of females and 21.9% of males were overweight/obese (body mass index >25 kg/m²). Nutrient intakes significantly differed according to gender and better macronutrient but not micronutrient intakes were observed in females.     

Diet quality in Croatian university students: energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intakes according to gender

The aim of the study was to evaluate diet quality and nutrient intakes in Croatian university students, which are missing for the past 15 years, and also to report the prevalence of overweight/obesity and underweight. The subjects were 663 students (average age 22 years), representing 0.6% of all Croatian university students. The Quantified Food Frequency Questionnaire, checked for reproducibility and validity, was used for dietary assessment. Students on average had an adequate number of daily meals and snacks, but consumption of breakfast was irregular, particularly for men. The average energy intake was 130.1% of the dietary reference intake and the protein intake was more than double the dietary reference intake in 64.3% students. Dietary fiber, iron (in females), calcium, zinc, folate, and vitamins C, A and E intake were below recommendations in both genders. Only 3.8% of females and 21.9% of males were overweight/obese (body mass index >25 kg/m(2)). Nutrient intakes significantly differed according to gender and better macronutrient but not micronutrient intakes were observed in females.     

Inadequate intakes of indispensable amino acids among homebound older adults

Adequate dietary intakes of all indispensable amino acids are vital to optimal health. Using three random 24-hour dietary recalls and the newly released Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), we examined the extent and correlates of inadequate dietary intakes of indispensable amino acids among 323 homebound older adults who received home-delivered meals. Despite regular receipt of home-delivered meals and controlling for other sample characteristics, three factors were independent ly associated with usual dietary intake below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for at least one indispensable amino acid-not regularly eating a breakfast meal, having a diminished sense of taste, and consuming less than 65% of total protein from animal sources. With the greater vulnerability for poor nutritional health among homebound older individuals, policymakers and service providers should strengthen efforts to target the type and amount of protein and tailor programs that address a variety of influences on the adequacy of protein intake.     

Risk of nutrient inadequacies in elite Canadian athletes with spinal cord injury

Energy intakes of adults with spinal cord injury (SCI) have been reported to be relatively low, with many micronutrients below recommended amounts, but little is known about the diets of athletes with SCI. The purpose of this cross-sectional, observational study was to assess energy intakes and estimate the prevalence of dietary inadequacy in a sample of elite Canadian athletes with SCI (n = 32). Three-day self-reported food diaries completed at home and training camp were analyzed for energy (kcal), macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals and compared with the dietary reference intakes (DRIs). The prevalence of nutrient inadequacy was estimated by the proportion of athletes with mean intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR). Energy intakes were 2,156 ± 431 kcal for men and 1,991 ± 510 kcal for women. Macronutrient intakes were within the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges. While at training camp, >25% of men had intakes below the EAR for calcium, magnesium, zinc, riboflavin, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin D. Thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, and vitamin D intakes were higher at home than training camp. Over 25% of women had intakes below the EAR for calcium, magnesium, folate, and vitamin D, with no significant differences in mean intakes between home and training camp. Vitamin/mineral supplement use significantly increased men's intakes of most nutrients but did not affect prevalence of inadequacy. Women's intakes did not change significantly with vitamin/mineral supplementation. These results demonstrate that athletes with SCI are at risk for several nutrient inadequacies relative to the DRIs.     

2010年兰州市幼儿园儿童营养状况调查

目的了解现阶段兰州市幼儿园膳食模式和膳食营养状况。方法 采用称重连续5 d进行膳食调查,参照《中国居民膳食指南》及《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量（Chinese DRIs）》进行评价。结果调查对象膳食结构以谷类、薯类为主,奶类、大豆及坚果类、鱼、虾类摄入不足;三大营养素供热比存在脂肪供能比例低,碳水化合物供能比例高;热量（79.86%）、脂肪（78.16%）、蛋白质（78.67%）、维生素A（78.35%）、维生素B1（78.57%）、维生素B2（57.14%）、钙（39.45%）、碘（12.67%）、镁（75.94%）、锌（60.67%）、硒（73.40%）不足RNI的80%;优质蛋白质、血红素铁的膳食来源比例低;三餐一点供能比例不合适,早餐供能比低,午餐供能比例高。结论幼儿园儿童膳食营养分布和搭配不合理,营养状况有待改善,需增加奶类、鱼虾等海产品、动物性食物摄入量,在早、中餐之间加一餐点,采用＂三餐二点＂制并合理搭配各种食物,平衡合理的膳食模式有助于提高幼儿园儿童膳食营养质量。     

Breakfast consumption affects adequacy of total daily intake in children

Breakfast consumption patterns were assessed for 467 10-year-old children (59% white, 50% girls), who were interviewed in 1984–1985 or in 1987–1988. Consumption patterns were then related to mean daily nutrient intake patterns. More whites (56%) and more girls (46%) ate breakfast at home, whereas more blacks (58%) and more boys (49%) ate breakfast at school. Results indicated that 16% of all children skipped breakfast; the highest percentage was in black girls (24%). Breakfast consumption made a significant contribution to the child's mean daily nutrient intake. The average total energy intake was significantly lower for children who did not consume breakfast (mean = 1,821 kcal) and for children who consumed breakfast at home (mean = 2,098 kcal) compared with children who consumed breakfast at school (mean = 2,326 kcal). A similar pattern was noted for macronutrient contribution. Percentage of total energy from fat was lower in children who did not eat breakfast (34%) compared with those who did (37% to 39%), yet percentage of energy from carbohydrate was higher (53%) in children who did not eat breakfast. Children who skipped breakfast did not make up the differences in dietary intakes at other meals. A higher percentage of children who did not consume breakfast compared with those who ate breakfast did not meet two thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamins and minerals. These data confirm the importance of breakfast to overall dietary quality and adequacy in school-age children.     

120例孕晚期孕妇膳食结构调查与评价

目的:了解孕晚期孕妇膳食结构,为孕期营养保健工作提供科学依据。方法:对2010年3月～9月120例产检孕妇进行膳食营养调查,采用24 h膳食回顾法连续调查7天。结果:孕晚期孕妇每天摄取的食物基本包括五大类食物,食物种类在10～15种的孕妇占61.6%,食物种类<10种孕妇占38.4%,其中蛋类、豆类、蔬菜类、水产类摄入量不足;三餐的热能分布不平衡,早、中餐供能比偏低,晚餐供能比偏高;三大营养素供能比例比较合理;孕妇每日总能量、蛋白质摄入量不足。结论:孕晚期孕妇应重视能量的摄入、三餐能量的分配、膳食结构调节,增加豆类、蛋类、蔬菜和水产品的摄入量,做到平衡膳食,合理营养,保障孕期胎儿正常生长发育。