Influence or Void and Flow Regime on Liquid Metal MHD Induction Generator Using Two-Phase Flow

In the present paper, the performance characteristics of a liquid metal MHD induction converter operated with two-phase mixture flow are treated experimentally and analytically in comparison with those with single-phase liquid flow as working fluid.

The experiments were performed with a flat-linear channel induction converter, through which NaK-N₂ two-phase mixture was made to flow at a velocity ranging 5–30m/sec, with a void fraction 0–50%.

Data were taken over the following range of non-dimensional parameters:

• Reynolds number: 3.3x10⁴–2.0x10⁵ (for liquid flow alone)

• Hartmann number: 12 (with magnetic field in r.m.s. and slip S = 1)

• Baroczy's property index: 0.0031–0.023 (for two-phase flow)

The electrical power output of the experimental generator showed a sudden decrease near 20% void fraction, which was attributed to change in the flow pattern, while the generator efficiency did not show such an abrupt drop, but decreased gradually with increase of the void fraction.

Coupling the electro-magnetic equations with the power law distribution for both fluid velocity and void fraction proposed by Bankoff, we have obtained numerically the performance characteristics of the liquid metal MHD induction converter operated with two-phase flow, which provided a quite satisfactory clarification of the results obtained experimentally.     

Void Fraction and Pressure Drop in Liquid Metal Two-Phase Flow

This paper describes a new correlation for predicting a two-phase frictional pressure drop multiplier, and discusses the pressure level effects and the mass velocity effects. This correlation predicts satisfactorily the frictional pressure drop not only for liquid metals but also for ordinary fluid two-phase flow in a wide range of flow variables.

The authors' void fraction correlation previously proposed is also compared with published data of void fraction for liquid metal two-phase flow, and is found to represent well the mass velocity effects. Wettability and magnetohydrodynamic effects are discussed briefly in relation to the hydrodynamic characteristics of liquid metal two-phase flow.     

周期性力场作用下窄通道内两相流压降特性

通过实验研究了摇摆造成的周期性附加惯性力作用下矩形窄通道内空气 水两相流压降特性。按分液相雷诺数将流动分为层流区（Re_f <800）、过渡区（800≤Re_f≤1 400）及湍流区（Re_f >1 400）3个区域,并对各区域内附加压降、重位压降和摩擦压降平均值及瞬态值进行了比较。结果表明,附加惯性力对窄通道内两相流整数倍周期内平均摩擦阻力无明显影响。周期性附加惯性力作用下(摇摆周期16 s,摇摆振幅30°),层流区及过渡区气相表观速度、液相表观速度、质量含气率及摩擦压降随时间周期性波动,波动周期等于摇摆运动周期;瞬时摩擦压降相对于其平均值的波动幅值随气液两相流速的增加而减小。湍流区两相流动参数周期性波动不明显。     

摇摆状态下矩形通道内弹状流压力模型

本文通过可视化方法对竖直与倾斜条件下矩形通道内弹状流单元的参数进行研究,尝试给出摇摆状态下矩形通道内弹状流压力模型。通过图像处理给出气弹段空泡份额以及两相速度的计算关系式,并验证漂移流模型在液弹段的适用性,给出弹状流单元的长度份额以及空泡份额的计算关系式。根据实验结果给出摇摆条件下矩形通道内弹状流压力组分的模型,并重点分析摩擦压降模型的适用程度。结果表明,弹状流压力模型可很好地预测摇摆条件下矩形通道内的压力。     

摇摆条件下窄矩形通道内两相流动瞬态阻力特性研究

摇摆条件下的气液两相流动受摇摆引起的附加惯性力的影响,致使其摩擦阻力特性发生改变。本工作在摇摆周期为8、12、16 s和摇摆振幅为10°、15°、30°的条件下,对窄矩形通道（40 mm×1.6 mm）内空气-水两相流动的瞬态阻力特性进行了研究。结果表明：摇摆时瞬态摩阻系数的变化呈明显周期性;气相质量含气率越大,摩擦压降的波动幅度越大;摇摆周期越小,振幅越大,摩擦压降的波动幅度越大。给出1个用于计算摇摆条件下两相摩阻系数的关联式,92.5%的计算值的相对误差在±20%以内     

摇摆条件对矩形通道内泡状流摩阻特性影响

摇摆运动作为一种典型海洋条件,对管内的气液两相流动过程产生较大影响。本工作通过摇摆条件下空气 水泡状流在矩形通道内流动阻力特性的实验,研究摇摆运动对两相流动过程的影响。实验在常温、常压下进行,通道尺寸为40 mm×10 mm,摇摆角度为10°、15°和30°,摇摆周期为8、12和16 s。结果表明,摇摆条件下瞬态摩擦压降的变化具有明显周期性,随着两相雷诺数变大,瞬态摩阻系数的波动幅度和平均水平均变小;摇摆周期越小,摇摆振幅越大,即摇摆运动越剧烈,摩擦压降的波动幅度也越大。     

摇摆对窄矩形通道内两相流摩擦压降特性影响

本文以窄矩形通道内两相流为研究对象,分析了不同摇摆工况对两相流动摩擦阻力特性的影响。通过对试验数据分析,结果表明,改变摇摆周期对窄矩形通道内两相流的瞬态摩擦压降波动幅值的影响很小,只是改变了其瞬态摩擦压降变化频率,对其平均摩擦压降无影响。同时,采用L-M法对比分析摇摆与静止条件下的φ²_l(φ²_g) -X变化曲线发现,摇摆状态下窄矩形通道内的两相摩擦压降可采用静止条件下φ²_l(φ²_g) -X变化曲线进行计算。     

窄矩形通道内两相流动压降特性研究

以空气和水为实验工质,分别在40mm×1.6mm和40mm×3mm的矩形通道中对竖直向上气-液两相流动阻力特性进行了实验研究。该研究还对比了现有的两相流动阻力计算关系式,结果表明,对于窄缝为1.6mm的通道,传统的阻力计算关系式均不适用;而窄缝为3mm的通道,除Friedel模型和Tran模型外,其余模型与实验值符合较好。为此结合实验数据,以分液相雷诺数为依据将流动分为层流区、过渡区和湍流区3个区域,分别对Chisholm关系式进行修正,结果表明：C为当量直径的线性函数,当量直径越大,C越小。修正关系式与实验数据的误差较小,能很好地预测本次实验结果。     

矩形通道高宽比对两相流动阻力和流型关系的影响

在可视化观察的基础上,实验研究了矩形通道高宽比对两相流动阻力和流型关系的影响。实验选择了3种通道尺寸的实验段,截面宽度相同,全部为43 mm,高度分别为1.41、3和10 mm,根据受限因子C_o,前两个实验段属于窄通道,第3个属于常规通道。实验结果表明：高宽比不同时,随着气相流速的增加,通道内两相流动压降呈不同的变化趋势。对于10 mm通道,低气相流量时重位压降占主要成分,而对于1.41 mm和3 mm通道,摩擦压降占主要成分;随着气相流量的增大,总压降中摩擦压降的比例也增大;对于10 mm矩形通道,可利用压降变化规律确定搅混流的发生范围。     

矩形窄通道内流动沸腾阻力实验与计算方法研究

基于换热器小型化的研究背景,对水在矩形窄通道内流动沸腾阻力特性进行了实验研究与分析,并利用实验结果对常规通道和窄通道的两相摩擦压降计算的6种方法进行了评价。结果表明,应用于常规通道的关系式已不适于窄通道中流动沸腾压降的计算,而基于窄通道的Zhang-Mishima及Sun-Mishima关系式预测结果与实验值符合较好。实验结果和理论分析表明,利用分相流方法得到的分液相摩擦因子计算式中Chisholm系数C与Martinelli参数X存在指数关系,且随着质量流速的变化也有所不同,据此给出了新的分液相摩擦因子的计算方法,新方法具有更高的计算精度。     

摇摆运动下矩形窄通道内流动沸腾阻力特性

本工作对摇摆运动下水在矩形窄通道内流动沸腾阻力特性进行实验研究分析。一方面利用竖直静止实验数据对已有两相压降的计算方法进行评价,结果表明,应用于常规通道的关系式已不适用于窄通道中流动沸腾压降的计算,基于窄通道的Zhang-Mishima及Sun-Mishima关系式预测结果与实验值符合较好;另一方面得出了摇摆运动下流动沸腾阻力特性,摇摆运动使两相压降周期性波动,但摇摆角度和摇摆周期对压降的波动幅度、两相平均摩擦压降几乎无影响。     

矩形通道内气水两相流摩擦阻力计算模型

常压下以空气和去离子水为工质,对横截面为1.41 mm×40 mm和3 mm×40 mm的竖直矩形通道内两相流动阻力特性进行了实验研究。利用获得的764组实验数据,对11种典型两相流摩擦阻力计算模型进行评价。结果表明：Lee-Lee模型整体预测精度最高,但在分液相雷诺数较小（Re_l<600）和较大（Re_l>8 700）区域,与实验值符合较差;在分液相紊流区(Re_l≥2 000) Chisholm B模型适用性较好,对于两实验段预测值与实验值绝对平均误差分别为6.13%和6.43%,但在分液相层流区(Re_l<2 000)其预测值与实验值偏差较大。根据压降特性提出修正两相动力黏度,并针对分液相层流区提出修正计算关系式,其预测值与实验值符合较好。     

Behavior of a Single Bubble in Quiescent and Flowing Liquid inside a Cylindrical Tube

The velocity of a single bubble in quiescent and flowing liquid was studied to gain information on the structure of bubble- and slug-flows of gas-liquid two-phase flow.

In the experiments, tap water was used at room temperature and the bubbles were generated by injecting air with a syringe. The bubble velocities were evaluated from photographs taken by multiflash exposure. The tube diameters adopted were 5, 1 and 0.5 cm for the flowing liquid experiments and 1, 0.5 and 0.2 cm for the quiescent liquid experiments. The average liquid velocities varied from about 0 to 2 m/sec.

The results indicated that the velocity of a single bubble in flowing liquid was the sum of the local liquid velocity in the vicinity of the bubble and of the velocity of rise of bubble in quiescent liquid. For Taylor bubbles, the local liquid velocity is given by the maximum liquid velocity near the center of the channel.

The velocities of spherical and ellipsoidal bubbles are determined by the balance of forces acting on them, but that of the Taylor bubble appears to be determined by a different mechanism. A good explanation of such a mechanism is Taylor instability at the gas-liquid interface well removed from the channel wall.     

矩形通道内两相脉动流平均摩擦压降实验研究

通过对截面为40 mm×3 mm窄矩形通道内不同正弦脉动周期、振幅、平均流量工况下氮气 水两相流（平均分液相雷诺数Re_l<10 000,平均分气相雷诺数Re_g<800）进行实验研究,发现两相脉动流与单相水脉动流的规律不同,平均压差对脉动周期、振幅不敏感。应用各经验公式计算的脉动工况下平均摩擦压降的偏差与稳态工况的计算偏差在数值和分布上均无明显差异,且计算值分布在测量值两侧、相对偏差基本小于20%。其中,Mishima-Hibiki方法和Lee-Lee方法的计算结果与测量结果吻合良好,相对偏差在10%以内,说明两相流摩擦压降经验公式同样适用于脉动工况下平均摩擦压降的计算。     

Numerical analysis of flowing characteristics of turbulent flow in rectangular channels in ocean environment

Because of the periodic effects of ocean waves, there are great discrepancies between the operational characteristics of nuclear power systems in ocean environment and that of land-based nuclear power systems. In some special operational status, like natural circulation, the additional forces due to ocean environment may impose so great disturbance on the coolant flow that theatres the safety operation of the systems. In the present paper, the turbulent flow in rectangular channels in ocean environments is investigated theoretically with CFD code FLUENT. The effects of several parameters on turbulent flow are analyzed. The effects of rolling motion includes two parts, the first part is the additional force parallel to flowing direction, which can affect on the pressure drop of the flow and change the flowing velocity, and the other part is the additional force perpendicular to flowing direction. In ocean environments, the flowing characteristics of turbulent flow are dominated by the additional force parallel to flowing direction. The effect of additional force perpendicular to flowing direction is very limited. In rolling and heaving motions, if the flowing velocity is the same, the flowing characteristics of turbulent flow are nearly the same, too. The bigger the Reynolds number is, the more serious the oscillation of turbulent kinetic energy and frictional resistance coefficient is, and the more the oscillation of turbulent flow is. The relationship between average frictional resistance coefficient and velocity oscillating amplitude is quadratic. And the oscillating amplitude of frictional resistance coefficient is in direct ratio with velocity oscillating amplitude.     

窄矩形通道内两相流动压降特性研究

以空气和水为工质,在40mm×1.6mm的窄矩形通道中对竖直向上气-液两相流动压降特性进行了实验研究。对比了现有的两相流动阻力计算关系式,结果表明,传统的计算关系式均不适用于窄矩形通道内两相流动阻力的计算;而以窄矩形通道为基础的Lee-Lee关系式误差相对较小,但预测值与实验值相比整体偏小。为此结合实验数据,以分液相-分气相雷诺数之比Re_l/Re_g为依据将流动分为两个区域,分别对Chisholm关系式进行修正,修正关系式与实验数据的误差较小,能够很好地预测本次实验结果。     

矩形通道内脉动层流相位差实验研究

对流量脉动条件下矩形通道内的相位差进行了实验研究，通过建立的脉动层流相位差数学模型，对脉动周期、脉动振幅、通道结构尺寸和流体性质等因素进行了分析，并将实验数据与理论模型结果进行对比。结果表明：矩形通道内，脉动层流的流量变化滞后于压降变化，存在相位差，该相位差仅与脉动周期、流道结构尺寸和流体性质有关，与压降相对振幅无关。     

窄矩形通道内Ledinegg不稳定性实验研究

为研究窄矩形通道Ledinegg不稳定性，分析影响系统Ledinegg不稳定性的主要因素，对窄矩形通道进行了一系列的实验研究和数学理论推导。实验表明：随热流密度的增加或系统压强的减小，窄矩形通道内部特征曲线负斜率区斜率变小。此斜率越小，系统发生不稳定的概率越大，且流量漂移的波动振幅越大；与常规通道不同，过冷度对窄矩形通道Ledinegg不稳定性的影响程度很小。在忽略窄矩形通道内的加速压降和重力压降，仅考虑摩擦压降的情况下，推导出窄矩形通道内部特征曲线的数学关系式，给出了系统达到稳定的数学条件。     

Vertically Downward Two-Phase Flow, (II)

Following Part (I) of the present paper, which presented the experimental results obtained on the void distribution and average void fraction shown by nearly fully-developed, vertically downward two-phase flow of air-water mixture, this Part (?) covers the flow regime transition criteria among the three basic flow regimes : bubbly, slug and annular flows. The annular flow further was divided into two subregions of falling film flow and annular drop flow. The general situation of the transition criteria is as follows : (1) bubbly-to-slug flow transition occurs when the local void fraction in the central region of the tube is 0.3; (2) slug-to-annular drop flow transition criterion is given as a case which equations giving average void fraction for the slug flow and the annular flow are simultaneously satisfied; (3) slug-to-falling film flow transition occurs when the pressure difference between the crest of large wave and the bottom overcomes the surface tension; (4) the occurrence of liquid droplets from wave crests gives the transition criterion between the falling film flow and the annular drop flow.

These criteria were correlated to predict each flow regime boundary respectively considering flow mechanisms or from experimental results. The correlations obtained were compared with published flow regime maps for atmospheric air-water flow and showed satisfactory agreement.     

棒束通道内两相流动摩擦阻力特性分析

常温常压下,对竖直3×3棒束通道内气液两相流动阻力特性进行了实验研究。利用所获得的实验数据,对8种典型的两相流动摩擦压降计算模型进行了评价。结果表明,均相模型在两相流速较高时精度较高,在两相流速较低时则偏差较大。分相模型中,Friedel模型和Lombodi-Pedrocchi模型不适用于本实验条件下棒束通道内气液两相流动摩擦压降的计算。Chisholm C模型、Zhang-Mishima模型、ChisholmB模型、Mishima-Hibiki模型及L.Sun模型的预测值与实验值的平均相对误差介于20%~30%之间。基于实验数据,通过修正ChisholmC模型的C系数,给出一个新的修正模型,其计算值与实验值符合良好。