电子组装用SnAgCu系无铅钎料的研究进展

SnAgCu钎料广泛应用在电子组装领域,被认为是传统SnPb钎料的最佳替代品。但与Sn63Pb37钎料相比,SnAgCu钎料抗氧化能力差,钎料内部及焊点界面存在脆性金属间化合物块及服役期间焊点抗蠕变、疲劳性能较低。添加合金元素和纳米颗粒可以显著改善SnAgCu钎料的组织和性能,提高焊点可靠性。这对发展新型高性能无铅钎料是一个行之有效的办法。本文结合国内外SnAgCu系无铅钎料的最新研究成果,全面阐述了合金元素和纳米颗粒等因素对钎料的润湿性、抗氧化性以及焊点显微组织和可靠性的影响,指明了该钎料目前研究中存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

热循环对SnAgCu(纳米Al)/Cu焊点界面与性能影响

研究了纳米0.1%(质量分数)Al颗粒对SnAgCu无铅钎料与铜基板之间界面反应的影响,研究两种无铅钎料界面在-55~125℃热循环过程中的生长行为及其焊点力学性能变化。结果表明:随着热循环次数的增加,界面层金属间化合物的厚度明显增加,焊后界面层金属间化合物为Cu6Sn5相,在热循环过程中在Cu6Sn5和Cu基板之间出现Cu3Sn相。发现纳米Al颗粒的添加,界面层金属间化合物的厚度明显减少,纳米颗粒对界面层的生长具有明显的抑制作用。同时对焊点在热循环过程中的可靠性进行分析,发现焊点的拉伸力随着循环次数的增加逐渐降低,含纳米Al颗粒的焊点具有明显的优越性,在焊点服役期间,焊点失效路径为Cu6Sn5/Cu3Sn的界面处。     

纳米结构强化无铅焊点的力学性能

新型的无铅钎料不仅要具备含铅钎料的工艺性能,更重要的是要有更高的力学性能,特别是焊接接头的抗蠕变能力。将纳米级多面齐聚倍半硅氧烷(Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes,POSS)颗粒作为增强相添加到基体钎料中,能够有效地改善Sn-3. 5Ag基复合钎料的性能。研究了不同种类POSS增强颗粒对Sn-3. 5Ag钎料显微组织和力学性能的影响,确定出POSS增强颗粒复合钎料的最佳配比,并对最佳配比复合钎料在不同温度不同载荷条件下的蠕变寿命进行了研究。结果表明：POSS颗粒质量分数小于2%时,可以抑制基板界面处初晶金属间化合物的生长;复合钎料的抗剪切强度明显提高;低温时,最大蠕变寿命明显改善。     

纳米Cr颗粒对Sn-Zn-Bi-In/Cu钎焊焊点性能的影响

通过向Sn-Zn-Bi-In钎料中添加不同含量的纳米Cr颗粒制成新型复合钎料Sn-5Zn-10Bi-10In-xCr(x=0％,0.1％,0.3％,0.5％,质量分数),探讨纳米C r颗粒对时效前后钎焊焊点的组织形貌、元素分布、物相组成和力学性能的影响.结果表明:纳米Cr颗粒的添加能够抑制焊点金属间化合物(IMCs)的生长,随着纳米Cr颗粒含量的增加,IMCs扩散层厚度逐渐降低;界面处IMCs扩散层靠近母材Cu一侧为Cu5 Zn8相,靠近钎料区一侧为Cu6 Sn5相;随时效时间的增加,钎料侧部分Cu5 Zn8化合物长大分解,Cu3 Sn相形成;纳米Cr颗粒抑制了时效过程中IMCs扩散层的进一步长大;随着纳米Cr颗粒含量的增加,焊接焊点的剪切强度和显微硬度均先增加后下降,Sn-5Zn-10Bi-10In-0.3Cr/Cu焊点的剪切强度和硬度最高;时效后焊件的剪切强度比时效前均有所下降,但纳米Cr颗粒的添加使焊点保持了良好的剪切强度,时效后焊点钎料区显微硬度比时效前有所上升,但也始终保持在30HV0.1以下.     

电子封装用Sn‒Ag‒Cu低银无铅钎料研究进展及发展趋势

目的 为了适应高银钎料向低银钎料转变的发展趋势,综述近年来对低银SnAgCu钎料的最新研究,展示其在电子封装材料领域中宽广的应用前景。方法 通过分析国内外有关低银钎料的研究成果,详细介绍合金化和颗粒强化等方法对低银钎料熔化特性、润湿性、显微结构、界面组织、力学性能的影响,重点总结元素掺杂的最佳添加量以及改性机理。结论 通过添加金属元素、稀土元素、纳米颗粒,采用新型搅拌技术能有效提升钎料性能,部分改性后的低银复合钎料性能达到了高银钎料性能水平。     

Sn基钎料/Cu焊点Kirkendall空洞抑制研究

无铅钎料Sn-3.5Ag/Cu焊点用于微电子封装电子器件的互连,随着电镀铜的使用,电镀铜中引入杂质,以及焊点尺寸减小,封装密度增大,产生的Kirkendall空洞会使焊点在服役过程中严重影响接头的可靠性.文章分析了Kirkendall空洞形成机制,研究了抑制Kirkendall空洞的措施.     

合金元素对Cu/Sn-/Cu回流焊焊点界面微观结构及剪切性能的影响

选用Sn64Bi35Ag1、Sn64.7Bi35Ag0.3和Sn99Ag0.3Cu0.7三种不同的钎料进行回流焊焊接试验,研究高Bi元素、低Ag元素钎料及低Ag钎料对Sn基钎料焊点微观组织及剪切性能的影响.结果表明:各焊点界面处均生成了 一层扇贝状的Cu6Sn5金属间化合物,在含Bi元素的钎料焊点中,Bi元素在焊点界面及内部聚集,导致界面处金属间化合物层的厚度增加,大量富Bi相呈脆性,降低钎料中的Ag含量对焊点中Bi元素的富集现象有减弱作用.Sn99Ag0.3Cu0.7钎料焊点界面处的金属间化合物层厚度最小,且焊点内部形成了细小的Ag3Sn相颗粒,共晶组织呈均匀分布,使得焊点剪切性能最优,其剪切强度达20.4 MPa.     

电子封装无铅软钎焊技术研究进展

软钎焊技术被广泛应用于电子封装领域,可实现电子封装器件与材料之间的互连。SnPb钎料因其良好的润湿性能、焊接性能和合适的价格,一直是电子封装领域中使用较为普遍的钎焊材料。但是,Pb是一种会对人体和环境造成伤害的元素。随着人们环保意识的增强,铅的使用受到了极大的限制,无铅钎料取代SnPb钎料是钎料发展的必然趋势,加速了软钎焊技术向无铅化发展的进程。在钎焊时,助焊剂的性能决定了焊接的效率和质量,因此选择合适的助焊剂是关键。目前,国内外研究学者对无铅软钎焊进行了大量研究,并取得了丰富的成果,例如:通过合金化、颗粒强化等方法研发出多种新型无铅钎料;美、日、欧三方分别发布了无铅钎料和无铅软钎焊发展指南;研发出多种无铅免清洗型助焊剂。因此,基于软钎焊技术的基础研究和应用开发体系已经成熟。应用较为广泛的软钎焊技术有三种,包括波峰焊、回流焊和半导体激光焊。波峰焊一般应用于混合组装方面,回流焊主要应用于表面贴装方面。作为群焊工艺的半导体激光焊经常应用于印刷电路板上焊接电子元件、片状元件的组装等方面。随着电子产品逐渐向小型化和多功能化的方向发展,对连接可靠性的要求越来越高,但基于无铅软钎焊技术的研究和应用开发仍显不足。本文针对电子封装无铅软钎焊技术,探讨了软钎焊技术的研究进展和发展方向。首先,对无铅钎料、助焊剂的种类和组成进行介绍。然后针对无铅化带来的Sn和Cu界面反应的问题,通过Cu基板提出了基板合金化、对基板进行退火处理和化学镀三种解决措施。最后重点阐述了回流焊、波峰焊和半导体激光焊及其应用,为研究电子封装无铅软钎焊技术提供了进一步的理论基础。     

纳米结构强化的新型Sn-Ag基无铅复合钎料

通过外加法向Sn-3.5Ag钎料中加入质量分数为1%,2%和3%的纳米级多面齐聚倍半硅氧烷(polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes,POSS)颗粒制备无铅复合钎料.系统研究POSS颗粒的显微组织,钎料的熔化特性、润湿性能和力学性能.结果表明:POSS颗粒的加入并没有改变Sn-Ag基复合钎料熔化温度.复合钎料的铺展面积均有所增加,润湿角有所下降,表现了良好的润湿性.POSS颗粒的加入显著提高钎料钎焊接头的剪切强度.     

电子和光子封装无铅钎料的研究和应用进展

对目前国内外电子和光子封装用无铅钎料研究和应用的新进展和发展趋势进行了回顾、评述和展望,重点评述了无铅钎料的种类和钎焊接头的力学性能、封装结构的可靠性和耐久性,以及目前出现的影响电子封装可靠性的一些新问题(如电迁移和锡须问题).对光子封装钎料和相关钎焊工艺也进行了简要评述.最后,探讨了电子和光子封装无铅钎料及其可靠性和耐久性研究的发展趋势.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.