烧结压力对石墨烯增强铜基复合材料组织性能的影响

烧结压力是粉末冶金制备材料过程中重要工艺参数之一,通过在石墨烯/铜中添加钛粉以改善二者润湿性,使用超声分散和球磨法进行混粉,用放电等离子烧结(SPS)的方式制备石墨烯铜基复合材料,在5,15,25,30MPa 4种不同压力下进行烧结。用金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对石墨烯增强铜基复合材料显微结构进行观察,测量试样密度,并采用硬度计、导电率测试仪对力学性能和导电性能进行测试。结果表明,随着烧结压力的升高,复合材料晶粒尺寸不断减小,导电率先上升后下降。当烧结压力达到25 MPa时,导电率最大为51.2%IACS;复合材料的密度和硬度值不断增大。     

石墨烯添加量对铜基复合材料性能的影响

采用一步化学还原法结合放电等离子烧结工艺制备石墨烯增强铜基复合材料,利用XRD、SEM、拉曼光谱、拉伸试验机、纳米压痕仪、涡流电导率仪等研究石墨烯含量对复合材料微观组织、力学性能和导电性能的影响。结果表明:石墨烯在复合材料基体中均匀分布,石墨烯的添加能显著增强铜基体的力学性能。与纯铜相比,添加0.025%(质量分数)的氧化石墨烯,可使其屈服强度提高219.8%,抗拉强度提高35.9%,弹性模量提高6.9%,此外,其导电率仍有93.1%IACS。随着石墨烯含量的增加,复合材料的屈服强度、抗拉强度及弹性模量均有所下降,这是因为高石墨烯含量复合粉体中部分石墨烯纳米片未能被铜颗粒包覆,其与铜基体界面结合强度低,石墨烯的剪切应力转移强化效果降低。     

石墨烯增强铝基复合材料导电性能的研究

采用粉末冶金法,制备了石墨烯增强铝基复合材料,研究了石墨烯含量及烧结温度对复合材料组织及力学性能、导电性能的影响.结果表明,当石墨烯添加量为0.3％(质量分数)、在580 ℃烧结1h时,所得复合材料晶粒较细小,分布较均匀,致密度最大,为90.14％,电导率最高,为25.54 MS/m,硬度最大,为HB23.35.     

石墨烯含量对铜基石墨烯复合材料力学和电学性能的影响

为改进铜基复合材料的力学和电学性能,向铜基体分别加入0.2%、0.3%、0.4%(质量分数)的石墨烯,充分混合后,采用放电等离子烧结技术(SPS)制备了石墨烯/铜(G/Cu)复合材料。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、拉曼(Raman)光谱和XRD等表征了复合材料微观结构,测试了其硬度、屈服强度、抗压强度和导电率等性能,以确定石墨烯在铜基体中的合适掺杂量。结果表明:随着石墨烯含量的降低,其力电性能显著提高。当石墨烯质量分数为0.2%时,G/Cu复合材料的综合性能(力学及电学性能)达到最好匹配,实现了铜基材料的高强度、高导电性:其抗压强度和屈服强度分别为557.23 MPa和256 MPa,相对于用SPS方法制备的纯铜分别提高了59.21%和70.7%;电导率为52.3 MS/m,其IACS高达91.8%。     

利用微量碳纳米管与石墨烯协同包覆提高LiCoO2正极材料的性能

采用高温固相法制备钴酸锂(LiCoO2)正极材料,将碳纳米管(CNTs)、氧化石墨烯(GO)与LiCoO2超声分散,经喷雾干燥和高温还原后,氧化石墨烯被还原成石墨烯(GR),最终得到均匀分散的碳纳米管/石墨烯/钴酸锂(CNTs/GR/LiCoO2)复合正极材料.实验采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)以及电化学测试等方法,对材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行表征.实验结果表明,碳纳米管与石墨烯交替分散在LiCoO2颗粒表面,形成三维分层纳米级导电网络,能有效防止复合材料的团聚,与纯LiCoO2、GR/LiCoO2、CNTs/LiCoO2相比,CNTs/GR/LiCoO2复合材料表现出更优异的电化学性能,在0.5C时放电比容量为171.28 mAh/g,循环100次后放电比容量为154.50 mAh/g,容量保持率为90.24％,5C大倍率下放电比容量达到143.60 mAh/g.     

石墨烯导热材料研究进展

石墨烯作为一种具有超高热导率的二维纳米材料,在导热领域有着广阔的应用前景.本文综述了石墨烯导热材料的研究进展,介绍了石墨烯本征热导率及其层数、缺陷、边缘情况等对热导率的影响,分析了石墨烯纤维的研究现状及存在的问题,讨论了各类石墨烯导热薄膜(纯石墨烯薄膜/石墨烯杂化薄膜/石墨烯聚合物复合薄膜)热导率的影响因素,归纳总结了各类三维石墨烯导热材料(无规分散石墨烯三维复合材料和特定结构石墨烯三维复合材料)的结构、性能与研究现状,最后指出了目前几种导热材料研究存在的问题并展望了石墨烯未来导热领域的发展方向,尤其是在LED照明、智能手机等高功率、高度集成系统中,石墨烯导热材料有着良好的发展前景.     

氧化石墨烯-酚醛树脂薄膜的制备及性能研究

采用化学分散法大量制备氧化石墨烯,并采用直接共混法制备氧化石墨烯/酚醛树脂纳米复合材料.通过AFM、SEM、FT-IR、TG等对其进行表征,结果表明,氧化石墨烯完全剥离,并在基体中分散均匀,而且两者界面相容性好,提高了复合材料的热稳定性.通过高温热处理使复合材料薄膜在兼顾形貌的同时实现导电,当氧化石墨烯含量为2%(质量分数)时,其导电率为96.23S/cm.     

石墨烯改善锂离子电池正极材料LiCoO_2电化学性能的研究

采用改性Hummers法制备了氧化石墨烯和通过化学还原法还原氧化石墨制得石墨烯,及以石墨烯作为正极材料LiCoO2的导电剂,并研究它们对锂离子电池电化学性能的影响。扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)结果表明,石墨烯的表面褶皱使其能有效地包裹LiCoO2颗粒,形成面接触的导电界面,从而显著提高了导电性。充放电实验表明,石墨烯的加入有利于提高LiCoO2的电化学反应活性、放电容量和高倍率循环性能。相对于传统的炭黑,LiCoO2的放电容量在0.2 C下提高了10 m Ah/g。石墨烯/LiCoO2电池在1C倍率下,循环300次后,放电容量由145.0 m Ah/g衰减到137.8 m Ah/g,放电容量能保持初始容量的95.1%。石墨烯/LiCoO2电池在20 C倍率下的放电容量达到132.1 m Ah/g,是1 C放电容量的91.1%。     

水溶性石墨烯及其高导电率薄膜的制备与表征

石墨烯表面不含含氧基团, 这导致石墨烯在水中很难分散. 制备具有水溶性的石墨烯是一个研究焦点. 本研究采用氧化石墨低温真空膨胀的方法, 通过调控氧化石墨烯的含氧基团数目, 制备具有水溶解性的石墨烯材料. AFM测试表明所制备的水溶性石墨烯的最小片层厚度约为1.7 nm, 尺寸为1.0 μm. 分散实验结果表明; 所制备的石墨烯在不添加任何表面活性剂的中性水溶液情况下可以稳定分散, 其浓度为0.07 mg/mL; 此外, 电性能测试表明: 石墨烯薄膜材料的导电率可高达1000 S/m, 比通过非共价键石墨烯制备的薄膜导电率要高.     

Ce0.85Fe3CoSb12/rGO热电纳米复合材料的制备及其力学性能

p型填充方钴矿材料的力学性能相对于n型较差, 成为方钴矿热电器件集成设计的薄弱环节。本工作利用氧化石墨烯(GO)良好的润湿性和亲水性, 通过液相分散实现了GO对Ce_0.85Fe₃CoSb₁₂基体颗粒的网状包覆与均匀分散。利用放电等离子烧结技术同时实现了致密化和对GO的原位还原, 获得了2~5 nm厚还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)三维网状包覆的Ce_0.85Fe₃CoSb₁₂基纳米复合材料。该三维网状结构利用桥接作用增加了裂纹扩展额外功, 实现了对基体材料的增强增韧。当rGO含量为2.8vol%时, Ce_0.85Fe₃CoSb₁₂/rGO复合材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧性相对于纯基体材料分别提高40%和33%。但进一步提高rGO含量会增加基体晶界处的rGO厚度, 进而弱化其增强增韧效果。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。