4401例外科手术切口感染调查分析

目的 探讨普通外科手术切口感染的危险因素,以采取预防与控制措施,降低感染率. 方法 采取前瞻性监测和回顾性调查的方法,通过设计专门表格,对本院2012年重点科室手术患者进行目标性监测,分析手术切口感染率,病原菌分布及相关危险因素. 结果 4401例手术患者发生切口感染43例,感染率为0.98％.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类手术切口感染率分别为0.22％ 、1.29％和4.15％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;急诊与非急诊手术的切口感染率分别为1.77％和0.7％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;手术时间＜2h和≥2h的感染率分别为0.67％和1.85％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.共分离出病原菌27株,以革兰阴性菌为主,占70.37％,其中大肠埃希菌12株,占44.44％. 结论 普外科手术切口感染率高,危险因素多,应根据危险因素预防和控制手术切口感染的发生.     

腹部手术切口感染相关危险因素研究

目的 研究腹部手术切口感染的危险因素与切口感染的关系,以期预防和控制切口感染的发生.方法 收集1847例普外科腹部手术患者的临床资料,分析腹部手术切口感染的可能危险因素,并对其进行单因素分析与logistic回归分析.结果 1847例患者中发生腹部切口感染81例,切口感染率4.39％;≥60岁年龄组的598例患者有37例发生切口感染,感染率为6.19％,明显高于＜60岁和＜30岁年龄组的感染率3.62％和3.39％(P＜0.05);手术时间＞2 h患者有62例感染,感染率为5.36％,明显高于手术时间在＜2h患者的感染率2.75％(P＜0.01);合并基础疾病患者有49例感染,感染率为5.63％,高于无基础疾病患者的3.28％(P＜0.05);Ⅲ类切口的感染例数为40例,感染率为6.53％,明显高于Ⅱ、Ⅰ类切口的3.95％和2.22％(P＜0.01);夏季患者的感染率为6.64％,高于其他3个季节的感染率3.82％、3.63％和3.10％ (P＜0.05),单因素分析切口感染与年龄、手术时间、合并基础疾病、手术季节、手术切口类型有相关性,logistic多因素回归分析发现年龄、合并基础疾病、手术时间和手术切口类型是切口感染发生的独立危险因素.结论 普外科切口感染是多种因素共同作用的结果,其发生率较高,为预防控制其发生率,应当根据切口感染发生的危险因素采取相应的干预措施.     

胃癌术后切口感染相关因素分析

目的 了解胃癌术后切口感染相关因素,探讨预防手术切口感染的对策.方法 对2008年6月-2010年12月胃癌手术后280例患者发生切口感染的相关因素进行回顾性分析.结果 280例胃癌术后患者中,切口感染30例,感染率为10.71％;感染者平均住院时间为(30.0±4.2)d,未感染者(18.0±3.8)d,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);不同手术方式患者的切口感染率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),其中全胃切除手术感染率为20.00％,胃大部切除手术的感染率为5.29％;年龄＞65岁、肥胖、营养差、手术使用电刀、围手术期未应用抗菌药物者切口感染率高(P＜0.05),术前吸烟、由助手缝合者切口感染率高(P＜0.01).结论 改善患者营养、术前预防抗菌治疗、术后避免剧烈咳嗽、关腹前切口清创、提高手术医师的水平、尽量避免开腹时使用电刀等措施能有效预防切口感染.     

外科手术感染影响因素分析与控制对策

目的 探讨影响手术部位感染的相关因素,并提出控制对策,达到有效控制手术感染的目的.方法 选择2011年1-12月入住医院所有择期和急诊手术患者2864例,收集基线资料并观察手术后发生手术部位感染情况,分析影响手术感染的因素,并提出相应控制对策.结果 在2864例手术患者中,有212例发生了手术部位感染,感染率7.40％.其中手术切口浅部组织感染率4.36％,手术切口深部组织感染率11.59％,器官/腔隙感染率7.41％;NNIS(风险分级)0级手术感染率4.92％、1级手术感染率5.77％、2级手术感染率17.24％、3级手术感染率36.84％,风险指数越高,手术感染率越高(P＜0.01),在相同风险指数的手术中,切口深部组织的感染率最高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);年龄≥60岁,有基础疾病的患者手术后感染率明显增高(P＜0.01),急症手术、不规范的围手术期用药、手术前住院时间≥7d、手术持续时间≥2h者手术感染的风险增高(P＜0.01),是否全麻手术,与术后感染无明显相关.结论 手术前、手术中、手术后采用综合防治措施,可减少手术部位感染;加强外科医师手术感染预防与控制相关知识的培训,手术感染的监测分析反馈等有助于降低感染率.     

330例患者医院感染相关因素分析及监测对策

目的 了解医院感染相关因素,为医院感染目标性监测及其预防控制提供可靠依据.方法 对医院2010年1月-2011年3月的住院患者进行回顾性及前瞻性调查,并对医院感染相关因素进行分析.结果 2010年1月-2011年3月住院患者中发生医院感染330例、340例次,感染率为0.98％、例次感染率为1.01％;科室之间的医院感染率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),医院感染前3位的为下呼吸道、术后切口、上呼吸道,感染率分别为50.00％、14.71％、8.63％,医院感染以革兰阴性菌为主,占78.47％;住院时间＜15 d与＞15 d的感染率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),330例感染病例大部分接受侵入性操作和抗菌药物的使用.结论 医院感染目标性监测、合理使用抗菌药物、严格掌握侵入性操作适应证及操作规程是预防医院感染的关键.     

骨科无菌手术感染危险因素调查分析与对策研究

目的 调查与分析骨科无菌手术切口感染的危险因素,探讨控制骨科无菌手术切口感染的对策,为预防与控制骨科无菌手术切口感染提供依据.方法 以骨科2009年1月—2011年12月收治入院并进行无菌手术的1378例患者为研究对象,按是否发生切口感染将其分为感染组与非感染组,比较两组在平均年龄、平均术前住院时间、平均手术持续时间等方面的差异,并对危险因素进行分析.结果 1378例骨科无菌手术患者中发生切口感染45例,感染率为3.27％;男性患者切口感染率为3.54％,女性患者感染率2.49％,两者差异无统计学意义;45例切口感染患者的平均年龄、平均术前住院天数及平均手术持续时间分别为(59.8±9.6)岁、(10.9±2.3)d、(6.2±1.4)h,均高于非感染组的(44.3±4.5)岁、(5.2±1.1)d、(2.3±0.6)h,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在腰髋部及下肢行无菌手术的患者切口感染率为3.94％,颈肩部及上肢切口感染率为1.69％,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);导致骨科无菌手术后切口感染的菌种主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、假单胞菌属,分别占31.1％、26.7％、17.8％.结论 重视易感人群、提高医护人员无菌操作意识、提高手术操作者技能、合理使用抗菌药物是降低骨科无菌手术切口感染率的重要措施.     

骨科手术Ⅰ类切口感染目标性监测与控制的应用分析

目的 探讨骨科手术Ⅰ类切口感染相关因素,采取有效干预措施,降低感染率.方法 以2009年1月-2010年12月骨科Ⅰ类手术患者1416例为研究对象,根据2009年切口感染危险因素制定干预措施,2010年实施干预措施,比较两年感染率和危险因素的变化.结果 2009年影响手术切口感染的危险因素有麻醉方式、住院时间、手术时间、切口长度、手术医师组(P＜0.05),2010年以上危险因素差异均无统计学意义;2009年骨科手术Ⅰ类切口感染率为2.17％,2010年降至0.24％,两年切口感染率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 监测并采取相应干预措施能有效降低骨科Ⅰ类切口手术感染的发生.     

脑出血患者微创术后引流致颅内感染因素分析及防治

目的 探讨脑出血微创术后外引流致颅内感染的相关因素分析,为进一步预防及治疗提供理论依据.方法 回顾性分析2005年2月-2011年12月行微创穿刺外引流术治疗的260例患者临床资料.结果 260例自发性脑出血行微创穿刺外引流术治疗患者,发生颅内感染30例,感染率11.54％;年龄在20～60岁的感染率为8.00％,＞60岁的感染率18.00％,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);留置管时间＜5 d感染率6.43％,留置管时间＞5 d感染率17.50％,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);单管外引流感染率7.06％,双管感染率20.00％,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);脑内血肿腔引流感染率5.56％,脑室内引流感染率21.43％,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);血肿腔注射尿激酶感染14.86％,未注射尿激酶感染率4.71％,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);存在并发症的感染率20.69％,无并发症的感染率6.94％,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);拔管后有脑脊液漏的感染率26.15％,无脑脊液漏的感染率6.67％,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01) ;GCS评分越低则感染率越高.结论 随着微创手术的广泛应用,正确处理与分析术后的并发症显得特别重要,正确使用抗菌药物、尽可能缩短置管时间、正确放置引流袋、合理注射尿激酶及加强营养、预防其他并发症是预防感染的重要措施.     

普外科糖尿病患者感染的危险因素及预防对策

目的 探讨普外科糖尿病患者感染的危险因素,并进行预防对策分析.方法 共纳入1 000例入住某院普外科的患者,男性506例,女性494例,平均年龄(58±8)岁.其中合并糖尿病患者90例,根据其是否发生感染分为两组,详细记录其病史及相关信息,应用多因素回归分析进行多因素分析.结果 外科患者感染率为6.7％ (67/1 000),合并糖尿病的患者感染率为18.9％ (17/90),明显高于未合并糖尿病患者的感染率[5.5％ (50/910)],两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；进一步分析不同部位感染发生显示,有32例(47.8％)患者为手术切口感染,20例(29.9％)患者为呼吸道感染,15例(22.4％)患者为其他感染,两组患者不同部位比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).单因素分析结果表明:年龄≥60岁、糖尿病病程≥5年、空腹血糖、住院时间、长期卧床、抗生素使用时间、侵入性操作与普外科糖尿病患者发生感染存在相关性,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而性别、HbA1c与普外科糖尿病患者发生感染关系不明显(P＞0.05).进一步行多因素分析结果表明:年龄≥60岁、糖尿病病程≥5年、住院时间延长、长期卧床是普外科糖尿病患者发生感染的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 年龄≥60岁、糖尿病病程≥5年、住院时间延长、长期卧床是普外科糖尿病患者发生感染的独立危险因素,在临床过程中给予必要的干预具有重要的意义.     

普外科切口感染影响因素及病原学分析

目的 分析普外科切口感染影响因素及病原学特点,为临床预防感染及治疗提供参考.方法 选择医院2010年6月-2011年12月普外科手术患者726例的资料,对感染患者的影响因素及病原学进行回顾性分析.结果 结直肠癌根治术感染率最高,为14.29％,其次是阑尾切除手术和肠道修补、切除术,分别为12.44％、10.53％,肝脏手术感染率为3.13％,其他手术未出现感染病例;急期手术、高龄、合并慢性疾病、合并糖尿病、肥胖是导致切口感染的高危因素(P＜0.05);对感染患者切口分泌物培养结果显示,以革兰阴性杆菌居多,占61.90％,其次是革兰阳性球菌,占38.10％.结论 针对易发切口感染的高危患者加强预防措施,强化污染类手术及急期手术的无菌控制与术后护理,是预防手术切口感染的重要措施.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.