双侧颞叶癫(癎)的立体定向外科治疗

目的 探讨双侧海马-杏仁核复合体毁损术治疗双侧颞叶癫(癎)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析5例双侧颞叶癫(癎)病人的临床资料,复杂部分性发作中的自动症1例,部分性继发全身性癫(癎)4例.均行深部电极引导下机器人辅助定位双侧海马-杏仁核复合体毁损术.结果 随访1～2.5年,按Engel分级:Ⅰ级2例;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级各1例.术后MRI显示:双侧海马-杏仁核复合体区无严重的结构性破坏.智商、心算速度、符号数字配对、划消、数字记忆广度、指扣试验等神经心理学检查指标手术前后差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 双侧颞叶癫(癎)无法实施切除性手术,而立体定向外科治疗可减少癫(癎)发作,且并未造成严重认知功能障碍,是一种值得尝试的外科治疗手段.     

立体定向杏仁核海马毁损治疗颞叶癫癎

目的 探讨立体定向杏仁核海马毁损治疗颗叶癫(癎)的原理、方法 和疗效.方法 患者头部安装MD-2000立体定向框架,使其平行于颞角长轴.针对12例颗叶顽固性癫(癎)患者,应用头部MRI扫描定位.局麻下深部电极行杏仁核及海马脑电监测和射频毁损术.结果 射频毁损前12例患者深部电极均记录到杏仁核和海马区棘波、尖波或多棘波,术后显示(疴)样放电消失.术后随访9～18个月,癫(癎)发作完全控制者58.3%(7/12),显著改善33.3%(4/12).结论 立体定向杏仁核海马毁损术治疗颞叶顽固性癫(癎)是一种安全有效的微创治疗方法 ,值得临床推广.     

难治性无明确致癎灶癫癎的立体定向手术治疗

目的探讨立体定向射频毁损手术对难治性无明确致癎灶癫癎的治疗效果。方法经脑电图、MRI、脑磁图(MEG)检查等术前综合评估无法确定致癎灶的难治性癫癎患者78例,采用立体定向技术进行胼胝体两侧、双侧杏仁核、内侧隔区及单侧Forel-H区等多靶点组合射频毁损治疗,手术后对患者进行跟踪随访、评定疗效。结果按照Engle癫癎疗效分级,本组患者术后1～5年I级+Ⅱ级病例均达82%以上。结论对于临床无明确致癎灶、无法进行开颅致癎灶切除手术的难治性癫癎患者,立体定向手术是一种较好的治疗手段。     

成人下丘脑错构瘤

目的 总结成人下丘脑错构瘤之临床特点.方法 回顾分析27例成人下丘脑错构瘤患者的临床资料.结果 共19例(70.37%)患者有临床症状与体征,其中仅5例(26.32%)于成年后发病,均因癫(癎)发作而就诊,但发作不频繁且无痴笑样癫(癎)表现.首发症状主要表现为性早熟(3例,15.79%)、痴笑样癫(癎)(9例,47.37%)、失神发作(2例,10.52%)和癫(癎)大发作(5例,26.32%);2例伴有智力障碍;多数患者可于痴笑样癫(癎)后不同时期出现癫(癎)大发作.CT及MRI检查显示脚间池或第三脑室内占位性病变,结合病史,明确诊断为下丘脑错构瘤.6例经翼点入路或胼胝体-透明隔-穹窿间入路手术切除下丘脑错构瘤,治愈3例(Engel分级Ⅰ级);癫(癎)发作基本消失2例(Engel分级Ⅱ级);无效l例(Engel分级V级).γ刀治疗2例,1例无效(Engel分级V级);1例癫(癎)发作频率减少66.67%(Engel分级Ⅳ级).抗癫(癎)药物治疗9例,但对痴笑样癫(癎)无效.结论 成人下丘脑错构瘤患者临床症状相对较轻,较少发生智力障碍,干预措施应慎重.     

立体定向热凝毁损海马杏仁核治疗海马病变所致难治性颞叶内侧癫

目的探讨立体定向手术热凝毁损海马杏仁核治疗海马病变所致难治性颞叶内侧癫癎的疗效。方法回顾分析19例由海马病变所致难治性颞叶内侧癫癎患者的临床表现、影像学（CT/MRI）脑电图（EEG/VEEG）资料和手术疗效。所有病例术前均行动态脑电图检查明确致癎灶完成定位诊断、术中行立体定向组织活检、快速冰冻病理确诊病变性质完成定性诊断。全部患者在计算机辅助下行致癎灶侧海马杏仁核立体定向热凝毁损术。手术效果按谭启富的评定标准进行评价。结果随访12～42个月，13例癫癎未再发作（满意），4例发作次数减少75%以上（明显改善），2例发作次数减少50%（改善）。未发现神经心理学改变及神经功能障碍等并发症。结论对于由海马病变所致难治性颞叶内侧癫癎，采用立体定向手术行海马杏仁核热凝毁损是控制癫癎发作的一种安全有效方法。     

立体定向热凝毁损海马杏仁核治疗海马病变所致难治性颞叶内侧癫癎

目的探讨立体定向手术热凝毁损海马杏仁核治疗海马病变所致难治性颞叶内侧癫癎的疗效。方法回顾分析19例由海马病变所致难治性颞叶内侧癫癎患者的临床表现、影像学（CT/MRI）脑电图（EEG/VEEG）资料和手术疗效。所有病例术前均行动态脑电图检查明确致癎灶完成定位诊断、术中行立体定向组织活检、快速冰冻病理确诊病变性质完成定性诊断。全部患者在计算机辅助下行致癎灶侧海马杏仁核立体定向热凝毁损术。手术效果按谭启富的评定标准进行评价。结果随访12～42个月，13例癫癎未再发作（满意），4例发作次数减少75%以上（明显改善），2例发作次数减少50%（改善）。未发现神经心理学改变及神经功能障碍等并发症。结论对于由海马病变所致难治性颞叶内侧癫癎，采用立体定向手术行海马杏仁核热凝毁损是控制癫癎发作的一种安全有效方法。     

无影像学病灶顽固性癫癎病人的手术治疗

目的探讨脑MRI与CT为阴性的顽固性癎癫病人的手术治疗及术前评估时应注意的问题。方法回顾性分析MRI及CT为阴性表现的22例癫癎手术病人的资料,按照Engel疗效分级标准,将其效果分为满意组(10例)与非满意组(12例),对两组的术前检查情况进行对比。结果手术后整体满意率为45%。发作间期头皮EEG癫癎波局限在单一脑叶者,满意组中多于非满意组;颅内电极发作期脑电图局限性起源者,满意组中多于非满意组;单光子发射断层显像(SPECT)报告结果与手术部位关系各指标比较,两组无显著性差异;单脑叶切除术者,满意组中多于非满意组。结论MRI为阴性的癫癎手术效果不如病灶性癫癎。术前头皮视频脑电图(VEEG)发作间期性波局限在单一脑叶者治疗效果优于非局限者。手术前评估除重视各项非侵袭性检查外,颅内电极检查往往是不可缺少的。发作间期SPECT目前还不能做为一项决定性的定位手段。多脑叶切除手术效果不优于单脑叶切除,手术的关键是致灶的彻底切除。     

机器人辅助无框架定位颅内电极埋植(附19例分析)

目的 探讨机器人辅助无框架定位颅内电极埋植后行长程视频脑电图(VEEG)监测定位癫(癎)起源灶的方法及效果.方法 对19例顽固性癫(癎)病人采用机器人辅助无框架定位进行颅内深部电极埋植.其中15例术前无法定位致(癎)灶者均明确癫(癎)起源灶所在脑叶,4例术前检查提示为单侧颞叶(癎)性放电者证实为颢叶起源灶.根据监测结果,采用开颅手术3例,立体定向脑内致(癎)灶毁损术10例,伽玛刀治疗6例.结果 术后疗效按Engel分级:Ⅰ～Ⅱ级7例,Ⅲ级6例,Ⅳ级5例,Ⅴ级1例.结论 机器人辅助无框架定位颅内电极埋植定位癫(癎)起源灶的方法具有简单、微创等特点,适用于头皮EEG无法定位者,尤其是对颞叶癫(癎)的起源灶定侧与定位具有重要价值.     

立体定向病灶切除联合皮层热灼术治疗起源于中央区的癫

目的探讨立体定向病灶切除联合皮层热灼术治疗起源于中央区的癫(癎)的疗效.方法对27例以癫(癎)为首发表现的起源于中央区的癫(癎)病人采用立体定向开颅手术,切除病灶前先行皮层电极描记,确定癫(癎)波的范围,然后在显微镜下切除病灶,再次描记确定残余的癫(癎)波的位置,并使用皮层热灼术进行皮层热灼,直到癫(癎)波消失为止.结果27例病人中胶质瘤13例,脑囊虫病7例,脑膜瘤3例,皮层发育不全2例,海绵状血管瘤1例,炎症1例.手术中在切除病灶前使用皮层电极描记出癫(癎)波,病灶切除后在病灶周围仍残余有癫(癎)波,使用皮层热灼术热灼后癫波消失.27例病人手术后25例未再有癫(癎)发作,2例手术后一周内有癫(癎)发作一次,以后未再有癫(癎)发作.26例病人未出现神经功能损害症状加重,一例短期内出现偏瘫加重,经过对症处理后好转.结论立体定向病灶切除联合皮层热灼术治疗起源于中央区的癫(癎)是一种侵袭性小、疗效佳的手术方法.     

下丘脑错构瘤癫的射频毁损治疗

目的探讨下丘脑错构瘤所致癫病灶的射频毁损治疗方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析3例下丘脑错构瘤所致难治性癫病人的临床资料,癫发作类型为痴笑、复杂部分性或者继发全面强直阵挛发作。MRI均诊断为左侧第三脑室内的下丘脑错构瘤(DelalandeⅡ型)。均采用立体定向病灶射频毁损技术治疗。1例病人于定向射频术后3个月,经脑室内镜下再次行病灶射频毁损。结果立体定向瘤内植入的深部电极均记录到样放电。2例局麻下射频毁损时,出现体温快速升高、血压升高、心动过速、出汗等症状,治疗停止后消失。术后均无严重并发症。术后随访1~7年,Engel分级:Ⅰ级2例,Ⅱ级1例。结论采用立体定向或脑室内镜下射频毁损技术治疗DelalandeⅡ型的下丘脑错构瘤癫,可达到精准、安全、有效的目的。     

深部电极引导立体定向手术治疗颞叶癫癎

目的评价深部电极引导立体定向手术治疗颞叶癫癎的疗效。方法对94例无明显病灶的颞叶癫癎病人采用深部电极引导立体定向海马杏仁复合体热凝毁损术,术后随访癫癎控制效果。对其中27例行手术前后神经心理学检查,评价手术对脑功能的影响。结果80例获1～7年随访,其中发作完全消失47例（58.8%）,减少75%以上18例（22.5%）,减少50%～75%9例（11.2%）,无变化6例（7.5%）。神经心理学检查表明手术前后智力、记忆力差异无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。结论选择合理手术入路及术中应用深部电极取代以往的解剖学定位,达到理想有效的毁损范围,有助于提高颞叶癫癎的手术疗效。     

伽玛刀与手术治疗颞叶癫痫的疗效分析

目的探讨伽玛刀与手术治疗颞叶癫痫的疗效,寻求更佳的颞叶癫痫治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院接受伽玛刀治疗颞叶癫痫患者35例,治疗边缘剂量15~25 Gy,接受手术治疗颞叶癫痫患者102例,随访患者治疗后癫痫控制情况。结果随访时间3~7年,平均4.5年,伽玛刀治疗组EngelⅠ级7例,EngelⅡ级8例,EngelⅢ级9例,EngelⅣ级11例,手术治疗组:EngelⅠ级69例,EngelⅡ级15例,EngelⅢ级10例,EngelⅣ级8例,两者差异有显著统计学意义(P0.0001)。结论手术治疗颞叶癫痫疗效显著优于伽玛刀治疗,伽玛刀术后癫痫缓解率低,并发症多,目前尚不能作为颞叶癫痫的常规治疗。     

Temporal lobe epilepsy: clinical semiology and age at onset.

The objective of this study was to define the clinical semiology of seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy according to the age at onset. We analyzed 180 seizures from 50 patients with medial or neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent epilepsy surgery between 1997-2002, and achieved an Engel class I or II outcome. We classified the patients into two groups according to the age at the first seizure: at or before 17 years of age and 18 years of age or older. All patients underwent intensive video-EEG monitoring. We reviewed at least three seizures from each patient and analyzed the following clinical data: presence of aura, duration of aura, ictal and post-ictal period, clinical semiology of aura, ictal and post-ictal period. We also analyzed the following data from the clinical history prior to surgery: presence of isolated auras, frequency of secondary generalized seizures, and frequency of complex partial seizures. Non-parametric, chi-square tests and odds ratios were used for the statistical analysis. There were 41 patients in the "early onset" group and 9 patients in the "later onset" group. A relationship was found between early onset and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and between later onset and neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy (p = 0.04). The later onset group presented a higher incidence of blinking during seizures (p = 0.03), a longer duration of the post-ictal period (p = 0.07) and a lower number of presurgical complex partial seizures (p = 0.03). The other parameters analyzed showed no significant differences between the two groups. We conclude that clinical and semiological differences exist between patients with temporal lobe epilepsy according to the age at onset. [Published with video sequences].     

MRI阴性的颞叶癫痫的外科治疗

目的 总结MRI阴性的颞叶癫痫的手术疗效.方法 对2004年4月至2009年12月间行前颞叶切除的并且MRI为阴性的32例颞叶癫痫患者的资料进行回顾性分析.包括术前检查、手术方式、术后病理及手术疗效.结果 Engel Ⅰ级为21例,占66％;EngelⅡ级为4例,占12％,EngelⅢ～Ⅳ级为7例,占22％,其中头皮视频脑电图痫波位于一侧颞叶的手术效果较好,86％可达到Engel Ⅰ级.结论 对MRI阴性的颞叶癫痫术前评估要更加全面,如检查结果趋于一致,手术效果良好,特别是癫痫样放电起源于一侧颞叶的手术效果更佳.     

Pediatric epilepsy surgery at the University of Alberta: 1988-2000

Epilepsy surgery is considered a treatment option for patients with intractable seizures. Relatively few studies of efficacy, safety, and long-term outcome are available for the pediatric age group. This study describes a 12-year experience with pediatric epilepsy surgery at the University of Alberta. Records of pediatric epilepsy surgery patients admitted to the Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at the University of Alberta between 1988 and 2000 were reviewed. All patients received preoperative and postoperative clinical evaluation, seizure charts, testing of drug levels, electroencephalogram, computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging, neuropsychologic testing, and long-term video electroencephalogram monitoring. The patients were reassessed after surgery at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year and then yearly. The duration of follow-up was 1 year to 12 years. Forty-two patients underwent temporal lobectomies; 35, extratemporal resection. The age at surgery ranged from 6 months to 16 years. Thirty-two (76%) of temporal lobe patients became seizure-free (Engel Class I) vs 24 (68%) for the extratemporal group (Engel Class I). One patient (2%) in the temporal group had an Engel Class II outcome and one patient (3%) in the extratemporal group had the same Engel Class II outcome. Three patients (4%) manifested postoperative complications, and there were no deaths. Patients reported improvement in cognitive abilities, behavior, and quality of life after the surgery. Epilepsy surgery in children is effective and safe. Many children are seizure-free after the operation and remain so, although the results of temporal lobectomy are better than for extratemporal resections. There are few complications, and children often have an improved quality of life.     

Musicogenic seizures can arise from multiple temporal lobe foci: intracranial EEG analyses of three patients

PURPOSE: To determine the ictal-onset zone of musicogenic seizures by using intracranial EEG monitoring. METHODS: Musicogenic seizures in three patients with medically intractable musicogenic epilepsy were first localized by using noninvasive methods including, in one patient, ictal magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The ictal-onset zones in these patients were then further localized using by intracranial EEG monitoring, and the outcomes of the two patients who underwent epilepsy surgery were determined. RESULTS: Patient 1's musicogenic seizures localized to the right lateral temporal lobe, patient 2's originated in the right mesial temporal lobe, and patient 3's arose independently from both mesial temporal lobes. Patients 1 and 2 underwent resective epilepsy surgery and are seizure free (Engel class I). CONCLUSIONS: Musicogenic epilepsy is a heterogeneous syndrome with seizures that can arise from multiple temporal lobe foci. Patients with medically intractable musicogenic epilepsy and with unilateral ictal onset zones may be considered candidates for resective epilepsy surgery.     

Semiology of hyperkinetic seizures of frontal versus temporal lobe origin

Aims. Hyperkinetic seizures are usually associated with frontal lobe epilepsy. However, some patients have hyperkinetic seizures of temporal lobe origin. The semiological differences in hyperkinetic seizures between frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy have not been well studied. Here, we retrospectively assessed ictal semiology in order to distinguish between hyperkinetic seizures of frontal lobe origin and those of temporal lobe origin. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed data on patients who had undergone surgery for hyperkinetic seizures of temporal or frontal lobe origin and achieved favourable seizure outcomes (Engel Class I) with a minimum postoperative follow‐up of 24 months. We reviewed seizure histories, imaging reports, video‐EEG monitoring data, operative records, and pathological findings. We analysed and compared the hyperkinetic semiology of video‐recorded seizures of temporal lobe origin and those of frontal lobe origin. Results. Forty hyperkinetic seizures in eight patients (seven adult patients and one 12‐year‐old patient) with temporal lobe epilepsy and 45 hyperkinetic seizures in nine patients (eight adult patients and one 16‐year‐old patient) with frontal lobe epilepsy were analysed. Emotional facial expressions (such as fear, laughing, or anger), bilateral forceful elbow flexion, bilateral forceful grasping, facial flushing, and bilateral facial contraction were observed significantly more frequently in seizures of frontal lobe origin. Oroalimentary automatisms, seizures during wakefulness, salivation, and bilateral drop of the corners of the mouth were observed significantly more frequently in seizures of temporal lobe origin. Conclusions. Observation of a number of signs during hyperkinetic manifestations may help to predict whether a seizure originates from the frontal lobe or the temporal lobe.     

Outcome and life prospects after surgical management of medically intractable epilepsy in patients under 18 years of age

A retrospective analysis of seizure outcome and quality of life assessment was done in 64 patients under 18 years of age with medically refractory epilepsy who underwent 64 primary and 16 repeat operative procedures in an attempt to control their epilepsy. At least 2 years' follow-up data were available for each patient. Operative procedures were 44 temporal lobe resections; 16 extratemporal resections; and 4 hemispherectomies. Effective control of previously intractable seizures was obtained in most patients: 55%, 11%, and 17% achieved Engel class I, II, and III status, respectively. Successful seizure control was thus obtained in 83%, while 17% (Engel class IV) failed to improve significantly after operation. Quality-of-life measures parallelled the improvements in seizures control, being highest in Engel I, outcome group and lowest in Engel IV outcome group. In appropriately selected pediatric and adolescent patients with medical refractory epilepsy, surgical management can offer a safe and effective adjunct to medication. Received: 25 March 1997     

儿童和青少年颞叶癫癎的术后长期疗效观察

目的总结儿童和青少年颞叶癫癎手术后的长期疗效和生活质量。方法回顾性分析31例儿童和青少年颞叶癫癎病人的临床资料,行标准前颞叶切除术26例,扩大前颞叶切除术2例,前颞叶切除术＋软化灶切除术2例,颞后顶下致癎灶切除术1例。评估术后癫癎发作改善情况及认知、生活质量等。结果术后随访5年以上,其中癫癎发作消失、达到EngelⅠ级26例,EngelⅡ级1例,EngelⅢ级2例,EngelⅣ级2例。术后病理示：海马组织硬化13例,皮质发育异常伴胶质增生9例,皮质发育异常伴海马组织硬化6例,神经元胶质肿瘤2例,继发性瘢痕脑回形成1例。术后并发症多数可恢复。结论儿童和青少年颞叶癫癎术后长期疗效良好,生活质量提高。