左冠状动脉主干外科血管成形术的远期疗效

目的评估左冠状动脉主干外科血管成形术治疗以左冠状动脉主干狭窄为主要病变的冠状动脉心脏病的远期疗效。方法回顾性分析1983年9月至2004年12月因左冠状动脉主干狭窄接受左冠状动脉主干外科血管成形术治疗的162例患者的临床资料。采用单因素方差分析手术病死率相关因素,采用Kaplan—Meier生存曲线法分析远期生存率。结果围手术期病死率8％,与是否为单纯左冠状动脉主干病变,是否为急诊手术相关。出院患者随访率95％,中位随访时间102个月。42例患者发生远期冠状动脉事件,9例患者死亡。10年及20年累计生存率分别为81％和52％,无冠状动脉事件生存率分别为77％和41％。结论左冠状动脉主干外科血管成形术治疗以左冠状动脉主干狭窄为主要病变的冠状动脉心脏病,可以获得较好的远期疗效,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗左冠状动脉主干合并3支血管病变

目的总结非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)对左冠状动脉主干合并3支血管病变患者的治疗经验及体会。方法对33例左冠状动脉主干合并3支血管病变患者施行了OPCAB,用左乳内动脉作为移植血管与左前降支进行吻合,大隐静脉作为移植血管分别与回旋支、右冠状动脉/后降支、对角支和钝缘支进行吻合。结果每例患者行旁路血管移植2～5支,平均3.4支。无手术死亡,无围手术期心肌梗死、呼吸衰竭、肝肾功能衰竭等严重并发症,术后心绞痛均消失。结论OPCAB治疗左冠状动脉主干合并3支血管病变的高危冠心病患者是可行、有效的,手术损伤小;而积极的术前准备、主动脉内球囊反搏的应用、正确的手术方法和配合、建立一支熟练快速的应急队伍是确保手术成功的关键。     

同期颈动脉内膜切除术与冠状动脉搭桥术治疗颈动脉合并冠状动脉狭窄15例临床经验

目的评价同期联合行颈动脉内膜切除术（carotid endarterectomy,CEA）与冠状动脉搭桥术（coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG）治疗颈动脉与冠状动脉狭窄并存疾病的早期临床疗效。方法2000年1月至2006年8月对15例颈动脉与冠状动脉狭窄并存患者实施了同期CEA与CABG手术。男性12例,女性3例,年龄63～80岁,平均（70±6）岁。所有患者术前均行冠状动脉造影与颈动脉造影术明确诊断,其中冠状动脉左主干病变3例,2支血管病变2例,3支血管病变10例。手术先行CEA再行CABG 14例,1例患者先行CABG后行CEA,有5例患者在体外循环（CPB）下完成CABG,其余10例在非体外循环下行CABG;在行CEA时,所有患者均使用颈动脉转流管,所有患者均采用人工血管补片加宽颈动脉切口。结果本组无手术死亡,围手术期无心脑血管并发症发生,1例患者手术后1个月因右下肢动脉硬化闭塞症而行右下肢股-腘动脉人工血管搭桥术。术后随访3～24个月,患者无心绞痛,短暂性缺血性脑发作（TIA）或脑中风发生。结论同期行颈动脉内膜切除术与冠状动脉搭桥术治疗颈动脉与冠状动脉狭窄并存疾病方法可行,早期效果满意。     

无保护左冠状动脉主干狭窄介入治疗患者的护理

对46例无保护左冠状动脉主干狭窄患者行介入治疗.结果 46例均完成手术,术后发生心绞痛8例,血压下降15例,右颌下血肿1例,心脏压塞1例,穿刺部位渗血2例,尿潴留3例,经对症治疗护理,患者均痊愈出院.提出完善术前准备,做好术后病情观察、及时识别和处理介入术后并发症对患者的预后有积极影响.     

血管内超声指导下冠状动脉左主干介入治疗的护理配合

对42例冠状动脉左主干病变患者在血管内超声检查术（IVUS）与主动脉球囊反搏术（IABP）辅助下行冠状动脉左主干介入诊疗术.结果 42例均植入药物涂层支架,介入手术成功率100%,未发生心脏骤停,左主干内膜撕裂等严重并发症.出院时心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.提出护理人员熟练掌握IVUS及IABP的工作原理及操作方法,熟练护理配合可有效提高介入治疗成功率.     

冠状动脉肌桥的外科治疗

目的探讨外科手术治疗冠状动脉肌桥(myocardial bridge,MB)的适应证、手术方法、安全性及手术效果等。方法症状性冠状动脉肌桥病人30例,均施行外科手术治疗。诊断明确后首先给予药物治疗,症状控制不佳者选择外科手术。外科手术方式包括冠状动脉旁路移植术和肌桥松解术,行微创左胸小切口非体外循环下肌桥松解术5例,行冠状动脉旁路移植术25例,其中20例行胸腔镜下微创非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术。结果全组无死亡病例, 30例病人术后胸痛、胸闷症状均有改善,无严重并发症。术后随访1～60个月,无严重心绞痛发生,无心肌梗死、死亡病例,无再次手术病例。结论外科手术治疗药物不能控制症状的冠状动脉肌桥效果较好,其安全性高、近中期疗效可靠。     

无保护左冠状动脉主干狭窄介入治疗患者的护理

对46例无保护左冠状动脉主干狭窄患者行介入治疗。结果46例均完成手术,术后发生心绞痛8例．血压下降15例,右颌下血肿1例,心脏压塞1例,穿刺部位渗血2例,尿潴留3例,经对症治疗护理,患者均痊愈出院。提出完善术前准备,做好术后病情观察、及时识别和处理介入术后并发症对患者的预后有积极影响。     

再次冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床应用

目的总结再次冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗冠心病的临床经验和手术效果。方法2001年6月～2006年12月,对18例冠心病患者行再次CABG。术前心绞痛(CCS分级)级7例,级11例;冠状动脉造影显示:16例均有原移植静脉狭窄/闭塞,2例左乳内动脉(LIMA)-左前降支(LAD)桥狭窄/闭塞,6例自体冠状动脉出现新的病变。全组均经原胸骨正中切口径路手术,常规体外循环(CPB)下CABG15例,非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)3例;同期行室壁瘤切除、左心室成形1例,二尖瓣成形术3例,主动脉瓣和二尖瓣双瓣膜置换联合右颈动脉内膜剥脱术1例。应用LIMA12例次、双侧IMA4例次、桡动脉3例次,其余为大隐静脉或小隐静脉。结果15例常规CABG患者主动脉阻断时间45～112min(57±26min),CPB时间66～140min(78±24min)。再次CABG每例移植血管1～5支,平均每例远端吻合口3.11个。手术结束用血流仪测定移植血管血流量均满意(血流量27.0±12.5ml/min),搏动指数均<4.2。手术后因低心排血量需主动脉内球囊反搏辅助1例,术后6d发生肾功能衰竭死亡。其余17例患者术后呼吸机辅助呼吸时间5～15h,心绞痛均消失,围手术期无心肌梗死发生,胸腔引流量为290～1040ml,顺利恢复,均出院。术后随访17例,随访时间6.0个月～4.5年,均无心绞痛发作,4例复查冠状动脉造影,显示移植血管均通畅。结论再次CABG难度大于首次CABG,但只要手术中能正确找到靶血管,移植血管的血流可靠、完全再血管化和有良好的围术期管理,再次CABG可达到与首次手术同样的效果。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术及室壁瘤切除术

本文报道冠状动脉旁路移植术和室壁瘤切除术５１例。全组中３４例为不稳定心绞痛，２５例多支病变，５例左主干狭窄，２４例陈旧性心肌梗死，１０例合并高血压，左室射血分数０．１４～０．７９，小于０．３者６例。均在常规体外循环和心脏停搏下手术，共架血管桥１０１支。全组１０例同期作了室壁瘤切除术，后者还同时修补室间隔穿孔和间隔瘤各１例。附加手术有心脏瓣膜替换术，冠状动脉内膜切除术和激光心肌再血管化各４例，术中冠脉腔内成形术２例及三尖瓣成形术１例。手术死亡７例，均与术前高危因素及左室功能差有关。随访６～１０８个月，３１例心绞痛消失，４例偶有轻度心绞痛，７例仍有劳力性心绞痛；晚期死亡２例，分别死于重症乙型肝炎和心律失常。重点讨论了手术病例选择，冠状动脉内膜切除术，室壁瘤切除修复术以及架桥与换瓣同期手术问题。     

92例非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床分析

目的 总结非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗冠心病或合并左心功能不全或心肌梗死患者的临床经验。 方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2013年1月宜昌市第一人民医院92例冠心病或合并左心功能不全或心肌梗死患者行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗的临床资料,其中男71例,女21例;年龄（64.25±7.93） 岁。术前心功能（NYHA分级） Ⅲ～Ⅳ级44例,不稳定型心绞痛21例,左主干病变＞50% 8例,3支血管病变46例。92例冠心病患者中发生心肌梗死19例,心肌梗死发生率为20.65％。 结果 手术时间（5.43±1.46） h,术后中位机械通气时间1.0 d,中位住ICU时间3.0 d,远端吻合口数（2.70±0.82） 个。围术期死亡1例,术后左心室射血分数（LVEF）＜50% 19例,发生心律失常16例,呼吸衰竭24例,肾功能衰竭31例,低心排血量13例,住ICU时间延迟53例,主动脉内球囊反搏4例,院内感染11例。发生上述并发症的患者均经相应的治疗治愈或好转。术后血肌酐与术前相比有所增高,差异有统计学意义［（110.22±53.03） μmol/L vs. （84.70±26.87） μmol/L,t =5.163,P=0.000）。术后随访91例,随访时间为术后0.5个月至2年。术后0.5个月常规心脏超声心动图检查未发现异常;术后1个月移植血管发生狭窄或血管闭塞3例,出现胸闷5例,2年后下肢取血管部位疼痛20例, CTA检查移植血管狭窄或血管闭塞10例。上述病变均经对症处理好转。 结论 非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗冠心病或合并左心功能不全的冠心病患者,疗效满意。     

Arterial patch angioplasty for reconstruction of proximal coronary artery stenosis

Background. Ostium patch angioplasty and reconstruction with an onlay patch consisting of pericardium or the saphenous vein is an alternative surgical technique for patients with proximal coronary artery stenosis. Previously described surgical techniques comprise anterior or posterior approaches. In this article we report our experience of using a segment of the proximal right internal mammary artery as an onlay patch for surgical angioplasty.

Methods. Between June 1997 and April 1999, 18 patients (9 men and 9 women) were subjected to surgical patch angioplasty of the left main coronary artery, 3 patients had an additional angioplasty performed on the proximal right coronary artery. The first 12 patients were operated with a posterior incision technique, and six subsequent patients by a new technique performed through an oblique incision into the left main stem after transsection of the ascending aorta.

Results. All patients had an uneventful postoperative course, and were fully rehabilitated without clinical symptoms of ischemic heart disease at mean follow-up of 10 months (range 1–23 months). Postoperative catheterization after six days showed excellent results with a widely open and funnel-shaped neoostium.

Conclusions. The use of a proximal segment of the right internal mammary artery as an onlay patch for reconstructing proximal coronary artery lesions is safe with no complications. Although the posterior approach may be used to obtain excellent results, transsection of the ascending aorta gives an optimal visualization and mobilization of the left main coronary artery when performing surgical angioplasty.     

The surgical angioplasty of the left main coronary ostial stenosis--a low risk operation

To evaluate a different technique for the treatment of the left main coronary artery ostial stenosis, the coronary ostial surgical angioplasty. Three patients underwent this operation. After placing the patient on cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross clamping, the main pulmonary trunk was retracted laterally. The left main coronary artery was approached anteriorly through a curved aortotomy. Reconstruction was performed using fresh or treated with glutaraldehyde pericardial patch. There were no in-hospital deaths. In one case, the aortic suture had to be reconstructed with a GoreTex patch. We didn't note other complications. The patch plasty of the left main coronary trunk is a safe procedure, with no important complications, despite its technical difficulty.     

Patch Angioplasty for Isolated Ostial Stenosis of the Left Main Coronary Artery

Abstract Background: Conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is recognized as the treatment of choice for left main coronary artery stenosis (LMCA) with excellent results. Patch angioplasty is an alternative method in selected cases for ostial stenosis of the LMCA. However, the long‐term outcome data of this surgical technique are lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the long‐term outcome of patients treated by patch angioplasty using saphenous vein for ostial stenosis of the LMCA. Methods: Nineteen patients underwent vein patch angioplasty for ostial LMCA stenosis between 1995 and 2005 at our institution. On three of them simultaneous aortic valve replacement was carried out and on one patient concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting of the right coronary artery was performed. Patients were followed up clinically and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 5.11 ± 3.34 years (range 0.6–10 years). Results: The early postoperative course was uneventful in all patients. There were no in‐hospital deaths. In the late course, three patients died from unrelated causes three and a half, four, and six years after surgery. Importantly, at the time of follow‐up the MRI revealed no restenosis or aneurysmatic coronary formation. All patients were in excellent clinical condition at follow‐up. Conclusions: Surgical patch angioplasty with saphenous vein for isolated ostial LMCA stenosis is a safe operative technique with good long‐term results. MRI is able to adequately depict the operative result of left main coronary ostium reconstruction.     

Direct ostioplasty of the left main coronary artery using the right internal thoracic artery as patch material

Three female patients underwent operations for nonatherosclerotic isolated left main coronary artery stenosis. Transaortic patch angioplasty was performed via an anterior approach using the most proximal segment of the right internal thoracic artery as patch material. Six months after surgery coronary angiography revealed good results in all three cases. The internal thoracic artery can be used to enlarge the left coronary ostium safely, if heavy calcification is not present.     

Surgical angioplasty of ruptured left anterior descending coronary artery without cardiopulmonary bypass.

We report a case of successful off-pump surgical angioplasty in the left anterior descending coronary artery using a saphenous vein patch. A 49-year-old male with left main disease and severe cerebrovascular stenosis underwent off-pump bypass to the left anterior descending artery. Postoperative angiography showed anastomotic stenosis where balloon angioplasty was performed. However, it resulted in coronary perforation complicated with epicardial tamponade, and emergency off-pump surgical angioplasty was performed. This case demonstrated that coronary arterial rupture could be managed by surgical angioplasty without cardiopulmonary bypass when coronary artery perforation occurred.     

Mid-term outcome of surgical coronary ostial plasty: our experience

The conventional coronary artery bypass procedure that uses venous or arterial conduit for isolated critical stenosis of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) restores a less physiological perfusion of the myocardium and uses an appreciable length of bypass material. Coronary ostial plasty has been described as an alternative surgical technique in proximal obstructive coronary artery disease without calcifications. Here we report 23 patients (15 males and 8 females aged 37-78 years; mean age 57 years) who underwent surgical ostial plasty. Ostial reconstruction with fresh pericardial patch was performed in all patients: 15 patients with LMCA stenosis, 6 patients with right coronary (RC) ostial stenosis, and 2 patients with both RC artery and LMCA stenosis. In seven cases, coronary artery bypass grafting was added for contralateral distal stenosis with a total of five arterial conduits and six venous grafts. One patient died; the ostial plasty and grafts were patent at necropsy. Thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy under stress at 30 days to 6 months after operation demonstrated good myocardial perfusion in 21 of 22 patients. Coronary angiography at follow-up (49 +/- 8 months) demonstrated good surgical ostial plasty results in 21 of 22 patients and good coronary flow in 19 of 22 patients; angiographic study at mid-term follow-up revealed only one failure of the surgical ostial plasty technique associated with venous graft obstruction. In 2 other patients CABG failure due to venous graft obstruction (1 patient) or distal stenotic lesions of the left coronary artery (1 patient) was noted. The overall successful outcome of the surgical ostial plasty was 22 of 23. We believe that surgical angioplasty of the coronary ostia may be used in the presence of proximal noncalcified obstructive lesions as an alternative technique, which offers a more physiological revascularization; it also spares grafting material and allows subsequent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery.     

Transesophageal echocardiography evaluation and follow-up of left main coronary artery patch angioplasty.

OBJECTIVE: Isolated ostial stenosis of the left main coronary artery is a rare but serious condition. The treatment is surgical with two options: coronary artery bypass grafting or surgical angioplasty of the left main coronary artery. Assessing surgical results as well as follow-up were traditionally done by angiography. METHODS: We describe the use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for evaluating and follow the surgical left main coronary artery (LMCA) angioplasty results in eight patients with isolated ostial left main stenosis. RESULTS: All patients were alive and free of ischemic events 8 months to 7 years post-surgery. TEE demonstrated a widely opened left main coronary artery with a good flow. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical angioplasty is an alternative option for treating ostial LMCA stenosis. TEE is an additional excellent non-invasive technique for assessing left main anatomy pre- and postoperatively, as well as being on of the quality control tools for evaluating new surgical techniques.     

Endarterectomy of the left main coronary artery stenosis by a ‘transpulmonary artery approach’

For better visualization of the left main coronary artery, a new technique involving transection of the main pulmonary artery is described. With this new method it was possible to perform endarterectomy of the left main coronary artery in 35 patients from February 1981 to July 1987. The endarterectomy incision was closed with a pericardial or venous patch. We had no mortality, and 91% are free from angina at a mean follow-up of 31 months. Angiographic evaluation was performed in 19 patients revealing good patency of the left main artery. This procedure is safe, and we recommend it in isolated left main coronary artery stenosis without distal involvement and with good left ventricular function.     

Angioplasty of the left main coronary artery for isolated left main coronary artery disease

Operative technique and results of angioplasty of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) for isolated LMCA disease are reported. Nine consecutive patients, six men and three women, were operated upon. Their ages varied from 46 to 69 years, mean 51 years. All had 50% to 90% stenosis of the LMCA and Class III angina. Cardiopulmonary bypass and a cold cardioplegic solution were used for all operations. There were no operative deaths or infarctions. Follow-up ranged from 0.5 to 4 years, mean 1.9 years. Except for the first patient, who has new stenosis of the proximal anterior descending artery, all patients are free of angina. Repeat angiography in five patients showed a widely patent LMCA with excellent runoff. Our preliminary results suggest that angioplasty of the LMCA can be carried out with low operative risks. The technique appears to be a promising alternative to coronary artery bypass grafting in isolated LMCA disease.     

Plastic surgical reconstruction of left main coronary artery.

OBJECTIVE(S): To report the early and mid-term results of surgical plasty of the left main coronary artery in 12 patients operated upon between 1993 and 1997. METHODS: The anterior approach was used in all patients. Saphenous vein (n = 4) of glutaraldehyde treated autologous pericardium (n = 8) were used as patch material. Additional coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 7 patients, the first 3 as a safety back up, and for coexisting stenosis of other coronary branches not revascularized by the plastic procedure in the remaining 4. RESULTS: Pathologic specimens of the left main coronary artery in 5 revealed atheroma in 3 and myxomatous intimal thickening in 2. The left main coronary artery was widely patent angiographically in all patients prior to discharge. Six patients consented to angiographic restudy 5-40 months after the procedure and revealed excellent results in 5. One patient upon whom autologous pericardial patch had been used underwent percutaneous coronary angioplasty for restenosis of the left main coronary artery and a new lesion of the proximal left anterior descending branch 5 months after the operation. There were no late deaths nor other cardiac events. All patients were in CCS class 1 at their last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical angioplasty of the left main coronary artery could be used to revascularize the left heart safely in patients with a discrete localized lesion of the left main coronary artery and is particularly useful in the face of unavailability of other conduits.