Exogenous 6‐benzyladenine improves antioxidative system and carbon metabolism of summer maize waterlogged in the field

A field experiment was performed to study the effects of spraying exogenous 6‐benzyladenine (6‐BA) after waterlogging for 6 days at the third leaf stage and the sixth leaf stage on the activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism, leaf gas exchange parameters, fluorescent characteristic, antioxidant enzymes activities and MDA content of summer maize hybrids Denghai605 (DH605) and Zhengdan958 (ZD958), in order to illuminate the regulations of exogenous spraying 6‐BA to antioxidative system and carbon metabolism of waterlogged summer maize. Results showed that exogenous application of 6‐BA effectively alleviated the adverse effects of waterlogging on carbon metabolism by improving photosynthetic characteristics and the activities of RuBPCase (in the range of 48%–81%) and PEPCase (in the range of 14%–46%). Treatments with spraying exogenous 6‐BA resulted in significant and substantial increases in net photosynthetic rate (around 49%) and Φ_PSII (around 16%) compared to those of waterlogging treatments. In addition, spraying 6‐BA effectively alleviated waterlogging damages on antioxidative enzyme activity and decreased MDA content, delaying leaf senescence, resulted in significant and substantial (around 19%) increases in grain yield. Visibly, spraying exogenous 6‐BA effectively alleviated waterlogging damages on antioxidative system and carbon metabolism of summer maize, resulting in yield increase in waterlogged maize.     

Effects of Duration of Waterlogging at Different Growth Stages on Grain Growth of Summer Maize (Zea mays L.) Under Field Conditions

A field experiment was performed to study the effects of waterlogging for different durations (3 and 6 days) on grain filling and endosperm cell proliferation of summer maize hybrids DengHai605 (DH605) and ZhengDan958 (ZD958) at the third leaf stage (V3), the sixth leaf stage (V6) and the 10th day after the tasselling stage (10VT). Results showed that waterlogging damages on grain filling and endosperm cell proliferation varied with growth stage and duration of waterlogging. The most significant effect of waterlogging was observed at V3, followed by V6 and 10VT. Endosperm cell content, average endosperm cell proliferation rate, grain weight and grain‐filling rate were reduced significantly with increasing waterlogging durations, with the most significant (P < 0.05) reduction in V3‐6 with a decrease of 37.1 %, 51.9 %, 13.6 % and 12.1 % for DH605, and 27.3 %, 51.1 %, 17.4 % and 14.3 % for ZD958, respectively. Waterlogging damages on grain filling and endosperm cell proliferation resulted in a significant reduction in grain yield. Waterlogging at V3 had the most yield reduction, followed by V6 and 10VT. Yield reduction after waterlogging for 6 days at different stage was about twice as much as that after waterlogging for 3 days. Clearly, the most significant inhibition of grain growth for waterlogging was observed at V3, followed by V6 and 10VT. The inhibition was enhanced significantly with increasing waterlogging durations. Endosperm cell number and grain weight was decreased by 8.3–24.1 % and 1.2–10.8 % after waterlogging for 3 days, while decreased by 12.9–32.2 % and 4.6–14.7 % after waterlogging for 6 days, compared to CK.     

Responses of carbon metabolism and antioxidant system of summer maize to waterlogging at different stages

A field experiment was performed to explore responses of carbon metabolism, antioxidant system and endogenous hormone content of summer maize hybrids DengHai605 (DH605) and ZhengDan958 (ZD958) to waterlogging at the third leaf stage (V3), the sixth leaf stage (V6) and the 10th day after the tasselling stage (10VT). Results showed that waterlogging significantly decreased the contents of zeatin riboside (ZR), indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), compared to those of CK. However, leaf abscisic acid (ABA) content was significantly increased by waterlogging at different stages, with the most significant increase was found in the treatment of waterlogging at V3 (V3‐W), with an increase of 30% and 29% for DH605 and ZD958, respectively. Waterlogging significantly decreased antioxidative enzyme activities, accelerating leaf senescence, resulted in the disorder of leaf gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. In addition, waterlogging decreased key enzyme activities of carbon metabolism (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase), with the most significant reduction in V3‐W, with a decrease of 46% and 49% for DH605, and 53% and 55% for ZD958, respectively. Visibly, waterlogging disturbed carbon metabolism, affected plant endogenous hormone content, accelerated leaf senescence and eventually resulted in a significant reduction in photosynthetic characteristic and grain yield. V3 was most susceptible to waterlogging, followed by V6 and 10VT.     

不同熟期夏玉米品种籽粒灌浆与脱水特性及其密度效应

研究不同熟期夏玉米品种籽粒灌浆与脱水特性及种植密度的调控作用, 以期为黄淮海地区夏玉米籽粒机收提供科学依据。2016—2017年在山东农业大学玉米科技创新园, 种植早熟玉米品种登海518 (DH518)、衡早8号(HZ8)和中晚熟玉米品种郑单958 (ZD958)、登海605 (DH605), 设60 000、75 000、90 000株 hm ^-23个种植密度。结果表明, 早熟品种DH518、HZ8较中晚熟品种ZD958、DH605灌浆期短, 产量低。4个品种生理成熟时的籽粒含水率与其生育期相关性不显著, 早熟品种籽粒后期脱水速率快, DH518和HZ8从籽粒达最大含水量到生理成熟的脱水速率均值较ZD958和DH605两年分别高0.015% °C ^-1和0.014% °C ^-1。相关性分析显示, 籽粒脱水速率与灌浆速率相关性不显著, 生育后期籽粒含水率与茎鞘、叶片含水率呈显著正相关, 与苞叶、穗轴含水率呈极显著正相关。随种植密度的增加, 不同品种籽粒灌浆期缩短, 平均灌浆速率降低, 籽粒生理成熟时的含水率降低。合理增加种植密度能够显著提高不同熟期夏玉米品种的产量。     

Grain yield and root characteristics of summer maize (Zea mays L.) under shade stress conditions

Low light is a major adversity affecting yield and quality of summer maize in the Huang‐Huai‐Hai region of China. We conducted a field experiment to explore the effects of shading on root development and yield formation in two summer maize hybrids (Zea mays L.), Denghai605 (DH605) and Zhengdan958 (ZD958). The experiment consisted of four treatments (CK: ambient sunlight, S1: shading from tasselling to physiological maturity stage, S2: shading from six‐leaf to tasselling stage, S3: shading from seeding to physiological maturity stage). Shading had a strong impact on the development of roots in the upper soil layer. Shading significantly decreased the root dry weight, root/shoot ratio, root length density, root absorption area and active absorption area. The results showed that treatments in a diminishing sequence of effects on root from S3, S1, S2 to CK. Overall, shading decreased the root morphologic and activity indices, and decreased yield in summer maize. During an average of 2 years, yields of ZD958 in S3, S2 and S1 decreased by 85%, 24% and 55%, yields of DH605 in S3, S2 and S1 decreased by 87%, 26% and 67%, in compare to CK. The results will be useful for hybrid selection and improving cultural practices for enhancing the maize shading resistance in Huang‐Huai‐Hai region.     

大田淹水对夏玉米光合特性的影响

选用登海605和郑单958为试验材料,在大田条件下设置淹水时期(三叶期、拔节期、花后10 d)和淹水持续时间(淹水3 d和6 d)处理研究淹水对夏玉米光合特性的影响。结果表明,淹水胁迫后叶面积指数和叶绿素含量显著下降,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)显著降低,三叶期淹水6 d对其影响最显著,开花期郑单958和登海605功能叶片的Pn、Gs、Ci较对照的分别下降21.24%、33.65%、16.49%和24.50%、32.31%、10.99%。淹水后叶片的Fv/Fm、Fm/Fo、ΦPSII显著下降,三叶期淹水6 d后影响最显著,登海605和郑单958分别下降16.86%、17.12%、11.67%和13.58%、21.40%、22.52%,这是导致夏玉米产量显著下降的主要光合生理机制,三叶期淹水6 d产量降幅最大,登海605和郑单958较对照分别下降41.51%和40.96%。三叶期淹水造成的影响最大,拔节期淹水次之,开花后10 d淹水造成的影响较小,其影响随淹水持续时间的延长而加剧。     

夏玉米籽粒胚乳细胞增殖及产量对不同光照的响应

为了探讨不同光照条件对夏玉米籽粒胚乳细胞增殖及产量的影响,2012—2014年于山东农业大学试验农场进行了大田试验,选玉米品种郑单958和登海605为试验材料,设置大田自然光照(CK)、开花至收获期遮阴(S1)、拔节至开花期遮阴(S2)、出苗至收获期遮阴(S3)和开花至收获期增光(L)5个处理,研究其对夏玉米籽粒胚乳细胞增殖、籽粒灌浆、淀粉含量、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明,遮阴后籽粒胚乳细胞增殖速率、细胞数目和淀粉积累量降低,细胞充实度下降,粒重显著降低,且S3对其影响最大,S1次之,S2影响相对较小。郑单958和登海605两个品种S1、S2和S3成熟期的胚乳细胞数目较CK分别降低33%、6%、29%和41%、5%、29%,DH605 L处理显著提高了胚乳细胞增殖速率、胚乳细胞数目及淀粉含量,细胞充实度和粒重显著上升。遮阴导致籽粒灌浆速率减缓,灌浆高峰期推迟,2个品种S1、S2和S3的最大灌浆速率较CK分别降低34%、13%、58%和38%、13%、64%,登海605L处理提高了籽粒灌浆速率,籽粒灌浆高峰期提前出现。2个品种S1、S2和S3较CK分别减产58%、26%、81%和67%、27%、81%,登海605 L处理增产9%。即遮阴降低了籽粒胚乳细胞数目、淀粉含量和灌浆速率,进而影响产量,花粒期充足的光照则有助于籽粒胚乳细胞增殖和产量提高。     

不同熟期夏玉米品种籽粒灌浆脱水特性和激素含量变化

本文旨在研究不同熟期夏玉米品种籽粒灌浆与脱水特性和内源激素含量与平衡的变化,以期为黄淮海夏玉米机械化收获籽粒和高产高效品种筛选提供理论依据。以早熟玉米品种登海518(DH518)、衡早8号(HZ8)和晚熟玉米品种郑单958(ZD958)、登海605(DH605)为试验材料,研究玉米籽粒形成过程中干物质积累、水分含量及内源激素含量变化。结果表明,早熟品种较晚熟品种灌浆期短,籽粒开始脱水早,脱水速率高,生理成熟期粒重低,产量低,但早熟品种中DH518的产量显著高于HZ8。不同熟期玉米品种籽粒内源激素含量及其变化模式不同,但同一激素含量随籽粒发育的变化趋势一致。两早熟品种籽粒的ABA含量高于两晚熟品种,尤其表现在灌浆中后期。各品种籽粒灌浆、脱水速率均与内源激素含量有关,两早熟品种的籽粒脱水速率与玉米素核苷(ZR)含量呈显著正相关。     

密植条件下玉米品种混播对夏玉米光合性能及产量的影响

探究密植条件下玉米品种混播对夏玉米光合性能及产量的影响。在82 500株 hm ^-2种植密度下, 选用郑单958 (ZD958)和登海605 (DH605), 在大田条件下设置M(两种子相同数量混合后随机混播)、1行郑单958和1行登海605混播(1:1)、2行郑单958和2行登海605混播(2:2)、单播郑单958 (SZD958)和单播登海605 (SDH605) 5个水平, 研究密植条件下玉米品种混播对黄淮海夏玉米产量、群体干物质积累量、净光合速率、叶片衰老酶活性、冠层透光率等的影响。两年结果表明, ZD958和DH605混播可显著改善玉米生育后期群体透光率, 使叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和穂位叶净光合速率较单播显著增加, 干物质积累量显著增加。混播处理较单播增加生育后期超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和可溶性蛋白含量, 与此同时, 丙二醛(MDA)含量降低。混播显著增加玉米群体产量, 究其原因是穗粒数和千粒重的有效增加。M、1:1、2:2处理的两年平均产量较SZD958和SDH605分别增加11.47%、8.70%、8.48%和9.30%、6.42%、6.20%, 其中M、1:1、2:2处理间没有显著差异。混播处理通过优化冠层结构, 改善群体通风透光条件, 延缓叶片衰老, 减缓花后叶面积指数和叶绿素含量降低, 保持较高的净光合速率, 致使群体干物质积累量增加, 产量提高。可见, 合理品种搭配的混播栽培可显著提高密植夏玉米产量, 是提高黄淮海区夏玉米产量的可选途径之一。     

在植株不同水平距离处垂直断根对夏玉米产量形成和籽粒库容特性的影响

以高产夏玉米品种郑单958(浅根型,ZD)和登海661(深根型,DH)为材料,于大喇叭口期(V12)分别在距离植株两侧10 cm、20 cm、30 cm处垂直断根,断根深度60 cm,以不断根处理为对照,共设计8个处理(ZDCK、ZD10、ZD20、ZD30;DHCK、DH10、DH20、DH30),研究了玉米植株两侧不同水平距离处根系对夏玉米籽粒灌浆及产量形成的调控作用。结果表明,ZD10、ZD20与DH10、DH20分别切断24.81%、11.69%与16.82%、7.52%的根系;ZD30与DH30各指标与CK间无显著差异,ZD10、ZD20产量分别下降13.09%、9.10%,显著大于DH10、DH20的产量降幅(9.81%、4.64%),其产量下降原因主要是断根后两品种的穗粒数与千粒重降低,其中ZD20、ZD10穗粒数与千粒重较ZDCK分别下降4.90%、5.60%和4.37%、7.88%,DH20、DH10穗粒数与千粒重较DHCK分别下降3.38%、5.15%和1.15%、4.97%;断根后两品种实际库容与结实率均有不同程度下降;到达最大灌浆速率时的天数(T_(max))、灌浆速率最大时的生长量(W_(max))、最大灌浆速率(G_(max))、籽粒灌浆活跃期(P)、灌浆速率也均下降,断根处理对浅根型品种郑单958的影响更为显著。     

玉米生产上3个主推品种光合特性、干物质积累转运及灌浆特性

以当前玉米生产主推品种郑单958、先玉335和京科968为试验材料, 考察其光合特性、干物质积累与转运及籽粒灌浆特性, 以揭示高产玉米品种的产量形成特性, 为玉米高产生产提供依据。结果表明: (1)产量以京科968最高、先玉335次之、郑单958最低, 京科968分别较郑单958和先玉335高14.55%和7.93%。(2)穗位叶净光合速率和冠层光合能力表现为京科968>先玉335>郑单958, 且吐丝期>乳熟期。京科968吐丝期和乳熟期的穗位叶净光合速率分别比先玉335高7.84%和16.78%, 比郑单958高22.23%和24.44%; 冠层光合能力分别较先玉335高38.77%和58.41%, 较郑单958高50.83%和56.49%。(3)花后干物质积累量、转移量、干物质转运率和干物质转运对籽粒贡献率均以京科968最高, 分别比先玉335高13.72%、21.20%、6.32%和4.77%, 比郑单958高31.87%、39.96%、18.49%和10.42%。(4)籽粒灌浆参数在不同品种间存在较大差异, 京科968与先玉335的平均灌浆速率(0.73和0.75 g 100-grain^-1 d^-1)相当, 且均高于郑单958 (0.67 g 100-grain^-1 d^-1); 活跃灌浆期以郑单958 (53.69 d)最长、京科968 (51.02 d)次之、先玉335 (48.95 d)最短。(5)相关分析表明, 产量与净光合速率显著正相关, 与花后干物质积累量及转运率极显著正相关。京科968具有较高的光合效率、花后干物质积累量及转运率、灌浆速率及较长的灌浆持续期, 是较郑单958和先玉335高产的重要原因。     

冬小麦–夏玉米周年生产条件下夏玉米的适宜熟期与积温需求特性

本研究旨在探讨冬小麦–夏玉米周年生产条件下黄淮海区夏玉米的适宜熟期与积温需求特性。选用郑单958(ZD958)、先玉335(XY335)、登海605(DH605)、登海618(DH618)和登海661(DH661),设置5月21日、5月31日、6月10日和6月20日4个播期,研究表明,播期对夏玉米生理成熟所需积温无显著影响,各品种生理成熟所需要的积温主要取决于品种自身的特性,DH618、XY335、ZD958、DH605、DH661的生育期和生理成熟所需要积温分别为110、112、116、116、121 d和2800、2880、2945、2950、3025°C d。冬小麦-夏玉米周年生产条件下,夏玉米最大可能的生长期约107~112 d(自6月15日至10月1~5日),积温约2800°C d,难以满足现有品种的生产需要。夏玉米直播晚收、冬小麦适期晚播有利于周年产量提高,但目前广泛推广的夏玉米品种生育期过长(约120 d),适时晚收仍难以完全生理成熟,机收籽粒损伤严重。可见,冬小麦–夏玉米周年生产条件下夏玉米最大可能的生长期和有效积温不能满足目前广泛推广的夏玉米品种所需生育持续期和积温,且适时晚收仍难以完全生理成熟,黄淮海区亟需生育期适宜(生育期≤107 d)的高产夏玉米新品种。     

Low Incident Light Combined with Partial Waterlogging Impairs Photosynthesis and Imposes a Yield Penalty in Cotton

Through field studies, cotton responses to dual stresses – waterlogging and low light (shade) were investigated. The hypothesis was that shade would amplify yield losses in waterlogged (WL) cotton. Either early or late in the reproductive phase, the crop was WL (96 h and 120 h, in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively) and/or shaded (6 days or 9 days in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively). Waterlogging at early reproductive phase significantly reduced lint yield (17 % averaged across both years) of cotton, although shade‐induced yield losses (18 %) were only significant in 2013–2014. Shade significantly exacerbated yield losses only when the impact of waterlogging damage was modest (2013–2014). More intense waterlogging impaired lint yield independently of the light levels. Yield reductions in these experiments were the consequence of both accelerated fruit abscission and fewer fruiting nodes produced. Plants had lower leaf nitrogen levels and photosynthetic rates after waterlogging and/or shade treatments and produced fewer fruiting nodes. Although long‐term shade increased specific leaf area (30 %) and leaf N (20 %) immediately following 5 days of waterlogging, it did not restore shoot growth, node formation or lint yield because of suppressed photosynthetic performance (area basis) and carbohydrate supply.     

结实期渍水对糯玉米籽粒产量和品质的影响

结实期是玉米籽粒产量和品质形成的关键时期,在中国南方夏季经常遭遇涝渍危害。以6个糯玉米品种为材料,研究分析了结实期（花后1~7天）渍水对糯玉米籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明：结实期渍水导致糯玉米粒数减少、粒重降低,进而导致产量损失。渍水使籽粒可溶性糖和淀粉含量降低,蛋白质含量升高。籽粒峰值黏度和崩解值除‘农科玉301’受渍水影响较小外,其他品种均显著降低,但不同品种谷值黏度、终值黏度和回复值对渍水响应不一。结实期渍水对糯玉米籽粒糊化和胶凝温度影响较小。热焓值‘皖糯5号’和‘美玉16’在渍水处理下显著降低,其他品种保持不变。相反,渍水使各品种（‘美玉16’除外）的回生热焓值和回生值增加。综上,结实期渍水导致籽粒产量降低、品质变劣（黏度降低、回生增加）。     

Spermidine Enhances Waterlogging Tolerance via Regulation of Antioxidant Defence,Heat Shock Protein Expression and Plasma Membrane H+‐ATPase Activity in Zea mays

Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous biogenic amines that play important roles in the environmental stress tolerance of crops. However, the relationship between PAs and plant waterlogging (WL) tolerance has received little attention. In this study, the protective effects of spermidine (Spd) against WL stress were investigated by Zea mays. WL treatment inhibited root growth and caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, membrane permeability and DNA damage in maize roots. Pre‐soaking seeds with Spd markedly alleviated these effects caused by WL. Spd pre‐soaking also significantly increased the endogenous Spd content in both control and waterlogged maize roots. In addition, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, CAT; glutathione reductase, GR; superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD) was enhanced in Spd‐pre‐soaked maize roots under WL stress. Thus, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide‐radical () accumulation were reduced. Spd treatment also enhances the expression and protein abundance of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and 90 during the period of WL stress. Furthermore, Spd pre‐soaking reversed the inhibition effect of WL on H⁺ efflux and K⁺ influx in maize roots. The PM H⁺‐ATPase activity in Spd‐pre‐treated seedlings exhibited less inhibitory under WL conditions. In conclusion, this study suggests that WL stress could be alleviated by priming seeds with Spd in maize species. This alleviative effect was partially attributable to (i) up‐regulated activity of antioxidant enzymes; (ii) maintained PM H⁺‐ATPase activity; and (iii) increased Hsp70 and Hsp90 gene expression and protein abundance.     

施钾量对高产夏玉米抗倒伏能力的影响

倒伏是玉米高产的重要限制因素之一。本研究旨在探讨施钾量对高产夏玉米抗倒伏能力的影响,为钾肥科学施用提供科学依据。选用登海661 (DH661)和郑单958 (ZD958),设置6个施钾水平,研究高产条件下施钾量对夏玉米基部茎节穿刺强度、伤流量和产量的影响,并观察基部第3茎节显微结构。结果表明,施钾肥能显著提高茎秆的穿刺强度,DH661和ZD958最大提高幅度分别为17.9%和25.57%,但不同茎节提高幅度不同。伤流液的强度随着施钾量的增大先增加后减小,开花前促进作用大,吐丝期DH661和ZD958施钾180 kg hm^-2时最高,分别比对照提高24.30%和29.68%。单位面积内维管束增加,特别是小维管束增多是提高茎秆穿刺强度的关键。施钾肥可以显著提高玉米产量,随施钾量的增加,籽粒产量呈先增高后降低的趋势,DH661和ZD958分别在施钾180 kg hm^-2和240 kg hm^-2时达到最高产量。     

Post‐Anthesis Salt and Combination of Salt and Waterlogging Affect Distributions of Sugars,Amino Acids,Na+ and K+ in Wheat

Salinity and waterlogging are worldwide environmental constraints to crop production. In this study, plants of winter wheat were grown in pots in the semi‐field with transparent waterproof top and subjected to salt (ST), waterlogging (WL) and their combination (SW) stresses since 7 days after anthesis (DAA). The effects of ST, WL and SW on the contents of sugars, free amino acid (FAA), starch, protein, Na⁺ and K⁺ in flag leaves, stems and grains were investigated during grain filling stage. ST and SW significantly reduced total soluble sugars (TSS) and sucrose contents in both vegetative organs and grains, and fructan content in stems. ST and SW also reduced FAA contents in stems and grains, whereas they increased FAA content in flag leaves. This resulted in a significant decrease in the ratio of TSS to FAA under ST and SW stresses in flag leaves. Moreover, ST and SW increased Na⁺ content, whereas they reduced K⁺ content, which resulted in a reduction in K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, especially during the late filling stage. In addition, ST and SW caused a reduction in starch and protein accumulations in grains. Finally, the temporal (time‐course) and spatial (different organs) responses of sugars, FAA, Na⁺ and K⁺ to ST, SW and WL and their relationships to grain starch and protein formation were further investigated.     

氮肥用量对两种不同类型玉米杂交种物质生产及氮素利用的影响

旨在探明东北春玉米不同类型杂交种物质生产及氮素利用特征及其与产量的关系。本文以不同类型杂交种代表性品种郑单958(ZD958,Reid×唐四平头模式)和先玉335(XY335,Reid×Lancaster模式)为试验材料,2014年和2015年设置5个氮肥水平[0 kg hm–2(N0)、100 kg hm–2(N1)、200 kg hm–2(N2)、300 kg hm–2(N3)和400 kg hm–2(N4)]和2个种植密度(67 500株hm–2和90 000株hm–2)试验,比较研究了不同类型玉米杂交种干物质与氮素积累、运转及氮素利用的差异规律。结果表明,两年XY335品种的最高籽粒产量均高于ZD958,最优氮肥施用量明显降低4.8%~10.6%;相比ZD958,不施氮处理,两种种植密度下XY335品种干物质积累能力及物质运转效率都明显降低,而施氮条件下XY335品种的干物质积累量、花后干物质量及干物质运转效率均增加,同时增幅随着施氮量增加逐步提高,且在高密度条件下优势更为明显。开花期XY335叶片与茎鞘氮素含量显著高于ZD958(P0.05),而成熟期由于其较高物质的运转效率表现出明显较低的数值,籽粒氮素含量在高密度下差异较小,而低密度条件下相对ZD958显著提高(P0.05)。施氮条件下XY335品种花前、花后氮素积累量和氮素积累总量均高于ZD958,其中叶片中氮素的转运对籽粒的贡献率显著较高(P0.05)。两种种植密度处理最优施氮条件下XY335氮素利用效率和氮素吸收效率均显著高于ZD958(P0.05),而氮农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力差异不显著。可见,高密度条件下XY335类型品种表现出明显较高的物质积累能力以及花后物质运转对籽粒的贡献率,获得较高的氮素利用效率,表现出明显高氮高效的品种特征,因此生产上建议,东北春玉米区高密度种植条件下该类型品种在较高氮肥施用量时易获得高产高效。     

氮肥运筹对苗期受渍夏玉米干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响

以玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,研究不同氮肥运筹方式[氮肥全部基施(N1)、基肥70%+拔节肥30%(N2)、基肥50%+拔节肥50%(N3)和基肥30%+拔节肥50%+大喇叭口肥20%(N4)]对苗期受渍夏玉米叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质积累、氮素吸收积累及产量的影响,以期为苗期受渍夏玉米合理施肥提供理论依据。结果表明,苗期渍水7 d降低夏玉米产量,降幅达24.2%~25.7%,氮肥后移能够减轻苗期渍害对产量的影响。玉米产量与穗粒数的相关性大于与千粒重的相关性;吐丝期最大LAI和收获指数与产量存在极显著相关性,但粒叶比与产量间无显著相关性。苗期渍水7 d降低群体LAI,氮肥后移能增大穗位层和穗上层叶片的LAI以弥补穗下层LAI降低导致的群体LAI下降,且弥补的效应大于渍害导致穗下层LAI降低的效应,进而使得苗期渍水7 d下氮肥后移的群体LAI较氮肥前移增大。苗期渍水7 d显著降低吐丝后干物质积累量,渍水使营养器官干物质积累转运量增大;氮肥前移处理使营养器官干物质向籽粒的转运量增大,但不利于吐丝后籽粒干物质积累,氮肥后移处理则显著提高了吐丝后籽粒干物质积累量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率。苗期渍水7 d使夏玉米各器官氮素积累量下降,吐丝后营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒的转运量和吐丝后籽粒氮素积累量低于对照,表明苗期渍水7 d处理不利于籽粒中氮素的积累。氮肥后移能够提高成熟期籽粒及营养器官氮素积累量。渍水7 d处理使氮素吸收效率和偏生产力显著低于对照,随着氮肥后移,氮素吸收效率提高0.9%~18.2%、偏生产力提高1.0%~17.5%。     

不同种植密度和品种对夏玉米物质生产和产量构成的影响

以郑单309、郑单326、郑单958和中玉303等玉米品种为研究对象,在7个种植密度（6.00×10⁴、6.75×10⁴、7.50×10⁴、8.25×10⁴、9.00×10⁴、9.75×10⁴和10.50×10⁴株/hm²）条件下进行田间试验,研究不同种植密度和品种对夏玉米生育期内群体物质累积量和产量构成的影响。结果表明,高密度下株高和穗位高表现出明显优势,中玉303和郑单958的株高和穗位高表现相对较高。随生育期推进,植株群体干物质量显著增加,花前、花后和成熟期干物质量均随密度增加而显著增加,成熟期中玉303和郑单958的干物质量较郑单326和郑单309平均提高16.1%,花后干物质量占成熟期的比重以6.00×10⁴株/hm²密度处理下最高,为58.68%,以郑单958最高。随密度增加,成熟期千粒重显著下降,产量明显提高,10.50×10⁴株/hm²密度处理最高,为14.49t/hm²,中玉303产量最高,较郑单309和郑单326平均增加16.3%。由此可见,在本试验条件下,选用中玉303,以10.50×10⁴株/hm²密度种植,可提高玉米植株花后物质生产量,促进花后物质分配,实现夏玉米高产。