中国2020年SO_2排放量控制在2070万t以下的可行性分析

根据SO2减排控制指标体系中16个指标的概况和变化趋势,对中国2020年SO2排放量做了系统地分析和预测,得到了三组预测图像。中国SO2排放量与国民生产总值（GDP）及其年均增长率、总能耗量及其年均增长率、能源经济环境发展模式（能源消费弹性系数）等12项指标成正相关,与SO2治理强度等4项指标成负相关,当各个指标控制在合理的范围内时我国2020年SO2减排目标是可以实现的。提出了2020年实现SO2减排目标的10个约束条件,如果不满足约束条件时,我国2020年SO2削减目标是不能实现的。     

中国2010年SO2排放量控制在2 300万t以下的可行性分析

根据SO2减排控制指标体系中16个指标的概况和变化趋势，对中国2010年SO2排放量做了系统的分析和预测，得到了四组预测图像。提出了2010年SO2减排目标的约束条件是尽快恢复经济、能源、环境和谐发展模式，科学制订削减SO2排放量的规划，减缓国民经济发展速度，限制高硫煤开采，强化削减SO2排放量的优惠政策、税收政策和总量控制政策，大力发展循环经济与清洁生产，增加脱硫设施投资，提高SO2去除率。如果不满足约束条件，我国2010年SO2削减10％的目标是不能实现的。     

中国2030年CO2排放总量预测研究

我国2005年和2010年CO2排放总量分别为55亿t和81.52亿t,“十五”和“十一五”期间年均增长率分别为11.0％和8.0％.中国2011-2015年、2016-2020年、2021-2025年和2026-2030年GDP年均增长率分别为8％、7％、6％、5％的经济发展模式与对应的能源消费弹性系数分别为0.5、0.5、0.4和0.3的能源发展模式,预测2030年燃煤、燃油和天然气CO2排放量及全国CO2排放总量.提出减少CO2排放总量对策,主要包括：调整能源结构,尽量减少煤炭消费量占能源消费总量的比例,增加石油、天然气和新能源的比例,提高CO2综合利用率,完善CO2管理政策与法律法规等.     

中国2015年SO2排放总量宏观控制目标研究

1980年中国SO2排放量为1160万吨，2005年为2549万吨，伴随节能减排政策的实施和s02治理投资的增加，到2010年我国SO2排放量将降至2300万吨（削减10％），仍位居世界第一位。在“十二五”期间，伴随人口、经济、能源的增长和发展模式的重大转变，我国2015年SO2排放总量面临微增长、不增长或减排的趋势。应用我国SO2减排宏观控制指标和模式预测了我国2015年SO2排放总量的4种图像或目标。提出了实现SO2排放总量削减10％目标的10条建议。     

“十一五”SO2排放总量后评价

＂十一五＂期间在我国国内生产总值（GDP）、能源消费增长均超过规划目标的情况下,2010年全国SO2排放总量为2295万t,完成了在2005年基础上减排10%的规划目标。2010年全国实际SO2去除率为65%,比2005年提高23%。建议＂十二五＂期间将GDP年均增长率控制在7%以下,维持0.5～0.4能源消费弹性系数及0.7～0.6的电力能源消费弹性系数,提高SO2去除率至73%以上;国家有关部门逐年公布GDP年均增长率、能源消费弹性系数、电力能源消费弹性系数和节能减排公报。     

硫酸生产尾气的回收

我国中、小型硫酸生产中 ,仍有一些厂家采用一转一吸工艺流程 ,二氧化硫的转化率约为 90 %～95%。含 SO2 的炉气虽经转化吸收 ,排放尾气中 SO2的含量仍在 0 .4 %～ 0 .5% (质量分数 )。一家年产 4 .5万 t的硫酸厂 ,排放尾气中的 SO2 可达 540 0 t,既浪费资源 ,又污染环境。尾气的回收势在必行。目前 ,SO2 回收方法中应用较多的为氨酸法 ,但由于此法选用的设备结构及操作条件不尽合理 ,使尾气很难达到国家排放标准。我们采用氨酸法对某硫酸厂尾气的回收工艺条件及设备进行合理选择 ,不仅使尾气达到国家排放标准 ,同时生产出合格的液体 SO…     

利用焦炭吸附进行燃煤烟气脱硫脱氮技术的研究

随着工业的发展和能源的大量消耗，由燃煤烟气排放到大气中的SO2和NOx与日俱增，据统计，到1995年，我国SO2排放量达2730万t，超过欧洲和美国居世界首位。一些地区大气中高浓度的SO2和NOx对环境人体健康带来了严重危害。1997年，我国政府提出2000年和2010年分阶段控制目标，为实现控制目标，今后几年燃煤电厂将大力开发应用SO2,NOx污染防治技术和设备。干法烟气脱硫脱氮工艺投资少，运行费用低，是重点发展的脱硫脱氮工艺之一。     

中国2030年能源发展预测与对策研究

在回顾2000年-2010年中国能源消费的基础上,对中国2030年能源发展及耗煤量进行了预测,预测结果表明,2030年中国能耗总量将控制在55～60亿t标煤,耗煤量控制在40～45亿t标煤。建议中国2011年-2015年、2015年-2020年、2020年-2025年和2025年-2030年能源弹性系数分别为0.5、0.5、0.4和0.3。开展煤炭休养生息战略,多进口煤炭。     

山东电力产业低碳化技术路线研究

目前山东省年CO2排放量超过10亿t,电力行业的排放量占40％,因此,电力产业低碳化对山东省发展低碳经济具有举足轻重的作用.山东具有丰富的风能、生物质能等清洁能源,据规划,到2020年,清洁能源发电实现年减排CO210％;国内首座整体煤气化联合循环项目于山东投产,与相同装机容量燃煤电厂相比,其CO2排放量降低13.73％,若与碳捕捉和封存(CCS)技术联用,可实现CO2近零排放;山东省超临界/超超临界机组装机容量达932万kW,关停小机组600万kW,年减排CO22100万t.山东电力产业应因地制宜发展清洁能源发电,大力发展IGCC、超临界/超超临界等高效发电技术.同时,鼓励电力产业积极借助清洁发展机制(CDM),完善低碳路线.     

发挥科技优势,加强火电厂“三废”治理和综合利用

1“三废”排放概况陕西省8座燃煤电厂（秦岭、渭河、韩城、户县、宝鸡、略阳、灞桥和延安电厂）截止1993年，装机总容量2789MW，实际发电量为16183．20JWh，燃煤量947．4万t／年，约占全省产煤量的30％。主要排放物有：灰渣总排放量为300．1万t／年，烟尘总排放量为24．9万t／年；SO2总排放量为31．0万t／年；废水总排放量为4940．00万t／年。上述火电厂排放量物的数值表明：陕西电力系统火电厂“三废”治理和综合利用的任务是十分艰巨的。2发挥科技优势，促进“三废”治理和综合利用1977年国家印发《关于治理工业“三废”开展综合利用的…     

Production of natural and recycled aggregates: the environmental impacts of energy consumption and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions

Natural aggregates (NA) are crushed and processed in crushing plants after the extraction stage in quarries. In the present study, the aggregates are divided into three scenarios, depending on the production methods. The first scenario considers the production of NA, the second scenario deals with the production of recycled aggregates (RA) with respect to construction and demolition waste, and the third scenario, which is a hybrid scenario, handles the combination of NA and RA by assuming a 50% mixing percentage. In this research, we assess the environmental impacts on the production of aggregates via each scenario, using life cycle assessment; in addition, energy consumption and CO₂ emissions are considered as the environmental variables. We conclude that Iran’s current policy with an annual energy consumption of 1.48 million tons of oil equivalent (toe) can have a footprint of 2.88 million tons of CO₂ eq emissions per year (the first scenario). Achieving 30 and 36% reduction in annual energy consumption and CO₂ emissions, respectively, by the third scenario compared to the first scenario indicates the destructive effect of the first scenario from the environmental outlook.     

A Global Outlook to the Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the World and Emission Factors of the Thermal Power Plants in Turkey

World primary energy demand increases with increases in population and economic development. Within the last 25 yr, the total energy consumption has almost doubled. For the purpose of meeting this demand, fossil energy sources are used and various pollutants are generated. CO₂ is also one of these gases, which cannot be removed like other pollutants, and it causes greenhouse effect and climate change. Reducing the CO₂ emission is very important because of the environmental concerns and regulations, especially the Kyoto Protocol. This paper reviews the estimated world carbon emissions, Turkey's situation in electrical energy production, emission amounts estimated until the year 2020 and emission factors for dust, SO₂, NO_x and CO₂. The estimated results show that CO₂ emissions from thermal power plants in Turkey will make about 0.66 % of the global CO₂ emissions in 2020.     

The contemporary cement cycle of the United States

A country-level stock and flow model for cement, an important construction material, was developed based on a material flow analysis framework. Using this model, the contemporary cement cycle of the United States was constructed by analyzing production, import, and export data for different stages of the cement cycle. The United States currently supplies approximately 80% of its cement consumption through domestic production and the rest is imported. The average annual net addition of in-use new cement stock over the period 2000–2004 was approximately 83 million metric tons and amounts to 2.3 tons per capita of concrete. Nonfuel carbon dioxide emissions (42 million metric tons per year) from the calcination phase of cement manufacture account for 62% of the total 68 million tons per year of cement production residues. The end-of-life cement discards are estimated to be 33 million metric tons per year, of which between 30% and 80% is recycled. A significant portion of the infrastructure in the United States is reaching the end of its useful life and will need to be replaced or rehabilitated; this could require far more cement than might be expected from economic forecasts of demand for cement.     

The impact of municipal solid waste treatment methods on greenhouse gas emissions in Lahore, Pakistan

The contribution of existing municipal solid waste management to emission of greenhouse gases and the alternative scenarios to reduce emissions were analyzed for Data Ganj Bukhsh Town (DGBT) in Lahore, Pakistan using the life cycle assessment methodology. DGBT has a population of 1,624,169 people living in 232,024 dwellings. Total waste generated is 500,000 tons per year with an average per capita rate of 0.84kg per day. Alternative scenarios were developed and evaluated according to the environmental, economic, and social atmosphere of the study area. Solid waste management options considered include the collection and transportation of waste, collection of recyclables with single and mixed material bank container systems (SMBCS, MMBCS), material recovery facilities (MRF), composting, biogasification and landfilling. A life cycle inventory (LCI) of the six scenarios along with the baseline scenario was completed; this helped to quantify the CO2 equivalents, emitted and avoided, for energy consumption, production, fuel consumption, and methane (CH4) emissions. LCI results showed that the contribution of the baseline scenario to the global warming potential as CO2 equivalents was a maximum of 838,116 tons. The sixth scenario had a maximum reduction of GHG emissions in terms of CO2 equivalents of -33,773 tons, but the most workable scenario for the current situation in the study area is scenario 5. It saves 25% in CO2 equivalents compared to the baseline scenario.     

电力节能减排法规体系建设思考

简述了中国环保法规建设的发展和现状，重点分析了电力SO2排放控制的法规、行政要求；介绍了电力行业供电煤耗、烟气脱硫、脱硝、废水排放等节能减排成效。对法律间存在的不够协调，法律与法规、法规与规章之间缺乏一致性、配套性以及法律本身存在的不明确、操作性不强等问题，从改革发展、体制变化、环境性质、基础研究等方面进行了分析：重点对项目环评、规划环评、工频电磁场、火电厂脱硫、排污收费、污染物总量控制、区域限批等要求进行了初步分析，并提出了相关建议。     

Urban Metabolism of Mercury Turnover,Emissions and Stock in Stockholm 1795–1995

This article accounts for the use of mercury (Hg) in differentactivities in Stockholm during the time period 1795–1995.Turnover of Hg is estimated to 122–440 tons, amounts recycled: 27–50 tons and total emissions of Hg are estimated to 90–390 tons. The stock was approximately 4.4–8.1 tons in 1995. 19th century handicraft occupations and medical treatment emitted alarge part of the Hg, emission sources that hitherto have beenunknown in Sweden. Emissions peaked around 1960, thereafter theemissions plummeted, being the result of decreased use of Hg fordental fillings and in products such as batteries, while recycling efforts had a limited effect on reducing total emissions. Based on this finding, the current focus on collectionof Hg containing products for long term storage in bedrock is questioned. If the aim is to reduce the potential for environmental hazards because of Hg it might be better to focusmore attention on the already emitted amounts since these are nearly 30 times greater than the amount of Hg in stock.