孩尔来福甲型肝炎灭活疫苗在儿童中应用的安全性和免疫原性观察

为探讨孩尔来福 (Healive)甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )灭活疫苗在儿童中应用的安全性和免疫原性 ,选择 2～ 15岁抗甲肝病毒抗体 (抗 HAV)阴性健康易感儿童 91名作为接种对象 ,采用 0、6个月程序接种Healive甲肝灭活疫苗 2 5 0U/剂 ,观察免疫后的局部和全身不良反应 ,并于全程免疫后 1个月检测抗 HAV阳转率和抗体几何平均滴度 (GMT)。结果显示 :91名观察对象在接种第 1针和第 2针后均未见严重不良反应 ,仅在 8～ 72h出现轻微的一过性局部和全身轻度发热反应。全程免疫后 1个月抗 HAV阳转率为 10 0 % ,抗体GMT为 14 4 0 7mIU/ml。表明Healive甲肝灭活疫苗在儿童中应用具有良好的安全性和免疫原性 ,采用 0、6个月免疫程序可获得高滴度抗体。     

孩尔来福甲型肝炎灭活疫苗不同免疫程序的评价

为评价孩尔来福 (Healive○R)甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )灭活疫苗不同免疫程序的免疫原性 ,在山区农村的 5个村 ,对 16 7名 5～ 11岁甲肝易感儿童 ,分 5组以 0、1,0、3,0、6 ,0、12个月程序接种Healive○R甲肝灭活疫苗 (2 5 0U/剂 ) ,对照组以0、6个月程序接种HavrixTM72 0EIU甲肝灭活疫苗。结果显示 :Healive○R甲肝灭活疫苗初次免疫 (初免 )后 2周、4周抗甲肝病毒抗体 (抗 HAV)阳转率分别为 97 0 %和 95 5 % ,几何平均滴度 (GMT)分别为 35 5mIU/ml和 2 5 1mIU/ml;初免后 3、6、12个月的抗 HAV阳转率均为 10 0 0 % ;GMT则分别为 4 17mIU/ml、391mIU/ml和 36 1mIU/ml。各程序组全程免疫后 1个月抗 HAV阳转率均为 10 0 0 % ;GMT则分别为 14 893mIU/ml(0、12个月 ) >5 96 3mIU/ml(0、6个月 ) >32 6 5mIU/ml(0、3个月 ) >1973mIU/ml(0、1个月 ) ,差异有非常显著的统计学意义。HavrixTM 甲肝灭活疫苗初免后 4周、6个月和全程免疫后 1个月 ,抗 HAV阳转率分别为 71 0 %、71 0 %和 10 0 0 % ,GMT为 15 8mIU/ml、15 2mIU/ml和 110 4mIU/ml。免疫 1剂Healive○R甲肝灭活疫苗GMT可达有效保护水平的 12倍以上。 0、1个月程序可用于特殊人群的加速免疫 ,0、3,0、6 ,0、12个月程序可根据不同人群的需求而灵活应用 ,以 0、1     

孩尔来福甲型肝炎灭活疫苗用于加强免疫的研究

为了观察孩尔来福 (Healive○R)甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )灭活疫苗用于加强免疫的效果 ,对 1～ 10岁 1年内曾接种过甲肝减毒活疫苗而血清学检测 [酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA) ]抗甲肝病毒抗体 (抗 HAV)阴性的 70名农村儿童 ,加强免疫 1剂Healive○R甲肝灭活疫苗 ,并于加强接种后 1个月采血检测 (ELISA)甲肝抗 HAV。结果显示 :所有加强免疫的儿童抗 HAV阳转率为 10 0 0 % ,几何平均滴度 (GMT)为 30 13mIU/ml;并且与接种甲肝减毒活疫苗的时间间隔不同抗 HAVGMT也不同 ,间隔时间长者高于间隔时间短者 ,与不同免疫程序接种 2剂Healive○R甲肝灭活疫苗的免疫效果规律一致 ,但显著低于 2剂Healive○R的抗 HAVGMT。Healive○R甲肝灭活疫苗对有甲肝减毒活疫苗接种史的儿童进行加强免疫 ,可使其产生较高的抗 HAVGMT。     

孩尔来福甲型肝炎灭活疫苗0,12个月免疫程序研究

目的　对孩尔来福 (HealiveR○)甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )灭活疫苗的安全性、免疫原性及适宜儿童的剂量进行研究。方法　在某山区两个农村筛选 4～ 10岁甲肝病毒抗体 (抗 HAV)阴性的 85名易感儿童。以自然村随机分为两组 ,按 0 ,12个月免疫程序分别接种北京科兴生物制品有限公司生产的每剂 2 50U 0 .5ml和 50 0U 1ml甲肝灭活疫苗 ,观察免疫后局部反应和全身反应 ,检测初次免疫 (初免 )后 2 1天、12个月及全程免疫后 1个月抗 HAV阳转率和抗体几何平均滴度 (GMT )。结果　两组均未见严重局部反应和全身反应 ;2 50U 0 .5ml组和 50 0U 1ml组初免后 2 1天 ,抗 HAV阳转率分别为94.4%和 10 0 .0 % ,GMT分别为 195mIU ml和 3 70mIU ml ;初免后 12个月抗 HAV全部阳转 ,GMT分别达 3 61mIU ml和 456mIU ml(P >0 .0 5) ;全程免疫后 1个月 ,GMT分别达 14 893mIU ml和2 1696mIU ml。结论　孩尔来福甲肝灭活疫苗的安全性和免疫原性好 ;每剂 2 50U 0 .5ml适宜儿童 ;0 ,12个月免疫程序更适宜中国儿童     

孩尔来福甲型肝炎灭活疫苗接种乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原阳性儿童的研究

为进一步观察孩尔来福 (Healive)甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )灭活疫苗在乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)阳性儿童中接种的安全性和免疫原性 ,于 2 0 0 1年在平山县农村 ,将 4 2例HBsAg阳性儿童随机分为 4组 ,分别按照 0、1,0、3,0、6 ,0、12个月程序接种Healive甲肝灭活疫苗 ,观察初免和全程免疫后的局部和全身反应 ,检测初免及全程免疫后 1个月血清抗甲肝病毒抗体 (抗 HAV)阳转率和滴度。结果显示 :初免和全程免疫后 72h内均未见局部和全身反应 ,亦无丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)异常 ;4个组初免后 1个月 ,抗 HAV阳转率均达 10 0 0 % ,抗体几何平均滴度 (GMT)为173mIU/ml～ 318mIU/ml,其差异无显著的统计学意义 (t=1 2 0 4 ,P >0 0 5 )。全程免疫后 1个月 ,0、12 ,0、6 ,0、3,0、1个月免疫程序组GMT分别为 192 99mIU/ml、4 30 1mIU/ml、2 74 9mIU/ml、172 5mIU/ml,与同龄健康易感儿童按相同免疫程序的免疫效果规律一致。全程免疫后 1个月 ,HBsAg阳性儿童和健康儿童抗 HAVGMT的差异无显著的统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 )。表明HBsAg对Healive甲肝灭活疫苗的免疫应答无干扰 ;HBsAg阳性儿童接种Healive甲肝灭活疫苗是安全和有效的。     

孩尔来福甲型肝炎灭活疫苗小剂量免疫效果研究

为制定孩尔来福 (Healive)甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )灭活疫苗在儿童中免疫的最佳剂量和最佳程序 ,在河北省某山区农村筛选 5～ 15岁的甲肝易感儿童 2 0 6人 ,随机分为 6组 ,分别接种 5 0 0U/剂和 2 5 0U/剂 ( 0、1个月 ,0、3个月和 0、6个月程序 )甲肝灭活疫苗 ,观察初免和加强免疫后局部和全身反应 ;检测免疫后 2周、3周、4周及 3、4、6、7个月的甲肝抗体 (抗 HAV)阳转率和抗体水平。结果显示 :Healive甲肝灭活疫苗副反应呈轻微的一过性局部和全身反应 ;5 0 0U/剂和 2 5 0U/剂初免后 2周 ,抗 HAV阳转率分别为 97 4%和 97 0 %,抗体几何平均滴度 (GMT)分别为371mlU/ml和 35 5mlU/ml;全程免疫后各剂量 /程序组抗 HAV阳转率均为 10 0 0 %,2 5 0U/剂 0、1个月 ,0、3个月和0、6个月程序组抗 HAV滴度分别为 1973mlU/ml、3 2 6 5mlU/ml和 5 96 3mlU/ml,以 0、6个月程序组最高 ,差异有显著的统计学意义。表明Healive甲肝灭活疫苗安全、高效 ;0、1个月程序可对特殊人群进行免疫预防 ;2 5 0U/剂 0、6个月程序是儿童的适宜剂量和免疫程序。     

国产甲型肝炎灭活疫苗在低龄儿童中应用的安全性和免疫原性研究

目的 探讨国产甲型肝炎灭活疫苗在低龄儿童（1－4岁）中应用的安全性和免疫原性。方法 选1－4岁易感健康儿童63名，随机分为两组，按0，3和0，6程序接种国产甲肝灭活疫苗500U／剂，观察免疫后的局部和全身反应，并检测初免后及全程免疫后的抗－HAV阳转率和抗体GMT。结果 初免和加强免疫后有轻微的过性局部和全身反应，未见肝功异常。初免后1、3、6个月抗体阳转率分别为85.7%、88.5%和83.8%；抗体GMT玢别为182mU/ml、225mU/ml和252mU/ml；0，3和0，6程序全程免疫后1个月抗体阳转率均为100％；抗体GMT分别为2718mU/ml和4683mU/ml。结论 国产甲肝灭活疫苗在低龄儿童中应用具有良好的安全性和免疫原性；接种两剂可获高滴度甲肝抗体；0，6程序优于0，3程序。     

在成人中接种孩尔来福甲型肝炎灭活疫苗的临床反应观察

为了解成人接种孩尔来福 (Healive○R)甲型肝炎(甲肝 )灭活疫苗的临床反应 ,在京某宾馆选择 18～35岁经临床检查健康的餐饮服务人员 110名 ,按 0、6个月免疫程序 ,于上臂三角肌肌内注射成人剂型甲肝灭活疫苗 1 0ml,含灭活甲肝病毒抗原 5 0 0U ,观察 30min内即时反应 ,8、2 4、4 8、72h局部反应和全身反应。结果显示 ,初次接种Healive○R 甲肝灭活疫苗30min内有 1人出现晕针 ,属非特异性反应。 8、2 4h出现局部弱反应 (红肿直径 1 0cm ) 1人 ,发生率0 91% ;全身弱反应 (体温均为 37 2℃ ) 2人 ,发生率1 82 % ;全身中反应 (体温 37 9℃ ) 1…     

国产甲乙型肝炎联合疫苗的安全性和免疫原性初步研究

目的评价国产甲、乙肝联合疫苗的安全性和免疫原性。方法对278名健康儿童和312名健康成人接种国产甲、乙肝联合疫苗，并与单价甲肝灭活疫苗和乙肝灭活疫苗进行对照，观察其免疫后的副反应和检测抗体阳转率。结果接种国产甲、乙肝联合疫苗成人和儿童中均未观察到严重全身反应和局部反应。首针免疫后7个月，儿童组甲肝抗体和乙肝抗体阳转率分别达到100％和96．88％，GMT达到29144mIU／ml和102mlU／ml；成人组甲肝抗体和乙肝抗体阳转率也达到100％和98．84％，GMT达到21891mIU／ml和112mlU／ml。儿童和成人接种甲乙肝联合疫苗后，甲肝和乙肝抗体阳转率和GMT均高于单价疫苗。结论国产甲、乙型肝炎联合疫苗是安全的，并可诱导较高的甲肝抗体和乙肝抗体应答。     

甲肝灭活疫苗孩尔来福免疫接种安全性、免疫效果观察

目的为评价孩尔来福（Healive）甲型肝炎灭活疫苗在中国石油天然气管道局儿童和成人中应用的安全性和免疫效果。方法在该局儿童和成人中，随机选择年龄3-5岁、7-9岁、13-15岁及20-45岁4组人群共273人，进行甲肝灭活疫苗预防接种，儿童剂型0．5ml／支，含灭活甲肝病毒抗原250U（0、6月程序），成人剂型1．0ml／支，含灭活甲肝病毒抗原500U（0、6月程序）。观察初免和全程免疫后的即时反应、局部反应和全身反应，检测血清抗体阳性率，结合近年甲肝疫情和人群抗体水平分析，评价接种甲肝疫苗等综合防治措施的效果。结果显示甲肝灭活疫苗无严重的局部和全身反应，局部反应发生率0．73％，为一过性，无全身副反应发生，全程免疫后抗体阳性率达到100％。结论Healive甲肝灭活疫苗具有良好的安全性和保护率。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.