甲乙酮-水-醋酸体系等压汽液平衡研究

用改进Rose釜测定了甲乙酮-醋酸、甲乙酮-水-醋酸体系在101.33kPa下的汽液平衡数据,其中二元体系汽液平衡数据均通过了热力学一致性检验.考虑醋酸的缔合效应,利用化学理论模型和Hayden-O'Connell(HOC)模型计算各组分的汽相逸度系数,校正汽相的非理想性,液相的非理想性全部归结到液相活度系数中予以校正.用NRTL、UNIQUAC模型对甲乙酮-醋酸的汽液平衡数据进行关联,并得到相应的模型参数、温度偏差和汽相组成偏差.用2组甲乙酮-水体系模型参数、5组水-醋酸体系模型参数结合本研究关联得到的甲乙酮-醋酸体系模型参数对甲乙酮-水-醋酸体系的汽液平衡数据进行了预测,通过比较预测偏差的大小筛选出了最优模型参数组合,用最优模型参数组合进行预测的结果为:温度的平均绝对偏差为0.51℃,甲乙酮、水、醋酸的汽相组成平均绝对偏差分别为0.0047、0.0065、0.0067.预测精度较好,说明采用的模型参数是可靠的,能够为精馏的设计和模拟计算提供基础热力学数据.     

水-醋酸-N-甲基吡咯烷酮体系等压汽液平衡研究

用改进的Rose釜测定了醋酸-N-甲基吡咯烷酮、水-醋酸-N-甲基吡咯烷酮在101.33 kPa下的等压汽液平衡数据。醋酸-N-甲基吡咯烷酮体系的汽液平衡数据通过了热力学一致性检验。用NRTL、W ilson和UNIQUAC模型对醋酸-N-甲基吡咯烷酮体系的汽液平衡数据进行了关联,得到了相应的模型参数。用6组文献报道的水-醋酸体系的NRTL模型参数、4组水-N-甲基吡咯烷酮体系的模型参数及关联得到的醋酸-N-甲基吡咯烷酮体系的模型参数对三元体系的汽液平衡数据进行了预测,筛选出9组较佳的模型参数,获得了较优的预测结果。     

醋酸-甲酸-水三元体系汽液相平衡的研究

一、前言关于醋酸-甲酸-水三元体系汽液相平衡数据的报导未见有醋酸高浓区数据笔者曾报导过这三元系的数据,为了改进分析方法和考核两种模型对数据的处理,笔者对此三元系汽液相平衡数据着重高浓区重新进行了测定。     

水-醋酸-醋酸正丁酯三元体系液液平衡研究

文章用液液平衡装置在常压下，测定了水．醋酸-醋酸正丁酯三元体系40℃的液液相平衡数据。运用Othmer-Tobias方法对系线组成进行关联。由实验数据回归确定了NRTL、UNIQUAC以及修正的UNIFAC活度系数模型参数，并运用这些模型对体系相平衡进行了预测。将实验数据与关联结果比较，结果表明，三种方程均能较好地对溶液组成进行预测，其中UNIQUAC方程的拟合精度最好。     

醋酸-甲酸-水体系汽液平衡数据的测定与关联

木工作测定了醋酸-水,甲酸-水,醋酸-甲酸三组二元体系和醋酸-甲酸-水三元体系在760毫米汞柱下的汽液相平衡数据。采用Tamir等提出的考虑汽相分子缔合效应及非理想性而给予校正的热力学模型以及Wilson方程进行热力学关联。     

醋酸甲酯-甲醇-水-醋酸四元反应体系汽液平衡

用改进的Rose Williams平衡釜测定了恒压(0.1013MPa)下醋酸甲酯-甲醇-水-醋酸四元反应体系汽液平衡数据。分别用Wilson、NRTL和UNIQUAC3个方程计算液相的活度系数。对含缔合组分的汽相用“化学理论”修正其非理想性,预测了该四元反应体系的反应相平衡数据,并与实测值比较,其拟合结果令人满意。     

水-醋酸-N-甲基乙酰胺体系的等压汽液平衡研究

用改进的Rose釜测定了101.33 kPa下醋酸-N-甲基乙酰胺、水-醋酸-N-甲基乙酰胺体系的汽液平衡数据,得到了N-甲基乙酰胺作为萃取剂时水与醋酸的平均相对挥发度.用NRTL、Wilson和UNIQUAC方程对醋酸-N-甲基乙酰胺体系的汽液平衡数据进行了关联,得到了相应的模型参数.用关联得到的醋酸-N-甲基乙酰胺体系的NRTL模型参数、三组水-醋酸体系的NRTL模型参数及二组水-N-甲基乙酰胺体系的NRTL模型参数推算了所测得水-醋酸-N-甲基乙酰胺体系的汽液平衡数据,水、醋酸及N-甲基乙酰胺汽相组成的平均偏差分别小于0.0176、0.0149、0.0064,温度的平均偏差小于1.91℃.     

甲酸-水-甲酸丁酯体系的等压汽液相平衡研究

用改进的Rose釜测定了101.33 kPa下甲酸-水、甲酸-甲酸丁酯、甲酸-水-甲酸丁酯(互溶区内)的等压汽液相平衡数据。考虑了甲酸在汽相中的缔合效应和非理想性,用Hayden-O’connell关联式修正了汽相的非理想性,用NRTL模型对甲酸-水和甲酸-甲酸丁酯体系的汽液平衡数据进行了关联,得到了相应的模型参数。利用得到的二元体系模型参数,结合部分三元体系汽液平衡数据,关联得到水-甲酸丁酯体系的模型参数。由关联得到的3对二元NRTL模型参数预测三元体系汽液平衡数据,温度平均偏差为1.20℃,甲酸的汽相平均偏差为0.0152,甲酸丁酯的汽相平均偏差为0.0184,实验值与预测值基本吻合。     

醚-醇-水体系等压汽液平衡数据的测定

用改进的Rose平衡釜测定了等压 (0 .10 13MPa)下五个二元体系 (乙醇 水、叔丁醇 水、乙醇 叔丁醇、乙基叔丁基醚 乙醇、叔丁醇 乙基叔丁基醚 )和一个四元体系 (水 乙醇 叔丁醇 乙基叔丁基醚 )的汽液相平衡数据。用UNIFAC基团贡献法预测了上述五个二元体系及一个四元体系的汽液相平衡 ,预测结果与实验数据吻合较好。     

缔合体系汽-液相平衡的研究(Ⅱ)——三元缔合体系汽-液相平衡的研究

本文提出了多元缔合体系汽-液相平衡的热力学模型,并用其计算了缔合体系水-甲酸-乙酸、水-乙酸-丙酸、水-甲酸-丙酸及甲酸-乙酸-丙酸在760mmHg下的实验液相活度系数。活度系数的计算值由Wilson方程或McCann方程给出。由相应二元体系的汽-液相平衡数据对三元体系的沸点及汽相组成进行了预测。结果表明,预测值能较好地同实验数据相吻合。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.