雷贝拉唑与奥美拉唑根除幽门螺杆菌的成本-效果分祈

目的：比较6种联合疗法根除幽门螺杆菌（HP）感染的疗效和成本。方法：将180例HP患者随机分为6组，RACF3组雷贝拉唑（R，10mg）＋阿莫西林（A，1．0）＋克拉霉素（C，0．5g）＋呋喃唑酮（F，0．2g，均2次／d，联用3d；RAC7组R（20mg）＋A（1．0g）＋C（0．5g），均2次／d，联用7d；RAC5组R（20mg）＋A（1．0g）＋C（0.5g），均2次／d，联用5d。另外3组用奥美拉唑（0，20mg）代替R。联合治疗结束后再分别予以雷贝拉唑（10mg，1次／d）或奥美拉唑（20mg，1次／d）维持2周。利用药物经济学中的成本-效果进行分析。结果：除OACF3组外，5组HP根除率，差异无显著性（P〈0．05），但治疗成本不一样。结论：RACF3组的成本-效果比最低，适合患者。     

胸科手术后舒芬太尼静脉镇痛的剂量探讨

目的探讨普胸外科术后舒芬太尼静脉镇痛的合理剂量和效果。方法120例普胸外科术后患者随机分为4组（每组30例），A组（芬太尼30μg／h＋PCA7．5μg/次，锁定时间15min），B组（舒芬太尼3μg／h＋PCA0．5μg／次，锁定时间10min），C组（舒芬太尼4μg／h＋PCA 0．5μg／次，锁定时间15min），D组（舒芬太尼5μg／h＋PCA0．5μg／次，锁定时间30min），记录术后4、8、16、24、48h的疼痛、镇静、情绪及睡眠质量评分，并记录有无恶心、呕吐、呼吸抑制、皮肤搔痒等不良反应，记录镇痛泵输注情况、实际及有效按压次数，计算单位时间用药量。结果4组间镇静、情绪、睡眠质量评分以及不良反应差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），D组疼痛评分显著低于其他3组（P〈0．05）；PCA泵按压次数最少，B、C、D组单位时间实际用药量大致相近。结论普胸外科术后舒芬太尼静脉镇痛的最佳剂量为5μg／h，且恒速输注比反复追加给药更容易为患者所接受。     

高支链氨基酸在胃肠道肿瘤术后患者肠外营养中的作用

目的探讨高支链氨基酸在胃肠道肿瘤术后患者肠外营养中的作用。方法选取2012年1—10月复旦大学附属华山医院外科接受手术治疗的胃肠道肿瘤患者60例,按单盲原则完全随机分成研究组和对照组,每组30例。均予以连续肠外营养1周。研究组应用高支链氨基酸制剂,对照组应用平衡氨基酸。比较2组氮平衡情况、血浆蛋白含量、术后疲劳评分和免疫功能。结果研究组先于对照组恢复正氮平衡,累积氮平衡也优于对照组。与术后第1天相比,研究组术后第7天总蛋白、转铁蛋白、前白蛋白上升幅度分别为（4．7±3．1）g/L、（0．34±0．25）g／L、（0．04±0．11）g／L,对照组分别为（4．1±2．3）g／L、（0．35±0．29）g/L、（0．04±0．09）g／L,组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。研究组白蛋白上升幅度为（4．0±1．7）g/L,大于对照组的（2．1±2．1）g／L,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。研究组术后第5、6、7天及累积疲劳评分分别为（7．3±1．5）、（6．1±1．3）、（5．0±1．6）、（53．0±6．7）分,低于对照组的（8．0±1．0）、（7．6±2．0）、（6．2±1．0）、（56．8±5．4）分,组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。与术后第1天相比,术后第7天研究组的CD;、CD;／cDf、IgG上升幅度分别为（9．5±3．4）％、（0．77±0．16）、（2．7±0．6）g/L,CD;下降幅度为（-5．6±1．2）％,优于对照组的（6．7±1．4）％,（0．21±0．13）,（1．3±0．5）g/L和（0．6±0．3）％,组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而IgM变化幅度分别为（0．10±0．11）g/L和（0．09±0．09）g／L,组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论高支链氨基酸是一种胃肠道肿瘤术后患者肠外营养安全有效的氨基酸制剂。     

头孢噻肟钠致过敏样反应1例

患者，女，63岁．41kg。诊断高血压肾病（肾衰），实施血液透析术．即往无过敏史。患者因支气管感染，胸腔积液，透析后给予头孢噻肟钠（石药集团中诺药业有限公司生产，批号：031121-1），单剂量2．0g＋5％葡萄糖注射液100ml ivd．3min后，患者自感周身瘙痒、恶心、出现肢端麻木、眼睑上唇肿胀、胸闷、出虚汗。测BP95／50mmHg，HR70次．min^-1．     

无负荷量替罗非班在老年急性冠状动脉综合征患者介入术中的应用

目的研究老年急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术中应用无负荷量替罗非班的有效性及安全性。方法将180例老年ACS患者按入院顺序随机分为替罗非班非负荷量组、负荷量组和对照组,各60例。非负荷量组PCI术中（导丝通过病变后即刻）替罗非班以0．15μg／（kg·min）的剂量维持静脉滴注24h,负荷量组PCI术中替罗非班以10μg/kg于3min内推注完毕,后0．15μg/（kg·min）的剂量维持静脉滴注24h。对照组不使用替罗非班。比较3组术中、术后血小板聚集率的水平,PCI术后即刻罪犯血管（CV）的心肌梗死溶栓试验（TIMI）血流分级,术前与术后心肌酶[肌酸激酶（CK）,肌酸激酶同T酶（CK—MB）,乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）,心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）]变化,以及术后30d内的主要不良心血管事件（MACE）、术后出血的发生率。结果与对照组相比,替罗非班非负荷量组和负荷量组血小板聚集率明显下降,术后心肌酶水平明显降低,30d内的MACE事件发生率也降低[血小板聚集率：用药后12h对照组（58．5±1．5）％、非负荷量组（28．6±1．4）％、负荷量组（32．6±3．2）％,用药后24h对照组（57．9±2．3）％、非负荷量组（44．2±1．7）％、负荷量组（46．1±1．9）％;心肌酶CK—MB：对照组（16．6±3．5）U／L、非负荷量组（13．3±2．2）U／L、负荷量组（12．5±4．0）U／L;LDH：对照组（298±61）U／L、非负荷量组（245±52）U／L、负荷量组（257±48）U／L;cTnI：对照组（0．78±0．17）μg/L、非负荷量组（0．37±O．18）μg/L、负荷量组（0．28±0．23）μg/L;30d内的MACE事件发生率：3．3％（2／60）、1．7％（1／60）比13．3％（8／60）,均P〈0．05]。非负荷量组和负荷量组血小板聚集率、心肌酶水平、CV的TIMI血流分级、30d内的MACE事件、出血并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论老年ACS患者介入术中使用无负荷量替岁非班,能明显降低血小板聚集率,改善CV的TIMI血流,减少不良心脏事件。     

头孢吡肟注射液致不良反应1例

1 病例 患者某XX，男，20岁。因胸腔肿瘤术后给予头孢吡肟（商品名：博帅，海南斯达制药有限公司，批号：0712021）抗感染治疗。皮试呈（-）。用法：2．0g加入100mL生理盐水（9．0mg／mL）中静脉注射，注射后10min，患者出现心慌、胸闷、高烧，测量体温39．0℃，心电监护提示：窦性心律110／min。考虑是ADR所致，立即停药，静脉推注地塞米松5mg，肌肉注射盐酸异丙嗪25mg，2h后体温、心律逐渐恢复正常。     

舒芬太尼对老年患者全麻诱导期血流动力学影响的观察

目的：观察不同剂量舒芬太尼在全麻诱导气管插管时对老年患者血流动力学稳定性的影响。方法：66例老年患者,根据舒芬太尼剂量随机分为三组：Ⅰ组0．4μg／kg,Ⅱ组0．6μg／kg,Ⅲ组0．8μg／kg。记录诱导前（T1）、诱导后（T2）、插管后1min（T3）、插管后3min（T4）、插管后5min（T5）的MAP、HR、SPO2值。结果：Ⅰ、Ⅱ组T3 MAP、HR恢复至T1水平,Ⅲ组MAP、HR下降明显,需较长时间恢复。结论：0．4～0．6μg／kg舒芬太尼用于老年人全麻诱导气管插管是较佳选择。     

静脉麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的研究异丙酚和芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中（LC）的应用及其效果。方法择期LC手术患者100例随机分为静吸复合麻醉组（A组）50例和全凭静脉麻醉组（B组）50例。记录麻醉诱导前、气腹前和气腹后10min、气腹毕和术毕的心率（HR）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）和脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）及停止麻醉至拔管的时间、拔管时的清醒程度。结果A组气腹后10min HR（96．8±13．5）次·min^-1、SBP（142．5±14．3）mmHg、DBP（93．0±14．3）mmHg均高于麻醉诱导前（82．3±12．5）次·min^-1、（129．0±21．7）mmHg、（77．3±13．5）mmHg（P〈0．05—0．01）;B组气腹后10min HR（84．0±11．0）次／min、气腹毕（76．3±9．0）次／min低于A组（96．8±13．5）次／min、（84．1±11．0）次／min（P〉0．05）;B组患者术毕睁眼时间（6．5±1．5）min、拔管时间（11．5±1．4）min、术后恶心呕吐3例、术后8hVAS值（2．8±1．1）均低于A组（10．5±2．8）min、（25．2±9．5）min、12例、（5．4±2．1）（P〈0．05）。结论全凭静脉麻醉用于LC手术麻醉效果满意。     

不同剂量舒芬太尼对心脏瓣膜置换术患者应激反应的影响

目的探讨不同剂量舒芬太尼对心脏瓣膜置换术患者围术期应激反应的影响。方法30例心脏瓣膜置换术患者,随机分为三组即S1组（舒芬太尼总量3μg／kg）、S2组（舒芬太尼总量5μg／kg）和S组（舒芬太尼总量10μg／k）。分别于麻醉前（T0）、开胸后5min钟（T1）、阻断后30min（T2）、开主动脉后2h（T3）和术后24h（T4）各时间点测定动脉血中血糖、皮质醇的含量,并记录三组患者在ICU的停留时间和拔管时间。结果三组患者的血糖、血浆皮质醇在T,时无变化,在T2和T3各时间点均显著高于T0（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。转流后同一时间点三组患者各指标以S1组最高,S组最低,且S2组和S3组在T2和T3时间点血糖、血浆皮质醇均明显低于S1组（P〈0．05）,但S2组和S组比较差别无显著性,S3组患者ICU停留时间和术后拔管时间明显比S1组和S2组延长（P〈0．05）。结论舒芬太尼（3-10μg／kg）能完全抑制气管插管、CPB转流前手术操作所致的应激反应,但对CPB促发的应激反应不能完全抑制。其中,不同剂量比较发现,舒芬太尼在5μg／kg及10μg／kg时,对应激的平抑效果优于3μg/kg,达一定剂量后不随剂量增加而增加,反使患者拔管时间和术后ICU停留时间延长。因此,5μg/kg可认为是较为理想的剂量。     

心率对急性心肌梗死患者心功能的影响

目的观察急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者入院时心率水平与住院期间心功能的关系。方法回顾性分析2005-2007年栾川县人民医院的ST段抬高AMI患者136例,根据入院时心率水平分为〈80次／min组、80—100次／min组及〉100次／min组,分别记录左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左室收缩末期内径（LVESD）及左室射血分数（LVEF）。结果三组患者年龄、性别、吸烟史、高血压、糖尿病史、血脂异常差异均无统计数意义（P〉0．05）。心率〉100次／min组患者LVEDD为（52．8±7．4）mm明显高于80～100次/min组[（51．8±6．2）mm,P〈0．05]及〈800次／min组[（50．2±1-5．4）mm,P〈0．01];心率〉100次／min组患者LVESD（40．3±8．6）mm也明显高于80—100次／min组[（38．5±6．3）mm,P〈0．05]及〈80次/min组[（34．6±5．5）mm,P〈0．01];而心率〉100次／min组患者LVEF（44．2％±10．6％）明显低于80—100次／min组[（48．5％±11．2％）,P〈0．05]及〈800次/min组[（55．6％±10．3％）,P〈0．01],后两组之间差异也有统计数意义（P〈0．05）。结论随心率增快,AMI患者心功能明显降低,对AMI患者应密切关注和控制心率,改善预后。     

高效液相色谱法测定膦甲酸钠氯化钠注射液中膦甲酸钠的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定膦甲酸钠氯化钠注射液中膦甲酸钠含量的方法.方法采用阴离子交换柱(Waters IC Pak A柱,50 mm× 4.6 mm,5 μm);以0.05 mol·L-1邻苯二甲酸氢钾溶液(取邻苯二甲酸氢钾0.204 g,加水适量,振摇使溶解,加1mol·L-1硝酸溶液5 mL,加水稀释至2 000 mL,摇匀即得)为流动相;流速1.4 mL·min-1,检测波长290nm.结果本方法在0.98～4.90g·L-1浓度范围呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 4),进样重现性RSD为0.71%(n=5),平均回收率为98.93%.结论本法简便、快速、结果准确可靠,可用于膦甲酸钠氯化钠注射液中膦甲酸钠的含量测定.     

哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠致抽搐

1例26岁男性患者,4年前行肾移植术,近5个月接受血液透析,因肺部感染给予哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠4.5 g加入0.9%氯化钠注射液100 ml、1次/d静脉滴注。第2次用药后5 h,患者突发抽搐、意识丧失、双眼上翻、双腿抽动。先后给予地西泮10 mg肌内注射及7 mg静脉注射,上述症状消失。     

Inhaled sodium metabisulphite induced bronchoconstriction: inhibition by nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate.

1. The effects of nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate on bronchoconstriction induced by inhaled sodium metabisulphite have been studied in eight atopic subjects, three of whom had mild asthma. 2. Nedocromil sodium (4 mg, 7.8 X 10(-6) M), sodium cromoglycate (10 mg, 24.1 X 10(-6) M) and matched placebo were administered by identical metered dose inhalers 30 min before a dose-response to sodium metabisulphite (5-100 mg ml-1) was performed. 3. Maximum fall in sGaw after placebo pre-treatment was -43.9 +/- 3.3% baseline (mean +/- s.e. mean). At the same metabisulphite concentration maximum fall in sGaw after sodium cromoglycate was -13.0 +/- 3.6% and after nedocromil sodium was +4.3 +/- 6.8%. Nedocromil sodium prevented any significant fall in sGaw even after higher concentrations of metabisulphite. 4. Both nedocromil sodium, 4 mg, and sodium cromoglycate, 10 mg, inhibited sodium metabisulphite induced bronchoconstriction but nedocromil sodium was significantly more effective. Relative in vivo potency of the two drugs is broadly in line with other in vivo and in vitro studies.     

Fondaparinux sodium

black triangle Fondaparinux sodium, a selective factor Xa inhibitor, is the first in a new class of antithrombotics. It binds selectively with high affinity to antithrombin III and specifically catalyses the inactivation of factor Xa. The elimination half-life of fondaparinux sodium permits once daily treatment. black triangle A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, dose-ranging, multicentre phase IIb study in 933 eligible patients established that a subcutaneous dose of between 1.5 and 3mg of fondaparinux sodium has the optimum efficacy and safety profile for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery. black triangle Fondaparinux sodium, given to more than 3600 patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery who participated in prospective, randomised, double-blind, multicentre phase III clinical trials, significantly reduced the incidence of venous thromboembolism, with an overall risk reduction of 55.2% compared with enoxaparin. black triangle Fondaparinux sodium was well tolerated by patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery, and at the recommended clinical dose of 2.5mg has a similar tolerability profile, including bleeding events, to standard enoxaparin regimens. Fondaparinux sodium has not been reported to cause antibody-induced thrombocytopenia.     

Talaporfin sodium

Importance of the field: Despite therapeutic advances, cancer remains the cause of an estimated 23% of deaths in the USA. New treatments for malignancy are greatly needed.

Areas covered in this review: Talaporfin sodium is a light-activated drug that causes tissue death through induction of apoptosis. Systemic antitumor effects mediated by CD8⁺ T cells have been demonstrated in preclinical studies, providing a mechanism for distant response of tumors noted in clinical trials. Talaporfin sodium is approved in Japan for early-stage endobronchial cancer. Phase I and II studies in solid tumors have shown tumor regression in patients refractory to other therapies. Phase III pivotal studies against hepatocellular carcinoma as monotherapy and liver-metastatic colorectal cancer in combination with chemotherapy are ongoing. Talaporfin sodium is also in studies in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Substantial safety data from clinical trials so far indicate that the drug is well tolerated.

What the reader will gain: Talaporfin sodium has a broad safety profile and a mode of action that could affect growth in treated and untreated tumors.

Take home message: Clinical and preclinical studies indicate that talaporfin sodium treatment may offer a powerful option to synergize current therapies, as well as an alternative monotherapy in treating cancer.     

头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦钠致血小板减少

1名83岁男性患者因胆道系统感染,静脉给予注射用头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦钠2.0g,1次/白天;1.0g,1次/晚上。用药6d内血小板进行性下降,由164×109/L下降到68×109/L。停用头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦钠,改用左氧氟沙星治疗。1周后患者PLT恢复正常。     

哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠致白细胞减少

1例46岁女性患者,因术后颅内感染静脉滴注哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠4.5 g,1次/8 h。用药第13、15天外周血白细胞计数从用药前的10.61×109/L分别降至1.79×109/L和1.00×109/L。立即换用其他抗菌药物,同时给予重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rhGM-CSF)150μg皮下注射,1次/d。改变治疗后4 d,血白细胞计数升至6.95×109/L。改变治疗后6 d脑脊液白细胞数由首次用药后15 d的8×106/L升至56×106/L,再次给予哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠4.5 g静脉滴注,1次/8 h,rhGM-CSF剂量未变。用药6 d颅内感染治愈,遂停用抗菌药物。治疗第2、5天白细胞计数分别为2.67×109/L和1.65×109/L。第8天停用rhGM-CSF后为5.75×109/L,第15天为4.56×109/L。     

Danaparoid sodium

Danaparoid sodium (Orgaran, Organon) is a heparinoid glycosamino-glycuronan antithrombotic agent approved for the prophylaxis of post-operative deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients undergoing elective hip replacement surgery. Danaparoid is a low molecular weight heparinoid consisting of a mixture of heparan sulphate (84%), dermatan sulphate (12%) and small amounts of chondroitin sulphate (4%), whose antithrombotic activity has been well established. Its pharmacological effect is exerted primarily by inhibiting Factors Xa (FXa) and IIa (FIIa) at a ratio greater than heparin, with a minimal effect on platelet function. Danaparoid exhibits low cross-reactivity with heparin-induced antibodies when compared with heparin or low molecular weight heparins (LMWH), thereby making it an excellent choice for the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). It has excellent bioavailability following s.c. injection. Danaparoid has little effect on routine coagulation tests (activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT], prothrombin time [PT], and thrombin time [TT]). Patients with elevated serum creatinine should be monitored carefully. For its FDA approved indication (DVT prophylaxis during hip replacement surgery), its cost per day is approximately eight times more than LMWH. Even though monitoring is not routinely necessary according to the manufacturer for its approved indication, monitoring is frequently necessary when it is used in other clinical scenarios. Its higher cost than comparable therapies for DVT prophylaxis and the low availability of the FXa assay in most non-tertiary care hospitals has limited the widespread use of danaparoid. Danaparoid has been found to be effective in the treatment of HIT although this is an off label use, despite being the most frequent reason why danaparoid is used.     

Diclofenac sodium

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of diclofenac sodium are reviewed. Diclofenac, the first nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) to be approved that is a phenylacetic acid derivative, competes with arachidonic acid for binding to cyclo-oxygenase, resulting in decreased formation of prostaglandins. The drug has both analgesic and antipyretic activities. Diclofenac is efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; peak plasma concentrations occur 1.5 to 2.0 hours after ingestion in fasting subjects. Even though diclofenac has a relatively short elimination half-life in plasma (1.5 hours), it persists in synovial fluid. The drug is metabolized in the liver and is eliminated by urinary and biliary excretion. In clinical trials, diclofenac was as effective as aspirin, diflunisal, indomethacin, sulindac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen in improving function and reducing pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. For treatment of osteoarthritis, diclofenac was equivalent in efficacy to aspirin, diflunisal, indomethacin, sulindac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, flurbiprofen, mefenamic acid, and piroxicam. Diclofenac was as effective as indomethacin or sulindac in treating ankylosing spondylitis. The most frequent adverse effects reported for diclofenac were gastrointestinal, but these effects were fewer and less serious than occurred with aspirin or indomethacin; in addition, diclofenac caused fewer central nervous system reactions than indomethacin. Diclofenac is administered in divided doses with meals. The recommended total daily dosage is 100 to 150 mg (osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis) or 150 to 200 mg (rheumatoid arthritis). Diclofenac is effective, but no more so than other NSAIDs. It is structurally distinct and offers another choice in the treatment of rheumatological conditions.