西北民居冬季睡眠被褥微气候研究

对西北地区22个城市下民居建筑的睡眠被褥温度和室内温度进行现场测试,同时以问卷方式对床褥系统、居民对睡眠热环境的评价等参数进行了调查。对测试和调查结果分析可知,居民冬季睡眠期间被褥舒适温度比热中性温度高约1.5℃,可见,人体更喜欢偏暖的被褥微气候;在对被褥有取暖、无取暖2种情况下,被褥舒适温度分别处于27.0~32.0℃、26.5~31.5℃之间。通过分析被褥温度、室内温度和床褥系统热阻三者之间关系,得到了满足被褥微气候热舒适要求的室温最低保障条件:被褥有取暖时室温可低至7.0℃,明显低于无取暖情况下的13.0℃。     

空调开启后的人体生理热反应研究

在人工气候室,对室温由29℃分别降至23,25,27℃的3种空调运行环境中室内环境温度和人体6个部位皮肤温度进行了连续测量和主观问卷调查,采用灰色关联度分析方法,研究了空调环境下人体局部皮肤温度、局部热感觉和整体热感觉的变化特性及三者之间的相互关系。结果显示:人体皮肤温度和热感觉呈动态变化,其降低幅度和达到稳定的时间随环境控制温度的降低而增大和延长;控制温度分别为23℃和25℃时局部皮肤温度与局部热感觉显著线性相关,29→27℃工况下线性相关度降低;足背和小腿是空调环境中影响人体整体热感觉的2个关键部位,其影响的重要度随空调环境降温速率的增大而增大。     

重庆商场地下停车库空气品质研究

为了解重庆主城区商场地下停车库空气品质现状,对重庆主城区商场地下停车库内苯,甲醛,一氧化碳(CO),二氧化碳(CO_2)的浓度和温湿度等六个参数的进行现场测试。测试结果表明,在没有机械通风的条件下,车库中苯,甲醛,CO和CO_2的浓度均未超过相关标准浓度限值。其中苯和甲醛的最高浓度分别为1.911 mg/m3和0.143 mg/m3,CO和CO_2的最高浓度则分别为19.03 ppm和1774 ppm,车库内的温湿度较高,热湿环境较差。从污染物的浓度限值来看,可以完全利用自然通风来降低车库内各污染物的浓度,使其达标。但从工作环境的热舒适性来看,只利用自然通风不能使工作人员感到舒适,仍然需要机械通风。     

广州典型生活性街谷的热环境实测研究

本文选取广州典型生活性街谷在夏季典型日开展测试,分析街谷热环境的变化规律及影响因素。结果显示,在日间(6:00~18:00),东西向街谷平均值为:空气温度31.0℃,相对湿度74%,风速1.26 m/s,MRT32.7℃,SET*34.1℃,南北向街谷平均值为:空气温度31.1℃,相对湿度73%,风速1.48 m/s,MRT34.4℃,SET*34.0℃,南北与东西向街谷的空气温湿度、SET*相近,而风速和MRT存在差异。街谷气温的逐时变化呈现衰减和延迟特征。SVF是影响街谷内热环境分布的重要因素,SVF每增加0.1,MRT、空气温度和SET*分别升高2.1℃、0.2℃和0.6℃。大高宽比、乔木绿化和良好通风是改善广州生活性街谷热环境的有效途径。街谷热环境受当地气候条件和所在地理纬度等因素影响,不同气候地区的研究结果不能简单类推。     

吐鲁番农村住宅冬季室内热舒适调查研究

对吐鲁番57户农村住宅中108名居民的热感觉、热舒适等进行了主观问卷调查,测试了温度、相对湿度等室内外环境参数,运用统计学分析方法对测试与调查结果进行了回归分析。结果表明,吐鲁番农村住宅冬季实测的热中性温度为19.3℃,预测热中性温度为21.2℃;通过两种计算方法获得的热期望温度分别为19.7℃和19.6℃;80%居民可接受的温度范围为15.2~27.4℃。由于受干热干冷的地域气候影响,冬季可接受的最低温度范围明显高于其他地区的农村住宅。     

中国北方典型地区农村清洁取暖调研分析及思考

笔者深入北方典型农村地区开展大规模实地调研与测试工作,了解当前散煤取暖污染现状及清洁取暖存在问题。实地测试结果显示,受居民使用习惯以及燃烧条件的影响,燃煤炉具污染物排放因子远高于工业锅炉、电厂等燃煤利用方式。散煤取暖导致的室内污染同样不能忽视,使用烤火炉与水暖炉家庭的室内平均CO浓度分别为8.05、7.41 mg/m~3;平均PM_(2.5)浓度分别为291、264μg/m~3,是WHO提出的日均浓度指导值25μg/m~3的10倍以上。调研结果显示,目前农村居民取暖以散煤燃烧为主,居民清洁取暖改造意愿主要受家庭年收入和清洁取暖实际运行费用的影响。家庭年收入从小于1万元/年升高到大于5万元/年,愿意使用清洁取暖的用户比例从33%增加到52%。86%的受访者表示有政府补贴才愿意使用清洁能源取暖。现阶段清洁取暖推广工作需因地制宜,循序渐进,同时配合建筑节能改造,达到事半功倍的效果。     

甘肃乡域中小学教室冬季室内热环境研究

选取5所典型中小学学校的12间教室为对象,对其冬季室内热环境参数进行了测试,同时对366名学生的热感觉情况进行了问卷调查。结果显示:预测和实测中性温度分别为15.1℃和14.7℃,期望温度约为15.6℃;90%的学生认为11.9~17.1℃为舒适温度范围,温度取值比规范规定值低,表明在当地寒冷的气候条件、衣着习惯、心理期望等因素作用下,青少年学生形成了对偏冷环境的适应性。利用适应性PMV模型(aPMV)可对青少年学生的平均热感觉进行较为准确的预测。     

青海乡域中小学教室内学生冬季的热舒适性

对青海乡域4所典型中小学校10间教室冬季室内温湿度、风速、黑球温度等热环境参数进行现场测试,同时对420余名青少年学生的衣着情况、热感觉评价等进行了主观问卷调查。对测试和调查结果进行统计分析,得到实测和预测热中性温度分别为13.8和14.5℃,热期望温度为16.2℃,90%的学生感到满意的舒适温度范围为15.8~18.7℃。在当地寒冷的气候条件、学生衣着习惯、心理期望及生理特性等因素影响下,中小学生形成了对偏冷环境的适应性,提出可利用适应性PMV模型(aPMV)对中小学生平均热感觉进行准确预测。可为乡域中小学教室冬季热环境设计提供依据。     

微孔金属辐射顶板空调冬季热舒适性实验研究

为了考察安装有微孔金属辐射顶板空调房间内冬季人体的热舒适性指标,搭建了微孔金属辐射顶板空调实验系统,并设置热水供水温度分别为30℃、35℃、40℃三种不同的实验工况,对PMV-PPD指标值及空调系统运行参数进行了现场测试。分析数据得出冬季室内温度较为稳定,但相对湿度低,气流速度小,对比三种不同实验工况下人体在不同活动强度及不同着装量时室内的热舒适性,发现新型辐射空调在供水温度为40℃时运行人体各类活动的热舒适性较好,且适用范围广,供水温度为30℃的工况适用在室外温度为10℃等环境较好时刻,综合考虑该系统在热水温度为35℃运行最具经济性。     

常温热管散热器试验研究与分析

本文采用实验方法对一台新型热管散热器进行了变工况性能测试研究。人工环境实验室的空气处理机组模拟环境温度(即冷侧进风温度),用电加热装置调节散热器热侧(热管蒸发段)空气进口温度。冷侧进风温度在5℃～41℃范围调节,热侧进风温度在20℃～55℃范围调节,得出散热功率与冷热侧进风温差有关而与进出风温度范围无关;对充液率分别为35%和25%热管散热器进行变工况实验研究,得出了热管散热器充液率25%时性能优于充液率35%时性能等结论。     

浅析高速公路工程招投标中的最低评标价法

结合目前高速公路施工项目招投标活动的实际情况,阐述了最低评标价法的概念,归纳了其优点及存在问题,对完善最低评标价法提出几点策略,以期促进招标投标市场更加规范有序。     

Place-Making in Megaprojects in Melbourne

This article analyses state-led place-making practices in Melbourne. The two levels of government that influence planning in Melbourne make much of the city as ‘culturally vibrant’ and ‘creative’, and have incorporated creative city-inspired place-making principles into many layers of the planning system. An examination of the development of two mixed-use megaprojects in central Melbourne reveals however that ideals of culturally engaging public places, and indeed of creative landscapes for middle-class consumption, wither in the face of more basic imperatives for economic development. In these case studies the ‘creative city’, no matter how the idea is interpreted, has little traction either as a set of inclusive place-making principles or as a gentrification strategy. The article concludes that the creative city-inspired place-making objectives in the planning system at both state and local levels are ambiguous in their overall intents and completely unsupported by statutory controls. Such place-making objectives as are realised are the compromised results of the interplay of uncoordinated decisions, delivered at the pleasure of the developer.     

Pathogens in septage in Vietnam

Septage is widely acknowledged as a major source of infectious pathogens while disposal of septage, and the operation and maintenance of septic tanks, is not regulated in many developing countries. Twenty untreated septage and septage sludge samples were taken from Can Tho City, Vietnam to examine their pathogen content, and indicator micro-organisms. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were detected in all samples, regardless of sludge storage time. Phages were detected in 80% of samples. Salmonella spp. were detected in 70% of the untreated septage and 60% of septage sludge samples. Concentrations of phages and bacteria tested in septage sludge after many years of tank storage were much higher than the expected levels. Helminth ova were present in 95% of untreated septage samples with an average of 450 ova l^− 1, and were detected in all septage sludge samples with an average of 16,000 ova l^− 1. Twelve varieties of helminth ova were identified. More helminth ova varieties in higher concentrations were found in septage than those reported from stool samples. The varieties' frequency ranged from 10% to 50% and Ascaris lumbricoides predominated. Results show that pathogens and indicator micro-organisms, especially helminth ova, accumulate in sludge. Thus helminth ova should be considered when septage sludge is treated and used for agriculture. Proper health protection measures must be applied for people handling septage.     

新时期广东城市化的新特点

新时期广东城市化出现以下特点:知识源导向、城市由单体向群体化发展、产业集群推动、政府主导自上而下的集约化发展、城镇化向城市化转变、由重“数量”发展向重“质量”发展的转变。     

谈城市历史保护规划的误区

由于缺乏起码的历史文化知识,忽视历史文化遗产的保护,错误的决策导致了建设性的破坏,要加强城市保护的教育,培养合格人才。     

浅谈我国工程项目建设成本控制存在的问题

结合目前我国施工企业工程项目成本管理现状,对工程项目成本管理过程中存在的问题进行了较详细的分析,并提出了一些解决问题的办法,以做好项目成本控制工作,进而增强企业经济实力。     

浅谈建筑施工临时用电安全

针对由于建筑施工临时用电安全管理的不完善和不规范操作而导致大量工伤事故频频发生的问题,为消除用电安全隐患,对建筑施工临时用电安全管理进行了归纳和分析,并提出了整改意见,以确保现场人员及电气设备的安全运行。     

Perchlorate exposure in lactating women in an urban community in New Jersey

Perchlorate is most widely known as a solid oxidant for missile and rocket propulsion systems although it is also present as a trace contaminant in some fertilizers. It has been detected in drinking water, fruits, and vegetables throughout New Jersey and most of the United States. At sufficiently high doses, perchlorate interferes with the uptake of iodine into the thyroid and may interfere with the development of the skeletal system and the central nervous system of infants. Therefore, it is important to quantify perchlorate in breast milk to understand potential perchlorate exposure in infants. In this study we measured perchlorate in breast milk, urine, and drinking water collected from 106 lactating mothers from Central New Jersey. Each subject was asked to provide three sets of samples over a 3-month period. The average ± SD perchlorate level in drinking water, breast milk, and urine was 0.168 ± 0.132 ng/mL (n = 253), 6.80 ± 8.76 ng/mL (n = 276), and 3.19 ± 3.64 ng/mL (3.51 ± 6.79 μg/g creatinine) (n = 273), respectively. Urinary perchlorate levels were lower than reference range values for women of reproductive age (5.16 ± 11.33 μg/g creatinine, p = 0.03), likely because of perchlorate secretion in breast milk. Drinking water perchlorate levels were ≤ 1.05 ng/mL and were not positively correlated with either breast milk or urine perchlorate levels. These findings together suggest that drinking water was not the most important perchlorate exposure source for these women. Creatinine-adjusted urine perchlorate levels were strongly correlated with breast milk perchlorate levels (r = 0.626, p = < 0.0005). Breast milk perchlorate levels in this study are consistent with widespread perchlorate exposure in lactating women and thus infants. This suggests that breast milk may be a source of exposure to perchlorate in infants.     

安康市工程施工企业未来几年人才需求调查

为了不断提高工程类专业的办学质量,对安康市区主要施工企业或项目经理部未来几年人才需求状况进行了调查,同时提出相关建议,以期培养更多的该类专业人才,满足施工企业需求。