涂层寿命预测的智能传感研究进展

综述了光纤传感技术在智能材料损伤定位评估中的应用,介绍了传感器在数据融合、结构损伤检测和识别技术等方面的最新研究进展,重点阐述了埋入式光纤传感器的工作原理和匹配机制,展望了基于多学科交叉的在线监测智能传感技术在表面涂层寿命预测中的应用前景.     

空间飞行器用薄膜温度/应变传感技术研究

随着功能薄膜制备方法及微细加工技术的日益成熟，基于各类薄膜敏感元件的薄膜传感技术蓬勃发展。薄膜传感器件尺寸小、集成度高、灵敏度高，在深空探测、空间飞行器结构健康监测、载人航天等领域展现出广阔的应用前景。针对空间飞行器的各类传感需求，对低温/高温温度传感、热流传感、高温应变传感、柔性大应变传感、柔性智能蒙皮等应用中薄膜传感材料和器件的关键技术及国内外研究现状进行了综述，并对薄膜传感技术的未来发展进行了展望。     

柔性纳米复合材料压阻式应变传感器的研究进展

柔性纳米复合材料,由于其优异的传感性能、良好的延展性,在压阻式应变传感器方面,受到研究者们不断的关注,主要应用于智能可穿戴,结构健康监测等领域.本文主要从结构设计、制备方法、应用前景三方面,综述了近年来国内外对复合材料压阻式应变传感器在材料选取及结构设计下传感器性能的研究成果及研究进展.首先分析了压阻式传感器的性能参数...     

PVDF薄膜压电传感特性及其在工程结构监测应用研究进展

PVDF压电薄膜因其体积小、质量轻、稳定性高、传感灵敏度高、制作成本低等优点而被广泛应用于工程结构监测体系中。总结了PVDF压电薄膜基本特点、工作原理及静/动态传感特性,并指出其用作应变传感器在工程结构或构件局部监测中具有的优势;分析了以PVDF压电薄膜作为传感元件在工程实际监测中应用实例,最后对其在结构监测方面应用前景做了相关展望。     

PVDF压电薄膜的应变传感特性研究

PVDF压电薄膜是一种重要的智能材料。本文理论分析了智能材料——PVDF压电薄膜的应变传感机理；研究了PVDF应变传感器的制作与布设工艺；试验研究了PVDF传感元件在准静态和动态响应下的传感特性．得到了PVDF传感元件的电压灵敏度，并分析了PVDF压电薄膜的尺寸对灵敏度的影响。研究结果表明：PVDF传感器具有灵敏度高、线性度好、制作与布置工艺简单、面监测等优点．适用于土木工程结构的健康监测。     

静电纺P(VDF-TrFE)纳米纤维在柔性压电传感与能量收集领域的研究进展

压电聚合物聚偏氟乙烯-三氟乙烯(P(VDF-TrFE))作为聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)典型的共聚物,具有优异的压电性能、机械性能及生物相容性。因此基于P(VDF-TrFE)静电纺压电网膜的柔性压电传感器与能量收集器在可穿戴电子设备、智能纺织品及医疗健康系统等领域有着广阔的前景,能够将触觉/压力、应变、声波甚至生理微振动等信号转换为电学信号或低功率的电能。本文旨在深入分析P(VDF-TrFE)压电性能的机制,总结各种提升静电纺P(VDF-TrFE)纳米纤维压电性的策略,全面概述P(VDF-TrFE)基柔性压电传感与能量收集方面的应用,特别是在压力与触觉传感、声传感、生物组织传感、生理微振动传感及能量收集等领域的研究进展。阐述了静电纺压电聚合物纳米纤维的新兴应用场景,并讨论了该领域目前的挑战和未来前景。     

二维材料MXenes在传感领域的应用研究进展

二维(2D)材料MXenes独特的结构、组成和物理化学特性,使其成为继石墨烯之后2D材料研究领域又一种"明星"材料.MXenes的应用范围从机械、光学、电子、储能等领域扩展到生物医学、环境保护等.这主要是由于其具有大比表面积、高导电性、丰富的表面功能基团、良好的生物相容性,以及可利用各种聚合物或纳米颗粒进行表面功能化,使其有望应用于精准的生物传感、有毒气体和液体污染物传感监测平台.目前,MXenes材料在传感领域的研究主要集中于电流型生物传感、生物/气体电阻传感和压电传感等.在生物电化学传感中,MXenes材料主要用作蛋白质、生物酶、生物发光材料等的固定化基质,以利用其大比表面积、高导电性的特性,提高电子传质效率和速率,从而达到提高传感灵敏度、降低检测限的目的;生物/气体电阻传感是基于MXenes材料对外来吸附分子(生物分子或气体分子)造成的电导率扰动的灵敏性反映,而MXenes材料对外来生物分子或气体分子的吸附是基于其丰富的功能基团(主要为-OH、-F、-O、-Cl等)与这些分子之间的相互作用;压电传感方面的研究主要集中于便携式或可穿戴式压电传感器,MXenes受应力作用,其层间距发生变化,导致其电导率发生变化而产生电信号.可见,在传感器的应用中,人们利用的是MXenes材料的大比表面积和导电性以及表面功能基团.但是,MXenes材料的导电性受表面功能基团的影响,这些基团在一定程度上会降低MXenes的导电性,甚至某些基团使其变为半导体,这不利于传感器高导电性的要求.事实上,功能基团和高电导率是一对矛盾体,研究工作需要在两者之间寻找最佳平衡点.另外,不同的功能基团对不同元素类型的MXenes材料的导电性影响也存在差别.因此,研究者在研究利用进一步的功能化修饰电极(例如修饰贵金属纳米粒子、碳纳米管等)来克服电导率的问题的同时,也在积极寻求更适合传感的不同元素类型的MXenes材料.本文简要概述了MXenes材料的制备、结构、性能研究进展,重点综述了为生物医学、环境保护应用而设计的MXenes传感器的构建及其最新研究进展,包括电流型生物传感、可穿戴式生物传感、MXenes还原电化学传感、生物电阻传感、气体电阻传感、压电/应变传感等.本文还讨论了MXenes材料在传感领域应用面临的困难和挑战.希望本文能在MXenes传感器的开发及应用中为研究者提供有益的指导和帮助.     

土木工程结构智能感知材料、传感器与健康监测系统

随着智能感知材料的发展,高性能传感器及其测试技术为结构智能健康监测系统的研究与发展提供了崭新的途径,结构智能健康监测已经成为诸多领域的前沿研究方向.本文重点介绍了作者近年来基于智能感知材料发展的智能传感器及土木工程结构智能健康监测系统的研究成果.主要包括光纤光栅应变和温度传感器与压电薄膜(PVDF)应变和裂缝监测传感器及其性能;无线传感器网络与无线传输技术及其性能与工程应用;碳纤维智能传感器与纤维增强-光纤光栅应变传感器及其性能;智能混凝土与智能混凝土标准应变传感器及其性能;智能健康监测系统及其工程应用.最后,介绍了我国在重大工程结构智能健康监测领域的立项情况.     

飞机结构健康监测技术发展研究

介绍了结构健康监测技术（Structural Health Monitoring, SHM）的概念以及主动和被动损伤监测方法 的原理, 分析了飞机结构健康监测技术的国内外研究现状, 阐述了比较真空监测（Comparative Vacuum Monitoring, CVM）传感技术、智能涂层传感器技术、光纤传感技术、压电传感器（Piezoelectric Sensors, PZT）技 术和无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Network, WSN）等目前较为先进的传感技术的原理以及传感器技术在各类 装备上的应用情况,介绍了飞机结构健康监测技术在F-35联合攻击机（Joint Strike Fighter, JSF）上的典型应用。 指出飞机结构健康监测技术正向智能化方向发展;未来需要重点研究传感器网络的智能诊断技术、复杂环境下 的SHM技术、基于结构健康监测的健康管理技术、智能材料 / 结构健康监测技术,并将深度学习、数字孪生等 前沿技术应用于航空领域,以推动我国飞机结构健康监测技术发展。     

表面等离子共振氢气传感研究进展

基于表面等离子共振原理的光学氢气传感已经成为氢气传感技术研究的热点.表面等离子共振传感器具有安全可靠、灵敏度高、实时性好、便于分布式多点检测等优点,在氢气泄漏检测方向具有广阔的应用前景.本综述介绍了表面等离子共振氢气传感器的三种主要结构类型:棱镜耦合结构,光栅耦合结构和光纤耦合结构的检测原理、典型结构及其研究进展;重点论述了表面等离子共振氢气传感技术中氢敏感膜系的研究现状和技术难题;分析了目前表面等离子共振氢气传感实际应用所面临的瓶颈,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.结合实际,提出了开发基于光纤微结构和纳米材料的新型氢气传感器件,并且将传感原理延伸至局域表面等离子体共振,表面等离子体共振成像等新兴技术.     

聚吡咯复合材料在智能传感器中的应用研究进展

聚吡咯作为一种导电高分子材料,在很多领域都有着广泛的应用。因其较低的氧化还原电位和优异的导电性能,在传感器中作为智能传感元件有着良好的应用前景,简要介绍了聚吡咯复合材料智能传感器的研究进展和传感机理,并展望了其发展前景。     

Fabrication and Characterization of Single-Layer Textile-Based Flexible Pressure Sensors for Smart Wearable Electronics Applications

Textile-based sensors have been widely studied for wearable monitoring. The sensor systems demand a large sensing area, flexibility, and scalable fabrication method. Herein, single-layer piezoresistive sensors are developed by a machine stitching technique using metallic and graphene nanoplatelets-coated conductive threads and fabrics. The pressure-sensing mechanism is based on measuring the electrical resistance due to the change in the contact area between the conductive thread and fabric as pressure on the sensor varies. The single-layer sensor design provides flexibility and overcomes the physical drift of the sensor during human activities, which enhances wearability and performance. The coated textiles are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Physical and electromechanical tests are performed on the sensors to evaluate their wearability and sensing performance. The sensors exhibit a wide working range of up to 100 kPa and good sensitivity with excellent durability against repeated mechanical deformations. The application potential of the sensors in real-time monitoring is demonstrated by embedding them into clothing as a wearable device. Moreover, the effectiveness of the sensors is tested for posture correction. This article suggests a novel technique to fabricate durable, flexible, and highly efficient pressure sensors for smart wearable applications.     

智能材料系统和结构中的压电材料

本文简述了智能和机敏材料的区别。综述了压电材料和含有压电材料作为驱动器，传感器以及压电纤维复合材料等不同智能材料系统和结构的性能及应用特征。展望了这类材料未来的发展。     

A Cement-Based Piezoelectric Sensor for Civil Engineering Structure

A new aggregate-like sensor using piezoelectric ceramic as sensing element was designed, fabricated and tested. The sensor was made by bonding together two cuboids of hardened cement paste with a commercially available piezoelectric ceramic plate in between, which is the sensing element. A new adhesive was developed during the fabrication of the sensor. The sensor was tested on its basic performance with a charge amplifier measuring system. First, the frequency response of the sensor was investigated in the general frequency range of civil engineering structure, which is from 0.01 Hz to 40 Hz. Then the relationship between output and input of the sensor was tested. Finally, complex, random and square loads were applied to observe the performance of the sensors. The excellent compatibility with concrete and the good sensing performance enable the aggregate-like sensor to be easily embedded into concrete structures like a real aggregate and to reliably monitor the vibration of host structure. There is a good potential for such a sensor to be used in structural health monitoring.     

Quantification of multiple bioagents with wireless, remote-query magnetoelastic microsensors

This paper presents a micromagnetoelastic sensor array for simultaneously monitoring multiple biological agents. Magnetoelastic sensors, made of low-cost amorphous ferromagnetic ribbons, are analogous and complementary to piezoelectric acoustic wave sensors, which track parameters of interest via changes in resonance behavior. Magnetoelastic sensors are excited with magnetic ac fields, and, in turn, they generate magnetic fluxes that can be detected with a sensing coil from a distance. As a result, these sensors are highly attractive, not only due to their small size and low cost, but also because of their passive and wireless nature. Magnetoelastic sensors have been applied for monitoring pressure, temperature, liquid density, and viscosity, fluid How velocity and direction, and with chemical/biological responsive coatings that change mass or elasticity, various biological and chemical agents. In this paper, we report the fabrication and application of a six-sensor array for simultaneous measurement of Escherichia coli O157:H7, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and ricin. In addition, the sensor array also monitors temperature and pH so the measurements are independent from these two parameters.     

Emerging MXene-Based Flexible Tactile Sensors for Health Monitoring and Haptic Perception

Due to their potential applications in physiological monitoring, diagnosis, human prosthetics, haptic perception, and human–machine interaction, flexible tactile sensors have attracted wide research interest in recent years. Thanks to the advances in material engineering, high performance flexible tactile sensors have been obtained. Among the representative pressure sensing materials, 2D layered nanomaterials have many properties that are superior to those of bulk nanomaterials and are more suitable for high performance flexible sensors. As a class of 2D inorganic compounds in materials science, MXene has excellent electrical, mechanical, and biological compatibility. MXene-based composites have proven to be promising candidates for flexible tactile sensors due to their excellent stretchability and metallic conductivity. Therefore, great efforts have been devoted to the development of MXene-based composites for flexible sensor applications. In this paper, the controllable preparation and characterization of MXene are introduced. Then, the recent progresses on fabrication strategies, operating mechanisms, and device performance of MXene composite-based flexible tactile sensors, including flexible piezoresistive sensors, capacitive sensors, piezoelectric sensors, triboelectric sensors are reviewed. After that, the applications of MXene material-based flexible electronics in human motion monitoring, healthcare, prosthetics, and artificial intelligence are discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for MXene-based tactile sensors are summarized.     

Experimental investigations in embedded sensing of composite components in aerospace vehicles

This paper summarizes the experimental investigations for smart embedded sensing in rotorcraft composite components. The overall objective of this effort was to develop smart embedded sensor technologies for condition based maintenance (CBM) for composite components in army rotorcraft. This paper presents the results of experimental investigations related to development and maturation of different types of embedded sensing solutions for structural health monitoring of composite components including Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, phased and discrete piezoelectric sensor arrays. A discussion is provided relative to embedment of optical fibers into composites, and the results from embedded FBG sensors in a rotorcraft flexbeam subcomponent test specimen with seeded delamination subjected to dynamic loading. Likewise, results are analyzed of surface mounted phased array and embedded smart piezoelectric sensors in the flexbeam subcomponent test specimen with embedded delamination, subjected to fatigue cyclic loading. The paper also summarizes the lessons learned from efforts to nucleate and propagate delamination within composite components under dynamic cyclic loading.     

Evaluation of fibre optic sensors for structural condition monitoring

This paper presents fibre optic sensing technology for strain monitoring of engineering materials and structures. The research program consisted of laboratory tests including thermal tests, tensile tests and flexural tests, and a field application on a concrete bridge deck (Joffre Bridge) reinforced partly with fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). Four types of Fabry-Perot fibre optic sensors were investigated and compared to other types of strain gauges including Bragg fibre optic sensors and resistance strain gauges. Typical field monitoring results from the static and dynamic tests using calibrated-truck loads on the Joffre Bridge are also presented in this paper. Experimental and field monitoring results show that Fabry-Perot fibre optic sensors perform linearly and show good response to thermal variations and mechanical loading conditions. The fibre optic sensing technology shows an enhanced accuracy and has potential for significant improvement in the long-term monitoring of strain levels in field applications over conventional strain gauges. It is a promising technique for long-term ‘health’ monitoring of new and rehabilitated structures.     

A High-Resolution MEMS Piezoelectric Strain Sensor for Structural Vibration Detection

This paper presents the modeling, fabrication, and testing of a high-performance dynamic strain sensor. Using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, ZnO piezoelectric microsensors are directly fabricated on silicon and steel substrates. The sensors are intended to be used as point sensors for vibration sensing without putting an extra burden on the host structures. A model that incorporates piezoelectric effects into an RC circuit, representing the sensor architecture, is developed to describe the voltage output characteristics of the piezoelectric microsensors. It is shown that the sensitivity of microplanar piezoelectric sensors that utilize the $e_{31}$ effect is linearly proportional to sensor thickness but unrelated to sensor area. Sensor characterization was performed on a cantilever beam cut from a fabricated silicon wafer. The experimental data indicate that the overall sensor and circuit system is capable of resolving better than 40.3 nanostrain time domain signal at frequencies above 2 kHz. The corresponding noise floor is lower than 200 femto-strain per root hertz and the sensitivity, defined as the sensor voltage output over strain input, is calculated to be 340 V/$varepsilon$ . Micro ZnO piezoelectric sensors fabricated on steel hard disk drive suspensions also show excellent results. The sensor not only has a better signal-to-noise ratio but also detects more vibration information than the combination of two laser-doppler-vibrometer measurements in different directions.