Impact of nisin producing culture and liposome-encapsulated nisin on ripening of Lactobacillus added-Cheddar cheese

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of incorporating liposome-encapsulated nisin Z, nisin Z producing Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis UL719, or Lactobacillus casei-casei L2A adjunct culture into cheese milk on textural, physicochemical and sensory attributes during ripening of Cheddar cheese. For this purpose, cheeses were made using a selected nisin tolerant cheese starter culture. Proteolysis, free fatty acid production, rheological parameters and hydrophilic/hydrophobic peptides evolution were monitored over 6 mo ripening. Sensory quality of cheeses was evaluated after 6 mo. Incorporating the nisin-producing strain into cheese starter culture increased proteolysis and lipolysis but did not significantly affect cheese rheology. Liposome-encapsulated nisin did not appear to affect cheese proteolysis, rheology and sensory characteristics. The nisinogenic strain increased the formation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic peptides present in the cheese water extract. Sensory assessment indicated that acidic and bitter tastes were enhanced in the nisinogenic strain-containing cheese compared to control cheese. Incorporating Lb. casei and the nisinogenic culture into cheese produced a debittering effect and improved cheese flavor quality. Cheeses with added Lb. casei and liposome-encapsulated nisin Z exhibited the highest flavor intensity and were ranked first for sensory characteristics.     

Impact of Autolytic and Proteolytic Lactobacilli and Nisin-Producing Culture on Proteolysis and Sensory Characteristics in Cheddar Cheese

ABSTRACT: Cheddar cheeses were made using a nisin-tolerant starter culture with either Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus UL12 (autolytic strain), Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei L2A (proteolytic strain), Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis UL719 (nisin producer), or of Lb. bulgaricus UL12 and Lc. diacetylactis UL719. Lb. bulgaricus UL12 produced more trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen than did Lb. casei L2A, which produced more phosphotungstic acid-soluble nitrogen than did Lc. diacetylactis UL719. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses showed that either lactobacilli or Lc. diacetylactis UL719 increased the hydrophilic and hydrophobic peptide contents. Cheeses containing both Lb. bulgaricus UL12 and Lc. diacetylactis UL719 had the most intense old Cheddar cheese flavor after 6 mo of ripening.     

Purification and characterization of intracellular proteinase from Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei LLG

The intracellular proteinase of Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei LLG was isolated in the cytoplasmic fraction with 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5). The enzyme was purified by the fast protein liquid chromatography system equipped with ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatographies. This proteinase comprised a single monomeric form and had a molecular weight of about 55 kDa and an isoelectric point near pH 4.9. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were determined to be pH 6.5 and 37 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme was inactivated by metal-chelating compounds (EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline) and less affected by serine proteinase inhibitors (diisopropylfluorophosphate, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). Proteinase activity was increased by Ca++, Mn++, and Co++, and inhibited by Cu++, Mg++, and Zn++. The activity of this enzyme to hydrolyze casein appeared to be more active on beta-casein than alphas1-casein and kappa-casein as monitored by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.     

Impact of autolytic, proteolytic, and nisin-producing adjunct cultures on biochemical and textural properties of cheddar cheese

The effect of incorporating a highly autolytic strain (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus UL12) a proteolytic strain (Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei L2A), or a nisin Z-producing strain (Lactococcus lactis, subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis UL719) into Cheddar cheese starter culture (Lactococcus lactis KB and Lactococcus cremoris KB) on physicochemical and rheological properties of the resultant cheeses was examined. Cheeses were ripened at 7 degrees C and analyzed over a 6-mo period for viable lactococcal and lactobacilli counts, pH, titratable acidity (TA), lipolysis, proteolysis, and textural characteristics. The combination of the nisin-producing strain and autolytic adjuncts significantly increased the production of water-soluble nitrogen, free amino acids, and free fatty acids. The effect of Lc. diacetylactis UL719 alone or of Lb. casei L2A on water-soluble nitrogen and free amino acid contents were also significant, whereas their effect on free fatty acids was not. Viable counts of Lb. bulgaricus UL12 were significantly reduced in the presence of Lc. diacetylactis UL719. Lactobacilli-containing cheeses showed significantly lower values for hardness, fracturability, and springiness. It could be concluded that the addition of Lb. bulgaricus UL12 together with a nisin-producing strain produces a greater increase in cheese proteolysis and an improvement in Cheddar cheese texture.     

Purification and identification of potentially bioactive peptides from enzyme-modified cheese.

Antihypertensive peptides inhibiting angiotensin I-converting enzyme have been isolated from enzymatic hydrolysates of various food materials, but no information is available on the isolation of antihypertensive peptides from enzyme-modified cheese. In this study, several bioactive peptides, mainly potential antihypertensive peptides from enzyme-modified cheese prepared by commercial and Lactobacillus casei enzymes, were purified and identified. Enzyme-modified cheese samples were prepared by combination of Neutrase (1883.0 U/ml), L. casei enzymes (amino peptidase activity 86.4 leucine aminopeptidase U/g), and Debitrase (22.0 leucine aminopeptidase U/g). The water-soluble fractions of the enzyme-modified cheeses that were prepared by different enzymes were subjected to reverse-phase HPLC on a Delta Pak C18 column. Each peak was purified on the same column using a binary gradient. One peak from the Neutrase digest, five peaks from the Neutrase-Debitrase digest, and two peaks from the Neutrase-Lactobacillus enzyme digest were purified and identified by API mass spectrometry. On the basis of their molecular masses, amino acid sequences of purified peptides were identified. beta-Casomorphin with a sequence like that of beta-casein (YPFPGPI f 60-66) was found after the Neutrase digest. All of the peptides purified from the digests with combination of Neutrase and Debitrase or Neutrase and L. casei enzymes contained active sites in their sequences. The presence of sites containing potential antihypertensive peptides suggests that the purified peptides may have antihypertensive properties. Thus, the enzyme-modified cheese process, mainly designed to produce flavor ingredients, may simultaneously produce bioactive peptides, which are considered to be of physiological importance.     

The microbial flora of Awshari cheese with special reference to lactobacilli

Thirty seven samples of Awshari cheese and 13 of Biza were examined microbiologically. Penicillia occurred in 2 samples of cheese and yeasts in 21, 3 of which contained Saccharomyces lactis. In 8 samples studied for the constitutive microflora, lactobacilli and streptococci were the most prevalent, with L. casei being the only Lactobacillus species isolated. Penicillia and yeasts occurred in all the samples of Biza, with Saccharomyces lactis being encountered in 5 out of 6 samples examined for the type of yeasts. The microbial flora consisted primarily of lactobacilli. Out of 98 lactobacilli isolated from 10 samples 55 were identified as betabacteria: 41 were attached to L. brevis, 13 L. buchneri and 1 L. pasteurianus. The remaining 43 isolates were streptobacteria: 21 belonged to L. coryniformis, 5 L. casei ssp pseudoplantarum, 3 ssp casei and 1 ssp alactosus, 2 L. plantarum ssp plantarum and 1 ssp arabinosus, 1 L. xylosus, 5 motile streptobacteria and 4 unidentifiable.     

Debittering and Hydrolysis of a Tryptic Hydrolysate of β-casein with Purified General and Proline Specific Aminopeptidases from Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris AM2

ABSTRACT: In this study, purified β-casein was hydrolysed with trypsin to produce a bitter substrate. The role of 3 aminopeptidases, a general aminopeptidase lysyl- para -nitroanilide hydrolase (KpNA-H), X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (Pep X) and aminopeptidase P (Pep P) each purified from Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris AM2, in the hydrolysis and debittering of the tryptic hydrolysate of β-casein, was then studied. The hydrolysates were analyzed for percentage degree of hydrolysis (DH%) and bitterness score. Results indicate that the hydrolysis and debittering potential of the general aminopeptidase (KpNA-H) is limited in the absence of proline specific aminopeptidases. Statistically significant (p < 0.001) reductions in bitterness were obtained following incubation of the tryptic digest of β-casein with specific combinations of the above aminopeptidases.     

Proteolytic profiles and angiotensin-I converting enzyme and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of selected lactic acid bacteria

ABSTRACT:  This study was conducted to examine the growth, proteolytic profiles as well as angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) and α-glucosidase (α-glu) inhibitory potentials of selected strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Two strains each of yogurt bacteria ( Streptococcus thermophilus —1275 and 285, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus —1092 and 1368), and probiotics ( L. acidophilus —4461 and 33200, and L. casei —2607 and 15286, and 1 strain of Bifidobacterium longum 5022), were cultivated in reconstituted skim milk (RSM) at 37 °C and their proteolytic profiles and ACE as well as α-glu inhibitory activities were determined. Among all the strains of lactic acid bacteria studied, yogurt bacteria grew very well, with the exception of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus 1368 which showed a slower growth during the initial 3 h of incubation. The growth pattern corresponded well with the decrease in pH for the organisms. All the organisms showed an increase in proteolysis with time. The variations in proteolytic capabilities translated into corresponding variations in ACE inhibitory potential of these organisms. Bifidobacterium longum 5022 showed the highest ACE inhibitory potential followed by L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus 1368, L. casei 15286, S. thermophilus 1275, and L. acidophilus 4461. Organisms with high intracellular enzymatic activities grew well. Also, aminopeptidases of strains of L. acidophilus 4461 and S. thermophilus 1275 that could better utilize proline containing substrates showed enhanced ACE inhibitory potential. Lactic acid bacteria possessed the ability to inhibit α-glu activity, which endowed them an antidiabetic property as well.     

Enzymic debittering of Indian grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) juice

The present work explores the use of enzymes for debittering grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) juice. The debittering process was optimised using a statistical approach. A full factorial design using enzyme concentration (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g l^?1), incubation temperature (25, 30 and 40 °C) and time of incubation (1, 2 and 4 h) as variables gave a regression equation that could predict the extent of debittering. The optimum set of conditions recommended is an enzyme concentration of 1 g l^?1 at 40 °C for 4 h. The extent of naringin breakdown achieved under these conditions was 75%. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of Versagel on the growth and metabolic activities of selected lactic acid bacteria

ABSTRACT:  In this study, the influence of a protein-based fat replacer, Versagel ^® added at 1% and 2% (w/v) to reconstituted skim milk (RSM), on the growth and metabolic activities of selected strains of yogurt starters ( Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ) as well as probiotic organisms ( Lactobacillus casei , Lactobacillus acidophilus , and Bifidobacterium longum ) was examined. Addition of Versagel resulted in significantly improved growth of S. thermophilus and B. longum but inhibited that of L. casei , L. acidophilus , and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus . This is also reflected in the extent of reduction of pH in RSM with added Versagel by these organisms. Among the biochemical activities, proteolytic activity of all the organisms except B. longum was adversely affected by the presence of Versagel, although the angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and α-glucosidase (α-glu) inhibitory activities were improved. Versagel at 1% level influenced the growth, while ACE inhibitory and α-glu inhibitory activities of the organisms were better at 2% level.     

瘤胃中干酪乳杆菌的亚油酸异构酶基因的克隆与表达

以从黄牛瘤胃中分离到的一株具有将亚油酸转化为c9,t11-共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)的干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)Fx为出发菌株,提取其基因组DNA,聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增得到1 700 bp大小的亚油酸异构酶(linoleic acid isomerase,LAI)基因片段,将该基因片段纯化后进行TA克隆,得到重组质粒p UCm-T-LAI,将重组质粒p UCm-T-LAI和表达质粒p ET-Dsb A同时进行双酶切,连接得到重组表达载体p ET-Dsb A-LAI,经PCR鉴定和酶切后,将重组表达载体转化到大肠杆菌BL21中,得到具有LAI活性的重组菌株,能将亚油酸转化为c9,t11-CLA,表明从Lactobacillus casei Fx成功克隆LAI,该研究将有助于深入了解不同瘤胃细菌特异性合成不同CLA异构体的LAI基因差异。     

干酪乳杆菌LZ183E高密度培养条件优化

为提高干酪乳杆菌LZ183E在发酵培养液中的菌体密度,首先通过在不同温度下培养菌株,测定48 h内菌液的OD600 nm值并作出生长曲线,得到菌株最适培养温度为37 ℃、接种时间为16 h及收获时间30 h。随后通过单因素试验和正交试验优化,探究不同碳源、氮源、生长因子、初始pH值以及接种量对菌株LZ183E活菌数和OD600 nm值的影响。结果表明,菌株LZ183E的最佳培养条件为葡萄糖25 g/L、酵母膏20 g/L、南瓜汁24 g/L、初始pH 6.5以及接种量2%。此优化条件下,干酪乳杆菌LZ183E的活菌数对数值达到了9.20±0.04,满足高密度培养要求,并且比原始MRS培养基活菌数对数值（8.12±0.06）高出一个数量级,为干酪乳杆菌LZ183E的冻干保护提供了足够的活菌数。     

具有ACE抑制活性乳酸菌菌株的筛选与鉴定

以ACE抑制活性和蛋白水解活性为检测指标,选择138株乳酸菌为出发菌株,筛选出具有强ACE抑制活性的乳酸菌菌株.结果表明,筛选出具有强ACE抑制活性的4株乳酸菌,其中3株菌为瑞士乳杆菌,1株菌为干酪乳杆菌.瑞士乳杆菌KLDS1.0485和干酪乳杆菌KLDS1.0486比例为1:1,制成的发酵乳ACE抑制活性可达到61.55%.因此,组合瑞士乳杆菌KLDS1.0485和干酪乳杆菌KLDS1.0486可作为制备乳源ACE抑制肽的优良菌株.     

The cell-bound proteinase system of Lactobacillus casei--purification and characterization

The cell-wall crude extract from Lactobacillus casei NCDO 151 was partially purified by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. Three active fractions were eluted. Two major peaks (eluted with 0.05 M and 0.27 M phosphate buffer) were further investigated. Peak I represented enzymatic activity with an optimum temperature of 40 degrees C, an optimum pH of 7.0 and was strongly inhibited by the serine proteinase inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride. Peak II represented an enzymatic activity with an optimum temperature of 45 degrees C, an optimum pH of 7.5 and was totally inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. None of the enzymes was affected by the metal chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at a concentration up to 1 x 10(-2).     

In vitro evaluation of probiotic lactic acid bacteria isolated from dairy and non-dairy environments

Four strains and 2 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from the commercial yogurt and kimchi products in Korea, respectively. Based on the 16S rRNA sequencing data, strain A from a drink-type yogurt manufactured by dairy company S, was a Gram-positive, rod-shaped Lactobacillus helveticus, and both strain B (company N) and D (company H) were identified as L. casei ssp. casei, and strain C (company L) as L. paracasei. None of yogurt strain B and D was recovered from the samples exposed to the simulated gastric juice, pH 2.0 for 1.5 hr. Of the 6 isolates tested, strain YS93 from kimchi was the most resistant to acidic condition using the simulated gastric juice, pH 2.0. Moreover, it was shown that 2 kimchi isolates and yogurt strain D produced antibacterial substances, probably bacteriocin-like peptide, which was inhibitory against Staphylococcus aureus as an indicator. In an adhesion assay using a Caco-2 cell, the adherence activity of kimchi strains YS29 and YS93 was significantly higher than those of 4 yogurt starter strains tested.     

酶法改变甘草苷糖醛酸基提高其甜度的研究(Ⅱ)——能水解甘草苷糖醛酸基酶的提纯与酶性质研究

以酶法改变甘草苷糖醛酸基提高其甜度为目的,对新分离筛选的甘Ｍ－２和甘Ｍ－６霉菌产的β－葡萄糖醛酸苷酶进行了分离提纯和酶学方面的研究。结果表明,两株菌产的β－葡萄糖醛酸苷酶被６０％饱和硫酸铵沉淀较好,经ＤＥＡＥ－ＣｅｌｕｏｓｅＤＥ５２离子交换层析柱梯度洗脱,得到纯酶,提纯倍数分别为１０．６７和６．１５倍,收率分别为３３．０％和２４．２％,其中甘Ｍ－２菌产β－葡萄糖醛酸苷酶只能将甘草苷水解成甘草次酸（ＧＡ）;甘Ｍ－６菌产β－葡萄糖醛酸苷酶水解甘草苷主要变成甜度很高的单葡萄糖醛酸基甘草苷（ＧＡＭＧ）;两种酶在ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳都得到电泳单点,其酶蛋白相对分子质量分别为６００００和４２０００;酶反应最适ｐＨ分别为５．０和６．０,最适温度均为４０℃,均在ｐＨ４．０～８．０和２０～７０℃范围内相对稳定。     

采用模糊综合评价法比较黑豆多肽的脱苦工艺

采用模糊数学综合评判法,分析比较了β-环糊精包埋脱苦和枯草杆菌氨肽酶水解脱苦等对黑豆多肽苦味值的影响,确定最佳脱苦工艺条件。结果表明,枯草杆菌氨肽酶的脱苦效果优于β-环糊精,枯草杆菌氨肽酶脱苦的最佳工艺条件为:加酶量1500LAPU、pH8.5、温度50℃、时间4h。     

不同干酪乳杆菌菌株对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用的比较

从14株干酪乳杆菌中筛选出11株具有凝乳作用的菌株,采用以麦芽糖酶为靶向酶的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂体外筛选模型,分析了不同干酪乳杆菌发酵脱脂乳上清对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用。结果表明,不同菌株发酵脱脂乳上清对麦芽糖酶的抑制活性具有明显的菌株特异性,且随着发酵时间延长,α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性呈现上升趋势。其中,干酪乳杆菌LC2W在37℃发酵10%(w/w)脱脂乳96 h后所得的上清液对麦芽糖酶抑制活性最高,达37.36%,明显高于其它被测试的干酪乳杆菌菌株,表明该菌株具有潜在的抗高血糖作用。     

牛胰脏组织蛋白酶L的纯化和酶学性质

新鲜牛胰脏匀浆物经酸化粗提后,再通过盐析、柱层析等步骤纯化,制备了0.58 mg纯酶,纯化倍数达530.54。经凝胶电泳分析,该酶有2 个亚基,分子质量为29.1 kD和18.9 kD。牛胰脏组织蛋白酶L的最适反应温度为50 ℃,最适反应pH值为6.5。巯基还原剂二硫苏糖醇、L-半胱氨酸均明显激活了该酶活性,10 μmol/L的N-（反式-环氧丁二酰基）-L-亮氨酸-4-胍基丁基酰胺（E-64）可完全抑制其活性。1 mmol/L的Zn2＋对酶活性有明显抑制作用。该纯化酶可水解苄氧羰基-苯丙氨酰-精氨酰-甲基香豆素（Z-Phe-Arg-MCA）,其Km值为3.52 μmol/L。     

乳酸菌发酵大豆糖蜜生产乳酸及糖代谢变化

选用德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种KLDS1.8501、嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS1.0327、嗜酸乳杆菌ATCC11975、植物乳杆菌植物亚种CICC23168、干酪乳杆菌ATCC393、植物乳杆菌NAU322分别接种于大豆糖蜜,用高效液相色谱法测定乳酸的产生以及碳水化合物的利用情况,分析不同乳酸菌发酵大豆糖蜜生产乳酸能力及糖代谢能力。结果表明,在15 °Brix大豆糖蜜中,37?℃、pH?6.0条件下发酵24?h,植物乳杆菌植物亚种CICC23168的活细胞数达到6.66×109?CFU/mL,乳酸产生量为12.18?g/L,总糖消耗量为22.48?g/L,与其他菌株相比有明显优势。因此,植物乳杆菌植物亚种CICC23168是能利用大豆糖蜜发酵产乳酸的潜力菌株。