矩阵乘积的特征值与奇异值不等式

获得矩阵乘积的特征值与奇异值的不等式。(1 )设 A、B为非负定 Hermite阵 ,1≤ i1 <… 相似文献   

纤维滤池在石化废水深度处理中的应用

针对华锦集团废水处理及回用工程采用纤维滤池深度处理化工混合废水技术,使其出水达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)一级A排放标准,研究主要对纤维滤池的原理、设计参数、运行效果等进行实践探讨。运行结果表明:在稳定运行阶段,可实现进水量2 100 m3/h。进水化学需氧量(CODCr)平均浓度为50 mg/L,悬浮物(SS)浓度为15 mg/L,浊度平均浓度为15 mg/L,处理出水CODCr≤30 mg/L、SS≤10 mg/L、浊度≤10 mg/L。该工艺处理效果稳定,对SS和浊度处理效果显著。     

一次人工引发闪电初始电流及其电磁场变化特征

研制了近距离闪电磁场变化测量系统,并在2005年夏季山东滨州的人工引发闪电试验中,获得了闪电电流和距闪电通道60 m处的1μs时间分辨率的电磁场变化同步观测资料。本文详细分析了一次人工引发闪电放电初始阶段的电流及近距离电磁场。本次引发闪电中火箭拖带的导线底端通过一段5 m左右的尼龙线与引流杆相接,这段空气间隙击穿放电所产生的电流为720A,对应的60 m处电场和磁感应强度变化分别为0.38 kV/m和11.26μT。对同步资料的进一步分析表明,人工引发闪电上行正先导电流脉冲时间间隔为18.0~25.0μs,平均峰值电流为23.0A,变化范围为16.9~41.0A;单个先导过程转移电荷量的平均值为84.3μC,变化范围为57.8~141.0μC。60 m处先导电场峰值和磁感应强度峰值的平均值分别为16.7 V/m和0.3μT,变化范围分别为8.7~28.2V/m和0.116~0.544μT。先导电流峰值Ip(A)与其产生的磁感应强度峰值B(μT)之间满足Ip=61.9B 2.56。     

Impact of UV-A radiation on erythemal UV and UV-index estimation over Korea

Because total UV(TUV) in the UV-A region is 100 times higher than in the UV-B region,UV-A is a considerable component when calculating erythemal UV(EUV) and UV-index.The ratio of EUV to TUV in the UV-A value [EUV(A)/TUV(A)]is investigated to convert the EUV(A) from TUV(A) for broadband observation. The representative value of EUV(A)/TUV(A),from the simulation study,is 6.9 × 10-4,changing from 6.1 × 10-4to 7.0 × 10-4as aerosol optical depth,total ozone and solar zenith angle change. By adopting the observational data of EUV(B) and TUV(A) from UV-biometer measurements at Yonsei University [(37.57?N,126.95?E),84 m above sea level],the EUV irradiance increases to 15% of EUV(B) due to the consideration of EUV(A) from the data of TUV(A) observation. Compared to the total EUV observed from the Brewer spectrophotometer at the same site,the EUV(B) from the UV-biometer observes only 95% of total EUV,and its underestimation is caused by neglecting the effect of UV-A. However,the sum of EUV(B) and EUV(A) [EUV(A+B)] from two UV-biometers is 10% larger than the EUV from the Brewer spectrophotometer because of the spectral overlap effect in the range 320–340nm. The correction factor for the overlap effect adjusts 8% of total EUV.     

模糊识别理论模型在城市大气污染预测中的应用

20世纪 80年代以来 ,模糊数学被广泛应用于气象、水文、环境等领域 ,取得了丰硕的应用成果。本文利用模糊识别理论模型[1],以西太平洋副高北界、亚洲区极涡强度指数、亚洲区经向环流指数、青藏高原指数、南方涛动指数 5种环流特征月值作为预报因子 ,预报下一个月北京市空气污染日数 ,取得了较好的效果。1　模糊识别理论模型简介设n个预报对象样本集为 ( yj) ,m个与之相关的预报因子集为 (xij) ,(rij)为 (xij)的规范化矩阵 ,0≤rij≤ 1。根据m个预报因子特征 ,将n个预报对象分为l类标准模式 ,其模糊识别矩阵为 (ukj) ,0≤ukj≤ 1 ,∑lk=1 ukj…     

一次近海突然增强台风的个例数值模拟

运用非静力的WRF(V3.4)模式,对近海突然增强台风莫兰蒂(Meranti 1010)进行数值试验,验证了近海台风的突然增强往往发生在台风移经高海温区(SST(Sea Surface Temperature)28℃)之后36 h左右,此时台风已处于中海温区(26℃≤SST≤28℃)。同时也验证了台风在高海温海域,内核对流旺盛,台风处于中等强度的风速垂直切变(8 m/sVWS15 m/s),强度增强;在低海温海域(SST26℃),即使风速垂直切变小(1 m/s≤VWS≤8 m/s),台风也将衰亡。试验表明,海温高低影响到海洋输入台风的潜热、感热和水汽通量。海温升高,海洋输入"莫兰蒂"台风的潜热、感热、水汽通量均增加,台风强度增强;海温降低,潜热、感热和水汽通量输入均减少,台风减弱;海温降幅越大,上述3通量输入减少越多,台风衰弱越明显。     

发展方程差分格式的构造和应用

本文把许多拟线性方程归结为算子形式的“发展方程”:F/t+AF=0.证明了带有非负算子A的“强隐式(即1/2≤θ≤1)格式”是绝对隐定的;而带有反对称算子A的“弱隐式和显式(即0≤θ≤1/2)格式”是绝对不稳定的。文中又以一维非线性平流方程为例,具体地构造了具有非负算子A的三种差分格式和相应的带人工耗散项的稳定格式,给出一个计算实例,说明后一类格式对消除虚假的寄生波也是很有效的,适于计算有间断的问题。     

全球气候模式对未来中国风速变化预估

利用世界气候研究计划之第三次耦合模式比较计划 (WCRP/CMIP3) 提供的, 参加IPCC AR4的19个气候模式和国家气候中心为IPCC第五次报告研发的新一代气候模式 (BCC_CSM1.0.1) 及模式集成, 考虑高排放 (A2)、 中等排放 (A1B) 和低排放 (B1) 三种人类排放情景, 预估21世纪中国近地层 (离地10 m) 风速变化。预估结果表明: (1) 21世纪全国平均的年平均风速呈微弱的减小趋势, 且随着预估情景人类排放的增加, 中国年平均风速减小趋势越显著。 (2) 冬季 (夏季) 全国平均风速呈减小 (增大) 趋势, 人类排放量越多, 冬季 (夏季) 风速减小 (增加) 程度越大。21世纪我国风速夏季 (冬季) 增大 (减小) 与全球变暖的背景下未来亚洲夏季风 (冬季风) 增强 (减弱) 有一定关系。 (3) 与20世纪末期 (1980～1999年) 相比, 21世纪初期 (2011～2030年) 中国区域年平均风速A2情景下略偏小, A1B和B1情景下年平均风速无明显变化; 21世纪中期 (2046～2065年) 和后期 (2080～2099年), 三种排放情景下中国年平均风速均比20世纪末期风速小。 (4) 21世纪初期、 中期和后期均表现为冬季 (夏季) 平均风速比20世纪末期冬季 (夏季) 平均小 (大)。 (5) 夏季中国中北部和东北地区风速偏大, 其余地区风速无明显变化或略偏小; 冬季除了东北北部和西藏东南部外, 中国大部地区风速偏小。绝大部分地区超过50%模式一致地预估上述风速变化形式, 具有一定的可信度。     

CFL-06型风廓线雷达与L波段探空雷达测风对比分析

为探讨风廓线雷达资料的准确性和可用性,将2016年5月2017年4月张家口的风廓线雷达与L波段探空雷达测风资料进行对比分析。结果表明:1)张家口站大多高度层二者风速呈显著正相关,00:00的相关性优于12:00的,8km以上未通过显著性检验。2)4.11km以下风廓线雷达较L波段探空雷达水平风速偏大,平均误差为0.00~1.50m/s;4.11km以上风廓线雷达较L波段探空雷达水平风速偏小,平均误差为0.00~22.13m/s,并随高度的增加而增大。3)水平风速有效样本率(风速差≤3m/s)整体随高度增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,中低层(1.23~3.63km)的有效样本率较高,为60.0%~70.0%。4)2.196.03km各高度层水平风向的有效样本率(风向差≤20°)较大,稳定在70%~80%,有降水时风向有效样本率随高度的增高而增大,且各高度层波动较大。两个时次风向有效样本多集中在风向差为10°的范围内,28km各高度层有效样本率(风向差≤10°)可达到40%~60%。     

强风天气条件下海气动量交换参数的观测分析

利用近岸海上气象平台对登陆台风“黑格比”近海层风廓线观测资料,计算分析了近海层大气的湍流动量通量交换参数,以期认识高风速情况下的海气动量交换特征.数据分析结果显示,当海面上方 10 m处风速U10≤24 m/s时,摩擦速度(U*)随风速的增大而增大,当U10＞24 m/s时,U*呈饱和趋势.海面粗糙度长度(Z0)、拖曳系数(Cd)在低风速( U10≤6 m/s)随风速的增大而减小,在U10处于6～24 m/s之间时,Z0、Cd随风速的增大而增大,当U10＞24 m/s时,Z0、Cd达到极值后开始减弱.Z0、Cd极值出现在U10为24～28 m/s之间.并对高风速时拖曳系数衰减现象的对应机制进行了讨论.另外,还探讨了台风期间的阵风因子(G(t,T))等参数的演变特征.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on