左卡尼汀对血液透析患者营养状况及氧化应激的影响

目的 通过观察静脉注射左卡尼汀对维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者营养状态和氧化应激指标的影响.探讨左卡尼汀对MHD患者营养不良及氧化应激状态的治疗作用.方法 选择透析龄超过3 m的MHD患者42例,每次透析结束后,静脉注射左卡尼汀1.0 g,进行为期3 m随访.结果 (1)左卡尼汀治疗3 m后,MHD患者的血白蛋白(P<0.05)和血红蛋白(P<0.01)较治疗前明显升高.血总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平治疗前后无显著差异.(2) MHD患者血浆MDA的平均值均较治疗前明显下降(P<0.01);SOD、GSHPx平均值较治疗前明显上升(P<0.01).结论 左卡尼汀可明显改善患者的营养状态.同时氧化应激状态明显好转.     

左卡尼汀对维持性血液透析患者炎症状态的影响

目的 观察静脉注射左卡尼汀对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者炎症状态的影响.方法 选择透析龄超过2个月的MHD患者42例,每次透析结束后,静脉注射左卡尼汀1 g,随访6个月,分别检测治疗前、治疗后1个月、治疗后6个月患者的主要血生化指标、C反应蛋白、白介素26等.结果 治疗1个月后,MHD患者透析后干体重有上升;治疗6个月后,患者平均干体重较治疗前显著升高(P<0.05),血白蛋白、前白蛋白和血红蛋白较治疗前明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),(反应蛋白、白介素26)等平均值均较治疗前明显下降(P<0.01),血总胆固醇、三酰甘油水平治疗前后无显著差异.结论 左卡尼汀可使MHD患者的炎症状态明显好转,有效改善患者的营养状态.     

抗坏血酸对维持性血液透析氧化应激及微炎症状态的影响

目的探讨大剂量抗坏血酸对维持性血液透析患者氧化应激及微炎症的影响。方法该院血液净化中心MHD患者60例,分为抗坏血酸治疗组30例和非治疗组30例,治疗组每次透析开始给予抗坏血酸持续静脉滴注至透析结束,治疗3月。非治疗组30例未给予抗坏血酸静脉滴注。20例对照组为健康体检者。测定MHD患者透析前后及治疗前后血浆丙二醛含量（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶活力（SOD）、血浆抗坏血酸含量、超敏C反应蛋白（Hs—CRP）。结果MHD组血浆MDA含量、血清HsCRP明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）,SOD、抗坏血酸含量明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）。MHD组治疗组治疗后血浆MDA含量、血清HsCRP低于治疗前（P〈0．05）,而血清SOD、抗坏血酸含量高于治疗前（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。3月后治疗组与未治疗组相比,血浆MDA含量、血清HsCRP降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,但仍高于对照组。而SOD、抗坏血酸含量升高（P〈0．01）。结论MHD患者体内存在OS、微炎症状态,抗氧化剂抗坏血酸能有效改善MHD患者OS及微炎症状态。     

左卡尼汀联合管通对透析性顽固性低血压的疗效观察

目的探讨左卡尼汀联合管通对透析性顽固性低血压的疗效。方法观察左卡尼汀联合管通治疗12周,对25例透析性顽固性低血压患者的疗效。结果治疗后透析过程中血压下降幅度明显减小,与治疗前比较差异显著（P〈0．01）。结论左卡尼汀联合管通对透析性顽固性低血压疗效显著。     

左卡尼汀联合百令胶囊对腹膜透析患者残余肾功能、微炎症状态及营养状况的影响

目的探讨左卡尼汀联合百令胶囊对腹膜透析患者微炎症状态、残余肾功能及营养状况的影响。方法选择在我科进行腹膜透析治疗的慢性肾衰竭患者56例为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组28例。对照组在常规腹膜透析及基础治疗的同时给予左卡尼汀治疗,观察组在左卡尼汀治疗基础上加用百令胶囊治疗。观察并记录两组患者治疗前及治疗6个月后相关指标变化情况。结果两组患者治疗6个月后,BUN、Scr水平均较治疗前有所降低,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。两组患者Ccr水平均较治疗前有所升高,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。两组CRP、IL-6、TNF-α均较治疗前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,且观察组改善更为明显（P〈0.01）。两组Alb、PA、TRF、Hb水平均较治疗前升高,SGA评分降低,但观察组改善更为明显（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。两组患者不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论左卡尼汀联合百令胶囊治疗较单独用药具有更好的临床疗效且具有良好的安全性。     

左卡尼汀对维持性血液透析患者微炎症状态及相关炎症因子的影响

目的 探讨静脉注射左卡尼汀对维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者微炎症状态及相关炎症因子的影响. 方法 选择透析中心透析龄＞12个月的MHD患者68例,随机分为治疗组35例,对照组33例. 两组常规治疗相同,治疗组于每次透析结束后给予静脉注射左卡尼汀1 g,治疗3个月,分别检测治疗前及治疗1,3个月末患者的血生化指标、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]、透析充分性(Kt/V). 结果治疗组1个月后hs-CRP、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、Lp(a)平均值较治疗前下降,治疗组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05). 3个月后治疗组hs-CRP、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-a、Lp(a)平均值较治疗前明显下降,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01). 结论 左卡尼汀可以降低维持性血液透析患者hs-CRP、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、Lp(a)浓度,并改善微炎症状态.     

低温可调钠透析联合左卡尼汀对维持性血液透析患者透析中低血压的影响

目的采用前瞻性自身配对研究,观察低温可调钠透析联合左卡尼汀对维持性血液透析患者透析中低血压的影响。方法在郑州大学第一附属医院透析的64例易发生透析中低血压维持性血液透析（MHD）患者,在接受常规血透（A组）6月后,改为左卡尼汀联合低温可调钠透析（B组）6月。观察两组治疗期间透析中低血压发生率、平均动脉压水平、血清钠浓度、C反应蛋白水平以及内瘘闭塞和心血管事件发生率。结果30例患者治疗前后平均动脉压升高,低血压及症状性低血压发生率明显减少（P〈0．05）,内瘘闭塞及心血管事件发生率下降（P〈0．05）,C反应蛋白明显下降（P〈0．05）。但患者透析前后血清钠水平及尿素氮清除率比较无差异性。结论应用左卡尼汀联合低温可调钠透析可有效改善透析中低血压的发生率,减少内瘘闭塞及心血管事件发生率,并能改善微炎症状态。     

左卡尼汀治疗血液透析相关性低血压临床观察

目的探讨左卡尼汀联合可调钠透析治疗血液透析相关性低血压的临床效果。方法采用前后对照的研究方法,选择46例血液透析过程中低血压发生率在40％～50％的患者,方法为每次透析结束后左卡尼汀1．0g溶于20ml0．9％氯化钠注射液中静脉推注,联合可调钠透析法,观察治疗前2周（A1）、治疗后8周（A2）、治疗后16周（A3）患者的透析前血压、透析过程中最低血压、下机后血压及低血压的发生率。结果①治疗8周后,较治疗前2周相比,血压上升（P〈0．05）,且低血压的发生率显著下降（P〈0．05）;②治疗16周后,较治疗前2周及治疗后8周相比,血压上升（P〈0．05）,低血压的发生率亦有显著下降（P〈0．05）。结论左卡尼汀联合可调钠透析治疗血液透析相关性低血压有显著临床效果,对提高透析相关性低血压的患者的生活质量有良好作用,值得在临床上进一步研究使用。     

左卡尼汀联合低温可调钠透析在透析低血压中的应用

目的 观察左卡尼汀联合低温可调钠透析治疗透析低血压的疗效.方法 32例维持性血液透析（MHD）患者,采用前瞻性自身配对研究,先后给予常规血透（A组）、左卡尼汀联合低温可调钠透析（B组）各6个月,共12个月.观察患者低血压发生率、平均动脉压水平、血清钠浓度、尿素清除率、C反应蛋白以及内瘘闭塞和心血管事件发生率.结果 两组患者透析后平均动脉压降低.与A组比较,B组低血压及症状性低血压发生率明显降低（P〈0.05）,内瘘闭塞及心血管事件发生率下降（P〈0.05）,C反应蛋白明显下降（P〈0.05）.患者透析前后血清钠水平及尿素氮清除率比较差异无统计学意义.结论 应用左卡尼汀联合低温可调钠透析可有效改善透析中低血压的发生率,减少内瘘闭塞及心血管事件发生率,并能改善微炎症状态.     

右旋糖酐铁肌肉注射治疗维持性血液透析患者贫血20例

目的探讨肌肉注射右旋糖酐铁治疗维持性血液透析（MHD）患者贫血的临床效果及安全性。方法选择中国人民解放军总医院肾科血液净化中心41例MHD 3月以上的贫血患者，随机分为肌注组（n=20，于每次透析结束后给予右旋糖酐铁注射液100mg深部肌肉注射）和口服组（n=21，给予琥珀酸亚铁片200mg每日3次口服），共治疗12周。结果治疗12周后，两组血红蛋白（Hb）和红细胞压积（Hct）较治疗前均明显升高（P〈0．01），且肌注组显著高于口服组（P〈0．05）；两组血清铁蛋白（SF）、转铁蛋白饱和度（TS）较治疗前均明显升高（P〈0.01），且肌注组显著高于口服组（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）；两组患者均无严重不良反应发生，肌注组有5例患者出现注射部位轻度疼痛（25％），但胃肠道不良反应发生率明显低于口服组（P〈0．01）。结论与口服琥珀酸亚铁片相比，右旋糖酐铁（肌注）是治疗MHD患者贫血更为有效、安全的药物，特别适于口服铁剂不耐受的MHD贫血患者。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.