天车机器人设计

为实现天车调运的自动化、机器人化,设计了实验室环境中的天车机器人。天车机器人的大车通过齿轮机构驱动,小车通过丝杠机构驱动,实现大车、小车及吊钩的3个坐标方向的运动;下位机采用单片机控制系统,通过电机驱动器实现对不同电机的控制,并通过蓝牙与上位机进行控制指令的通信;天车机器人视觉系统采用平行双目立体视觉结构,经标定后实现对目标物的视觉定位、测量等功能。实验结果表明:标定后的天车视觉系统校正精度高、目标定位准确,为进一步研究立体视觉匹配及深度信息测量打下了基础。     

基于双目视觉和距离误差模型的工业机器人运动学参数标定方法

基于距离误差模型的标定技术,建立机器人末端距离误差与机器人运动学参数误差间的模型关系,避免了标定过程中坐标系的转换误差,能显著提高标定精度。视觉测量技术具有测量精度高、非接触性、实时性强等特点,与传统的机器人末端测量手段相比,具有成本低、操作简单等优势。研究一种将距离误差模型与视觉测量技术相结合的机器人标定方法,用于提高工业机器人特定工作空间的精度。采用双目视觉系统,将相机外置于机器人进行测量。基于距离误差模型进行机器人参数标定,利用标定结果进行运动学参数补偿。结果表明:特定标定工作空间内的距离误差都有所改善;在标定轨迹上,绝对距离误差的平均值从0.279 9 mm减少为0.104 4 mm,非标定轨迹的误差降幅高达50%以上,验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于视觉引导的FANUC机器人抓取系统研究

针对目前工业机器人上料时大都采用预先示教的方式,一旦工作条件发生变化就会导致抓取失败的问题,研究了一种基于视觉引导FANUC机器人的抓取系统,提高了机器人柔性化抓取能力。系统采用单目视觉定位方法:将图像中的特征点通过相机标定参数、Eye-in-Hand手眼标定参数转换为机器人基坐标系下的位姿,利用FANUC Robot Interface实现上位机与机器人通信并把定位结果发送到机器人位置寄存器,引导机器人运动到相应位置并通过末端执行器完成对空心圆柱体工件的抓取。经过多次抓取实验数据分析,该系统定位误差在0.5mm以内,具有很好的实际应用价值。     

基于FANUC机器人内置视觉识别软件应用研究

针对现场工程人员使用基于PC平台或嵌入式模块等机器视觉系统开发机器人视觉程序比较困难的状况,对机器人与内置视觉识别软件之间联系进行研究。以FANUC机器人集成内置视觉识别功能软件为研究对象,介绍工业相机与机器人物理连接;分析相机标定原理和标定过程;以2D形状和条形码工件为例,详细介绍了视觉识别程序处理过程和机器人视觉程序关键指令以及搬运程序流程。把多个模型混合放置,内置视觉系统都能准确识别,机器人都能精准分拣和搬运。机器人集成内置机器视觉系统硬件连接简单,识别工具丰富,使用方便,机器人程序与视觉数据交互便捷,拓展了机器人工艺应用范围。机器人集成内置视觉识别功能是自动化领域和机器视觉系统发展趋势。     

激光焊缝跟踪系统设计与应用

针对当前小型生产车间难以做到智能化生产问题,设计一套智能焊接系统,使机器人在焊接过程中可以对搭接焊缝、对接焊缝的路线进行精确跟踪。以ABB公司irb1600机器人为载体,实现机器人与传感器的通信,通过校准传感器的视觉以及对算法的设定,使传感器识别到焊缝的特征点,并通过特征点的位置与校准的位置误差反馈给机器人纠偏信号。使用ABB机器人专用的编程指令编写程序,通过上位机实时对传感器的视觉进行监控并做出调整。实验结果表明：此系统针对不同的焊缝均可实现精确跟踪,有效提高焊接质量与效率。     

基于VisionPro的工业机器人视觉定位系统

基于美国Cognex公司的VisionPro机器视觉开发软件对工业机器人视觉定位系统进行开发,可以加快应用程序开发周期,从而降低公司周期成本.视觉定位系统基于VisionPro采用C#编程语言进行开发,利用VisionPro中的图像获取、摄像机标定、目标物体匹配等工具完成目标定位和输出结果.实验证明该视觉定位系统具有实用意义.     

基于机器视觉的五轴坡口切割机器人控制系统设计

基于机器视觉的五轴坡口切割机器人控制系统的设计,主要针对五轴坡口切割机器人的机械本体的控制方案的设计,以保证机器人在工作空间内可以完成从加工零件图像采集到加工轨迹生成再到完成坡口切割整个流程。整个控制系统上位机以MFC模块与OPENCV视觉库为基础,下位机以PLC控制单元作为核心。从图像采集与处理、通讯、轨迹计算与运动控制到PLC控制单元的设计与电路驱动元件的选取等方面,提出了具体的解决方案,并通过搭建实验平台,验证了试验设计的可行性。控制系统设计严谨,可实现要求的五轴坡口切割作业。     

FOM-EP型板簧淬火生产线的辅助机器人技术

针对某企业FOM-EP型板簧淬火生产线设计了一种板簧淬火辅助机器人,用于辅助BCY3-1800型板簧淬火机进行板簧淬火工序。由回转台机构、机械臂机构、夹具机构组成的机器人,借助加热炉前与机器人上的视觉传感器检测板簧出炉形态、淬火机工作状态与夹具加持状态,使其配合控制系统完成机器人自动夹取、搬运板簧,并实现机器人之间的信息交互。同时,根据现场采集到的板簧出炉时间间隔、板簧运输时间、板簧淬火时间等相关数据,利用列表法对上述数据进行分析处理,优化机器人与淬火机数量,降低企业生产成本,进一步推动车间自动化进程。     

基于ROS的工业机器人及AGV的视觉协同控制系统

当前自动化上下料的机器人之间仍各自独立运行，上下料位置固定缺乏柔性，智能化程度低。针对以上问题设计了基于ROS的工业机器人及AGV的视觉协同控制系统，用以实现智能化、柔性化的上下料工作。在ROS系统上，基于全局视觉与改进ArUco tag识别技术，开发了机械臂和AGV的识别与控制模块，实现了两种机器人在全局视觉下的识别与路径规划；并基于动态指令技术和ROS主从机通讯技术，实现了所开发ROS系统与机械臂和AGV的可靠通讯；最后，考虑不同机器人的协作规则和目标位姿计算方法，结合上述机器人识别与控制模块，提出了一种机械臂与AGV的视觉协同控制方法。实验测试表明，该系统能够实现多机器人的识别、控制与协同，工件托盘能够通过AGV按照要求实现任意指定位置的上下料接驳，具有良好的稳定性与柔性。     

基于单目视觉的工业机器人拆垛系统设计与实验

基于单目视觉提出了工业机器人拆垛系统构想。为实现工业机器人视觉拆垛系统中机器人精确运动控制与工件位姿识别,运用D-H位移矩阵法建立了机器人运动学模型,得到机器人末端相对机器人坐标系的位姿信息。基于形状模板匹配法提出目标图像识别算法,得到各个目标图像在相机坐标系下的位姿信息;将三维视觉模型与机器人运动学模型进行信息融合,建立机器人视觉拆垛控制系统数学模型。基于CCD工业相机、4-DOF工业机器人搭建视觉定位抓取实验系统。通过对空间目标进行抓取的实验,验证基于单目视觉的工业机器人拆垛系统的正确性、精确性、鲁棒性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

An Easy Way to Quantify the Adhesion Energy of Nanostructured Cu/X(X=Cr,Ta,Mo,Nb,Zr) Multilayer Films Adherent to Polyimide Substrates

An approach based on film buckling under simple uniaxial tensile testing was utilized in this paper to quantitatively estimate the interfacial energy of the nanostructured multilayer films(NMFs) adherent to flexible substrates. The interfacial energies of polyimide-supported NMFs are determined to be *5.0 J/m2 for Cu/Cr, *4.1 J/m2 for Cu/Ta,*2.8 J/m2 for Cu/Mo, *1.1 J/m2 for Cu/Nb, and *1.2 J/m2 for Cu/Zr NMFs. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the adhesion energy and the interfacial shear strength is clearly demonstrated for the Cu-based NMFs, which is highly indicative of the applicability and reliability of the modified models.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of SiC_p/Al–Mg–Si–Cu Composite

A 17 vol% SiCp/Al–Mg–Si–Cu composite plate with a thickness of 3 mm was successfully friction stir welded(FSWed) at a very high welding speed of 2000 mm/min for the first time. Microstructural observation indicated that the coarsening of the precipitates was greatly inhibited in the heat-affected zone of the FSW joint at high welding speed, due to the significantly reduced peak temperature and duration at high temperature. Therefore, prominent enhancement of the hardness was achieved at the lowest hardness zone of the FSW joint at this high welding speed, which was similar to that of the nugget zone. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the joint was as high as 369 MPa, which was much higher than that obtained at low welding speed of 100 mm/min(298 MPa). This study provides an effective method to weld aluminum matrix composite with superior quality and high welding efficiency.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.