国内文摘与专利

<正>纳米AlN改性对干式变压器环氧树脂绝缘性能的影响/王有元;王施又;陆国俊;等/电工技术学报,2017(7)聚合物纳米复合材料因其优良的电气绝缘性能在电介质绝缘领域得到了广泛应用。为了获得性能优良的环氧树脂绝缘材料,将采用硅烷偶联剂进行表面处理后的纳米AlN颗粒加入环氧树脂绝缘材料中,采用溶液共混法制备了AlN质量分数分别为0%、0.5%、1%、3%、5%、7%的AlN/环氧树脂复合材料     

环氧树脂掺杂微纳米氧化物粒子改性研究综述

随着电网电压等级提高及电气设备小型化发展,人们对环氧树脂绝缘材料的绝缘性能提出了更为苛刻的要求。添加微纳米氧化物粒子是提高环氧树脂电气性能的重要方法之一,该方法具有大量的实例且操作简便;同时,各种电力技术的不断更新换代为提升环氧树脂绝缘性能增加了更多可能性。文中介绍了环氧树脂掺杂微纳米氧化物填料复合材料制备过程,同时对掺入微纳米氧化物粒子对环氧树脂基本物理性质与主要绝缘性质的影响进行了总结。最后归纳了微纳米氧化物颗粒添加对环氧树脂绝缘性能提升的研究难点及其可能的解决方案,期望对填料掺入环氧树脂复合材料电气绝缘性质改善的学术研究与工程运用起到引领和推动作用。     

微米氮化硼-纳米氧化铝复合环氧材料的导热与绝缘特性

环氧树脂(epoxy resin, EP)以其粘附力强、绝缘性能好等优点,在电气领域中得到广泛应用。但环氧树脂的低热导率限制其在器件中的使用,尤其在高频条件下。文中通过多巴胺改性微米氮化硼和纳米氧化铝,将制备的微纳米二元填料填充环氧树脂,研究环氧树脂复合材料的导热性能和电气绝缘性能。结果表明,质量分数22.5%BN和7.5%Al2O3环氧树脂复合材料的导热系数可以达到1.35 W/(m·K),相比于纯EP增加了812.5%,而介电损耗维持在较低水平。高频击穿实验结果展示出复合材料击穿时间明显提高,比纯环氧树脂提高了387%。该种方法制备所得的环氧树脂复合材料,具有热导率高、介电损耗低、高频击穿强度大等优点,为开发适用于高频电力电子器件的导热绝缘材料提供参考。     

微纳掺杂对环氧/氮化硼复合绝缘热导率和击穿特性的影响

采用微米和纳米氮化硼(BN)为填料,制备了微纳掺杂环氧/BN复合绝缘材料,并对BN掺杂总量一定时,环氧/BN复合绝缘热导率和击穿特性随纳米BN掺杂量的变化进行研究.结果表明:当控制BN掺杂总质量分数为20％时,随着纳米BN含量的增加,复合绝缘的热导率略有下降,工频电气强度先上升后下降,厚度为0.2 mm的试样在8 kV、25 kHz高频双极性方波电压下的耐压时间缩短.纯微米BN掺杂的环氧复合材料热导率最大(0.83 W/(m·K)),且在高频双极性方波电压下的耐压时间最长(193 s),分别比纯环氧树脂提高了277％和408％;当纳米BN的质量分数为1％时,环氧复合绝缘的工频电气强度最高,为131 kV/mm,比纯环氧树脂提高了27％.因此,对于微/纳米共掺杂环氧复合体系而言,纳米颗粒的加入主要有助于提高复合材料的工频电气强度,但会使复合材料的热导率下降,缩短其在高频双极性方波电压下的耐压时间.     

环氧树脂/SiO_2纳米复合材料陷阱分布及直流闪络特性

气体绝缘管道输电和气体绝缘组合电器运行过程中盆式绝缘子表面电荷的积累与消散特性对其绝缘破坏具有重要影响,通过纳米颗粒调控环氧树脂表面电荷的动态行为及其闪络特性对提高其安全运行具有重要意义。制备了质量分数为0%、2%、4%、6%和8%的环氧树脂/SiO_2纳米复合材料,获得了其在正、负直流电压作用下表面电位衰减特性、陷阱分布特性及其闪络击穿特性,并建立了基于陷阱调控的闪络击穿失效物理模型。结果表明:正、负电晕充电条件下,SiO_2纳米颗粒均导致环氧树脂表面电位衰减速度减小,纳米质量分数为4%时达到最小值; SiO_2纳米颗粒引入了新的空穴陷阱和电子陷阱,深陷阱能级和陷阱密度均增加,纳米质量分数为4%时达到最大值; SiO_2纳米颗粒提高了环氧树脂的闪络电压,质量分数为4%的纳米复合材料与纯环氧树脂相比,正、负直流电压下闪络电压分别提升了58. 04%和64. 15%。     

高温阶梯式升压下等离子体处理纳米颗粒对环氧树脂复合材料的电荷动力学特性影响

高含量纳米掺杂易团聚会导致空间电荷积聚、电场畸变,从而降低材料的绝缘性能。为了提升高含量纳米颗粒在基体中的分散性,采用等离子体对纳米氧化铝表面进行处理,制备了纳米氧化铝质量分数为10%的环氧树脂纳米复合材料,利用扫描电子显微镜对颗粒的分散性进行表征,采用高温空间电荷测量装置和电导电流测试系统研究了不同温度阶梯式升压下试样的电荷动力学特性。结果表明,等离子体处理能有效地抑制高含量纳米氧化铝的团聚。高温下纳米氧化铝质量分数为10%的试样空间电荷输运明显,电导率提高了近3个数量级;等离子体处理后的含10%纳米氧化铝试样始终保持最低的电荷量和电导率,且电导率与电场强度呈近似线性关系。等离子处理后的纳米氧化铝能有效地抑制高温下空间电荷的注入、积聚与输运,降低载流子迁移和电导活化能,提升高温下环氧树脂复合材料的电气性能。基于结果与分析提出了高温阶梯式升压下等离子处理前后纳米颗粒对环氧树脂复合材料的电荷动力学特性的作用机理。     

不均匀电场下纳米氧化锌改性环氧树脂的绝缘特性

为研究纳米ZnO掺杂对环氧树脂复合材料绝缘特性的影响,以纳米ZnO改性双酚A型环氧树脂材料为研究对象,考察了不同掺杂量下复合材料直流电导、介电常数等绝缘特征参数的变化趋势;并利用针板电极系统,分别对ZnO/环氧和SiO_2/环氧复合材料进行了起始局放电压对比测试。研究发现,当纳米ZnO质量分数15%时,复合材料开始呈现非线性电导特性,复合材料介电常数也发生显著变化,质量分数为30%时其电导非线性系数可达到18.7,介电常数则可上升至5.9。相同电极结构下,纳米ZnO/环氧复合材料的起始局放电压显著高于SiO_2/环氧复合材料,ZnO质量分数为15%时起始局放起始电压达到最大值,分别比无掺杂树脂及纳米SiO_2掺杂树脂提高了33%和22%。研究表明,纳米ZnO粒子的引入显著提高了环氧树脂复合材料的绝缘性能,纳米ZnO粒子的界面效应和非线性电导特性在改善复合树脂绝缘特性方面发挥了主要作用。     

环氧液晶接枝氧化铝/环氧树脂复合材料的制备与热性能

将支化环氧液晶接枝到氧化铝纳米颗粒表面,再将其加入到环氧树脂中制备成复合材料,并对环氧液晶接枝氧化铝/环氧树脂复合材料的热性能进行研究。结果表明:加入环氧液晶接枝氧化铝纳米颗粒后,环氧树脂复合材料的导热系数从纯环氧树脂的0.16 W/(m·K)提高到BLCE-g-Al2O3含量为30%时的0.238 W/(m·K),增加了48.75%;复合材料的初始储能模量比纯环氧树脂的初始储能模量提高了181 MPa,玻璃化转变温度提高了24℃。随着Al2O3填充量的增加,复合材料的热膨胀系数逐渐减小。     

环氧树脂/氮化硼微纳米复合材料的导热与电气绝缘性能研究

以环氧树脂(EP)为基体,采用行星共混法制备了不同质量分数的微米BN/EP复合材料(EPM)和纳米BN/EP复合材料(EPN),分析了BN微、纳米填料对复合材料导热性能和电气绝缘性能的影响及其机理。结果表明:相同的BN质量分数下,EPN比EPM具有更高的热导率。EPM和EPN的电气强度随BN质量分数的提高先增大后减小,在相同BN质量分数下,EPN比EPM具有更高的电气强度;EP、EPN以及EPM的介电常数(εr)和介质损耗因数(tanδ)均随温度的升高而增大;同一温度下,EPM和EPN的εr均大于EP,而tanδ均小于EP。在80℃以下,EPM和EPN与EP的电导率相差不大;而在80℃以上,EPM和EPN的电导率显著低于EP,并且相同BN质量分数的EPN电导率明显低于EPM。BN微纳米填料的填充可显著提高环氧树脂的导热性能和高温下的电气绝缘性能。     

纳米氧化镁颗粒对聚丙烯的性能调控

为开发新型的可回收直流电缆绝缘材料,在对聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)作为高压直流电缆绝缘材料可行性研究的基础上,对纳米Mg O/PP复合材料的微观形貌与结构、热性能、空间电荷和直流击穿特性进行了详细研究。研究了纳米MgO含量对PP微观形貌与结构、热性能、电气性能等特性的影响,并通过测试电荷陷阱能级和密度分布解释了纳米MgO调控PP电气性能的机理。研究结果表明:纳米MgO添加不会明显改变PP的结晶度、晶型、熔融温度等参数,纳米Mg O/PP复合材料依然保持了PP优良的热性能,且复合材料的热分解起始温度相对于PP略有提高。纳米MgO颗粒的加入可以明显抑制PP中同极性电荷注入,减少空间电荷积聚。添加3 phr纳米MgO颗粒的复合材料具有最高的直流击穿强度,相对于纯PP增加了29.3%。热刺激电流测试结果表明纳米MgO添加可增加深陷阱密度,在电极附近形成屏蔽层并降低载流子迁移率,从而抑制同极性电荷注入并提高直流击穿场强。通过研究纳米MgO颗粒调控PP的微观结构、热性能和电气性能的规律,可以为新型可回收直流电缆绝缘材料的开发提供参考。     

真空下环氧复合材料耐脉冲电流烧蚀性能

在脉冲功率装置中,由于沿面闪络引起绝缘破坏的现象极其常见,因而有必要研制具有高耐烧蚀强度的绝缘材料来延长脉冲功率装置的使用寿命。本文通过向环氧基体中添加微/纳米氢氧化铝,微/纳米氧化铝,以真空闪络一定次数后试样表面形貌和质量损失的变化为烧蚀性能的评价方法,研究了无机填料对环氧耐烧蚀性能的影响。试验结果表明:无机填料对环氧耐烧蚀性能有所提高,氢氧化铝的效果比氧化铝明显;纳米氢氧化铝要好于同质量分数的微米氢氧化铝,而微/纳米氧化铝之间的效果差别刚好相反。     

改性氧化镁/环氧树脂复合材料的介电及亲疏水性能

为改进开关设备中环氧树脂的电气及疏水性能,对纳米氧化镁(nMgO)分别进行硅烷偶联剂(KH560)及含氟硅烷偶联剂(全氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷)改性,利用FT-IR、XPS对其进行表征.并用溶液共混法分别制备不同质量分数(5％、10％、15％、20％)的环氧复合材料.通过对其介电常数、介电损耗、电导率、接触角的测试表征,结果...     

Effects of inorganic fillers on withstanding short‐time breakdown and long‐time electrical aging of epoxy composites

Inorganic fillers were added to epoxy resin for preparing micro and nano filler/epoxy composite, and then the breakdown strengths, depths of erosion caused by partial discharge, and electrical tree experiments of composites were investigated. It was found that the loading of micro fillers usually decreases the short‐time breakdown strength (breakdown under a continuously rising voltage) of the composites. On the contrary, it increases the ability to withstand long‐time electrical aging (erosion or breakdown caused by electrical tree under a discontinuously rising voltage or constant voltage) of the composites. The effect of inorganic fillers in suppressing the electrical tree or erosion channel propagation in the composite is different during the process of withstanding short‐time breakdown and long‐time electrical aging. Defects are introduced during the mixing of fillers and epoxy resin, which play a role to decrease the short‐time breakdown strength and accelerate long‐time electrical aging. It is concluded that micro and nano inorganic fillers can suppress the electrical tree channel propagation and erosion caused by partial discharge, whereas defects play the opposite role in composites. Two opposite effects of inorganic fillers and defects exist simultaneously during the process of electrical aging and breakdown; whereas inorganic fillers play a primary role in long‐time electrical aging, defects play a primary role in short‐time breakdown.     

Effects of nano- and micro-filler mixture on electrical insulation properties of epoxy based composites

This paper focuses on the electrical insulation properties of a newly prepared composite material by nano- and micro-filler mixture. Nano- and micro-filler mixture composites were made by dispersing nano-scale layered silicate fillers and micro-scale silica fillers in epoxy resin. To investigate the effects of nano- and micro-filler mixture, the thermal expansion coefficient and insulation breakdown properties by a needle-plate electrode method were measured for the filler mixture composite and the conventional filled epoxy. The filler mixture composite had almost the same thermal expansion coefficient as the conventional filled epoxy. In a continuous voltage rising test, the filler mixture composite had 7% higher insulation breakdown strength than the conventional filled epoxy. Moreover, under constant AC voltage (10 kV at 1 kHz), the filler mixture composite had an insulation breakdown time of more than 20,000 minutes whereas the conventional filled epoxy had a breakdown time of 830 minutes. Electron microscope observation showed that the area surrounded by dispersed micro-scale silica fillers were also filled with the nano-scale layered silicate fillers. Furthermore, the estimate of spacing between the fillers and the filler/epoxy interface area showed a more densely-packed structure of the filler mixture composite than the conventional filled epoxy. The morphological feature of the filler mixture composite seems to improve its insulation breakdown strength and time.     

偶联剂协同低温等离子体的复合材料氧化铝填料表面改性

环氧树脂广泛应用在电机绝缘领域,向树脂中添加微米氧化铝可以减缓绝缘老化的侵蚀,为了进一步提升氧化铝/环氧树脂复合材料电气性能,本文引入偶联剂协同低温等离子体复合改性方法对氧化铝填料进行表面处理。将偶联剂包覆改性后的微米氧化铝置于重复脉冲低温等离子体中分别进行0~9min表面改性处理,其次将氧化铝掺杂进环氧树脂中制备复合材料。观测氧化铝填料外表的形貌、官能团及结构变化,对复合材料局部放电起始电压进行测试分析。结果表明,偶联剂和低温等离子体复合改性能有效提升氧化铝填料表面活性官能团的含量,为氧化铝与树脂基体的紧密键合提供了基础,进而提升了氧化铝/环氧树脂复合材料的电气性能。在复合改性中等离子体处理时间为3min时,氧化铝填料表面含氧基团的含量相对于单一偶联剂改性增长了3.32%,表面偶联剂的接枝率提升了24.5%,复合材料的电气性能提升了7.9%。     

Aging of polymeric and composite insulating materials. Aspects of interfacial performance in aging

Aging of polymeric and composite materials is reviewed mainly from the standpoint of their interfacial performance. Insulating materials can be divided into simple polymers and composites. Polymers for power cables, transformers, insulators and rotating machines consist of thermoplastics such as PE, PET and PPS, elastomers such as silicone, EPR and EPDM, and thermosets such as epoxy. Composites for GIS, rotating machines and insulators comprise epoxy/glass, epoxy/silica/alumina, and epoxy/mica systems. Aging processes are complicated in general, and take place under simultaneous multiple stresses such as electrical, thermal, mechanical and environmental stresses. Some of the phenomena covered in this paper are associated with the degradation by tracking and erosion and the loss of hydrophobicity in case of surface properties, and with PD, electrical treeing, water treeing and combined phenomena. The quality of cable insulation such as XLPE has been improved extensively from the standpoint of design electric strength. Interfacial problems will emerge for modification of cable joints. It is expected that polymers for outdoor use and filled epoxy resin systems should be improved from their environmental stability and from their design stress enhancement, respectively.     

镍粉/环氧树脂复合材料的压敏性

探讨了镍粉/环氧树脂复合材料电阻率的测试方法,研究了不同镍粉掺量、不同柔韧性环氧树脂掺量的镍粉/环氧树脂复合材料在单轴压缩下的电阻率变化规律,并结合镍粉/环氧树脂复合材料的静态电阻率和压力下的体积变化讨论了其压敏性产生机理.研究结果表明:采用直流两端电极法与直流四端电极法所测得的镍粉/环氧树脂复合材料的电阻值较为一致,...     

玻璃纤维-碳纳米管共掺杂环氧树脂复合材料绝缘性能的研究

为研究玻璃纤维、碳纳米管共掺杂环氧树脂复合材料的绝缘性能,制备了纤维不同掺杂量和排布方式时的玻璃纤维-碳纳米管环氧树脂复合材料,并分别测试了其介电常数、介质损耗因数及交流短时击穿电压,研究了掺杂工艺参数对复合材料绝缘性能的影响。研究发现,玻璃纤维掺杂量在15~20wt%、纤维束间距在1.0~1.2mm时,复合材料介电常数和介质损耗因数均达到最小值,分别为3.63和0.0303;而其交流短时击穿电压在40wt%掺杂量、1.5mm纤维束间距时,达到最大值39.6k V。与单向排布方式相比,正方形网格排布的复合材料击穿电压更高。研究表明,玻璃纤维的引入改善了碳纳米管-环氧树脂复合材料的绝缘性能,玻璃纤维、碳纳米管与环氧树脂之间的界面效应在复合树脂绝缘性能的改善中发挥主要作用。     

Nonlinear dc and ac conductivity in electrically insulating composites

The non-linear electrical behavior of zinc oxide, used to practical advantage in surge arresters on distribution power systems, has been replicated in epoxy resin, which has been filled with an appropriate volume fraction of this intrinsically semi-conducting material. Comparison has been made with epoxy resin containing a similar volume fraction of aluminum oxide in order to establish that the non-linearity observed in zinc oxide filled resin is a function of the zinc oxide itself and not simply an artifact resulting from the presence of any filler and the interfacial phenomena thereby arising. Previous work in this field, in both thermo-setting and thermo-plastic insulation has concentrated on dc voltage application. This work, in addition to extending the range of host materials to include epoxy resin using dc, has also explored the ac behavior. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of zinc oxide in epoxy resin is capable of producing non-linear conductivity when the filler volume fraction exceeds the percolation threshold ( /spl sim/ 15%).