化学气相沉积C-TaC涂层的结构及其摩擦性能

利用Ta Cl5-C3H6-Ar反应体系,用化学气相沉积法(CVD),在高纯石墨表面制备了不同炭含量的C-Ta C复相涂层。研究了室温条件下C-Ta C复相涂层的摩擦学性能。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱仪等对涂层的微观组织结构及摩擦表面形貌进行了分析。研究发现:Ta的加入促使热解炭中更多sp2杂化键的形成,促进炭基涂层的石墨化。当炭含量为86.4%(质量分数)时,涂层结构为热解炭与Ta C晶粒相结合的纳米复相结构,此时涂层的摩擦系数最低,为0.13,且摩擦曲线平稳,磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、黏着磨损和疲劳磨损。通过调节涂层中热解炭的含量以及晶粒大小可改善其摩擦学性能。     

CrNi3MoVA钢表面磁控溅射Ta涂层的摩擦磨损性能

为进一步提高火炮身管寿命,利用磁控溅射技术在CrNi3MoVA钢表面沉积了Ta涂层。沉积态Ta涂层由体心立方相α-Ta和亚稳态四方相β-Ta组成,在850℃下真空退火3h后其全部转化为单一的α-Ta相。利用纳米压痕仪和摩擦磨损试验机测试了α-Ta涂层的硬度、弹性模量及摩擦系数,结合扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)及掠入射X射线衍射(GIXRD)分析了涂层的微观结构,并与传统电镀硬Cr涂层进行比较,研究了α-Ta涂层的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:α-Ta涂层的摩擦系数(0.70~0.80)略小于硬Cr涂层的摩擦系数(0.75~0.85),α-Ta涂层的磨损机制主要为粘着磨损,而硬Cr涂层的磨损机制主要为疲劳磨损和粘着磨损。     

V含量对磁控溅射CrAlVN涂层微观结构及力学和摩擦学性能的影响

采用磁控共溅射工艺在火炮身管PCrNi3Mo钢材料表面沉积了(Cr0.5Al0.5)1-xVxN(x=0%~10.6%,原子分数)涂层。利用电子探针显微分析仪(EPMA)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对涂层的组成、微观形貌与相结构进行了表征,研究了V含量对涂层微观结构和形貌的影响。结果表明V的加入使得涂层中出现了CrVN新晶相,且随着V含量的增加CrVN特征峰越来越明显,晶粒簇尺寸减小,V元素起到了一定的细化晶粒簇作用。利用纳米压痕仪及摩擦试验机对涂层的硬度、弹性模量和摩擦系数进行了测试,研究了V含量对(Cr0.5Al0.5)1-xVxN涂层性能的影响。结果表明V含量在7.2%时涂层硬度和弹性模量达到最大值,分别为21.36GPa和297.8GPa;随着V含量的增加,涂层的摩擦系数逐渐减小,当V含量在10.6%时,涂层摩擦系数平均值为0.094,表现出良好的摩擦磨损性能。     

冷作模具钢等离子渗镀CrVN复合涂层摩擦磨损性能研究

采用等离子渗镀技术在DC 53冷作模具钢表面制备CrN和CrVN复合涂层,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机,对比研究了两种涂层的组织结构、力学性能以及摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:所制备的CrN和CrVN涂层均为面心立方(fcc)结构,并呈现(111)择优取向,其中CrVN涂层形成了以fcc-CrN相为基础的CrVN固溶体结构。CrN涂层中掺入V抑制了柱状晶生长,涂层结构更加致密,硬度和结合力明显提高,摩擦系数及磨损率降低。CrVN涂层表面粗糙度较低,并在摩擦过程中生成具有自润滑性的VO2,涂层抗粘铝性能得到改善。     

CoCrFeNiTix高熵合金涂层的显微组织和耐磨性能

用激光熔覆工艺在40Cr钢表面制备CoCrFeNiTi_x (x=0、0.2、0.5、0.8)高熵合金涂层并计算其热力学参数,使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、显微硬度仪、摩擦磨损试验机等手段检测合金的物相组成、组织、元素分布、硬度及耐磨性,研究了Ti元素含量对其显微组织和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明：随着Ti元素含量的提高,合金物相在面心立方(FCC)结构的基础上形成了体心立方(BCC)结构,熔覆层中部的组织由晶界明显、晶粒分布均匀的等轴晶组成,最后形成了柱状树枝晶;随着Ti元素含量的提高,合金横截面的硬度逐渐提高,最高为412.32 HV_0.2,比基体的硬度提高了1.8倍;涂层的磨损量和摩擦系数均随之降低,Ti含量为0.8时涂层其耐磨性能最优,磨损量最小为6.8 mg,摩擦系数为0.35。涂层的磨损机制,以磨粒磨损、粘着磨损和氧化磨损为主。     

Si含量对VAlSiN涂层微结构、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用反应磁控溅射技术,在300℃下制备不同Si含量的VAlSiN涂层。研究Si含量的变化对VAlSiN涂层相结构、生长形貌、化学状态、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:不含Si的VAlN涂层呈现(111)择优取向生长。随着Si含量的增加,VAlSiN涂层的(111)择优取向逐渐消失,最终转变为非晶结构。Si含量大于1.8%(原子分数,下同)的VAlSiN涂层是由nc-VAlN和a-Si_3N_4组成的多相复合涂层。与VAlN涂层相比,添加少量Si(0.8%)的VAlSiN涂层晶粒尺寸减小,致密度得到提高,对应的涂层硬度也得到显著增大,达到30.1GPa。继续增加Si的含量,VAlSiN涂层的柱状生长结构被打断,硬度逐渐下降,最后稳定在22GPa左右。VAlSiN涂层的摩擦因数随着Si含量的增加先降低后升高。当Si含量为0.8%时涂层的磨损率最低,达1.2×10~(-16)m~3·N~(-1)·m~(-1)。     

激光熔覆FeCrNiCoCuAlx高熵合金涂层的耐腐蚀与抗冲蚀性能

采用激光熔覆技术在Q345钢表面制备FeCrNiCoCuAl_x(x=0, 1, 2, 3)高熵合金涂层。通过XRD,SEM及冲蚀磨损等实验方法研究高熵合金涂层的组织结构与性能。结果表明:随着Al含量的增加,高熵合金涂层由简单结构的FCC和BCC混合固溶体逐渐转变成全部的BCC结构,涂层的硬度也随之增大,最高可达580HV。在3.5%NaCl溶液中,涂层的腐蚀电流密度随着Al含量的增加先降低后提高,且当x=1时涂层具有最好的耐蚀性。冲蚀磨损实验表明,当冲蚀角度由90°减小到30°时,冲蚀磨损量不降反升,表现出韧性材料的冲蚀特征。涂层的抗冲蚀性能随着Al含量的增加而增强,且冲蚀磨损机制由锻造挤压转变为以微切削和犁削为主。     

Si含量对VSiN涂层的结构、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能影响

采用JGP-450A2磁控溅射仪制备了一系列不同Si含量(≤20%(原子比))的VSi N涂层。利用结构和性能测试仪器对VSi N涂层的微结构、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能进行了表征。结果表明:VSi N涂层的相组成为面心立方的VN相、V2N相和非晶氮化硅相,呈(111)择优生长。随着溅射后Si含量增加,VSi N涂层的硬度先升高后降低,含有10.2%Si含量的涂层硬度最大,约为27 GPa。室温环境摩擦时,随着溅射后Si含量增加,摩擦系数和磨损率均呈现先减小后增大趋势。摩擦系数和磨损率最小值均在硬度最大处获得,分别为0.35和5.2×10~(-6)mm~3/N·mm。     

基体偏压对ZrN涂层微观结构及力学性能的影响

利用多弧离子镀技术通过改变基体偏压(-100,-150,-200 V)在SKD11模具钢基体上制备了一系列ZrN涂层。采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、纳米压痕仪、划痕仪、摩擦磨损试验机和台阶仪等分析技术对涂层的结构、表面形貌、硬度、弹性模量、断裂韧性、结合力、摩擦磨损性能等进行表征,重点研究基体偏压对涂层微观结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在不同偏压条件下制备的涂层始终由ZrN相构成;随着基体偏压的升高,ZrN涂层生长的择优取向发生了改变,生长择优取向从低偏压下(-100 V)的(311)向(111)(-200 V)转变;硬度和结合力呈现先增后减的趋势,并在偏压为-150 V时达到最大值,分别为29.14 GPa和58 N;摩擦系数及磨损量均在偏压为-150 V时最低。     

Ni含量对CrNiTiN涂层微观结构及摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用闭合场非平衡磁控溅射离子镀技术在H13钢和单晶Si(110)表面沉积CrNiTiN四元硬质涂层。通过改变Ni靶电流大小来改变CrNiTiN涂层中Ni的含量。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射能谱、X射线光电子谱、摩擦磨损实验、纳米压痕测试等技术研究Ni含量对涂层成分、结构及摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:CrNiTiN涂层结构致密,以柱状晶方式生长;Ni在涂层中以单质及化合物形式存在;随着Ni的加入及其含量的增加,涂层平均晶粒尺寸从29减小到14 nm,涂层择优取向由(220)面转向(200)面,硬度及弹性模量先增加后减小,平均摩擦系数及磨损率先减小后增加;当Ni含量为4.21%(原子比)时,硬度最高为22.4 GPa,平均摩擦系数最小为0.52,磨损率最小为1.4×10-15m3/Nm。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.