316LN奥氏体不锈钢焊缝低温热老化行为研究

在压水堆核电厂中,主管道奥氏体不锈钢焊缝长期在其热老化敏感温度(280~325℃)下运行,为了研究主管道奥氏体不锈钢焊缝在核电厂运行温度下的热老化性能,开展了铁素体含量为10.7%的316LN不锈钢主管道焊缝在325、365、400℃下的低温热老化行为研究。结果表明:经6000 h热老化后,焊缝中铁素体相和奥氏体相中的主要元素含量没有发生明显变化,焊缝显微硬度快速增加但奥氏体相显微硬度没有发生变化,焊缝冲击功显著下降、拉伸性能变化较小。     

反应堆压力容器用Ni-Cr-Mo-V钢焊缝热老化脆化行为研究

对反应堆压力容器用Ni-Cr-Mo-V钢焊缝温度监督样品的热老化脆化行为进行了研究。焊缝属于压力容器的薄弱环节，服役时间最高达120 430 h（服役温度归一化到300 ℃）。3批次的焊缝监督样品冲击实验表明，焊缝材料在热老化过程中发生了脆化。通过研究发现，金相组织和显微维氏硬度在热老化期间未发生明显的变化，表明在热老化过程中不存在硬化脆化机制。断口分析及扫描俄歇纳米探针研究表明，晶界发生了P的偏析，弱化了晶界结合力，因此，反应堆压力容器用Ni-Cr-Mo-V钢焊缝在热老化过程中发生了由杂质元素P偏析引起的非硬化脆化。     

40CrNiMo钢中的氢扩散及正电子湮没

本文采用电化学渗透法测定40CrNiMo钢840℃淬火、不同温度回火(100—700℃保温1小时空冷)对氢扩散系数D、表面溶解度C及正电子湮没多谱勒展宽线型参数S的影响,论证了正电子湮没参量与氢扩散行为间的关系。试料于840℃淬火,再进行不同温度(100—700℃)保温1小时空冷回火处理。实验观察到D、C及S随回火温度变化有对应关系,D较小时C较大,S也较大。淬火马氏作D值较低,C较大,S也较大,这是由于淬火组织主要是板条状位错缠结马氏体和部分片状孪晶马氏体,并包含较多淬火空位,这些点阵缺陷会捕获氢和正电子所造成的。100℃、200℃回火,D、C及S的变化不明显;300℃回火时D升高而C及S降低,300℃回火与材料回火脆性区对应。这表明S参数对伴随回火脆性的显微结构变化较     

温度及氢化物对Zr-Sn-Nb合金焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响研究

采用小尺寸三点弯曲试样完成了渗氢和未渗氢Zr-Sn-Nb合金母材和焊缝在室温和360 ℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验,研究了温度和氢化物对焊接薄板的疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响。结果表明,腐蚀吸氢后,在母材和焊缝区均析出了呈水平向分布的片状氢化物。相比母材区,焊缝区析出的氢化物更为致密。在相同温度下,未渗氢母材的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能均优于未渗氢焊缝。腐蚀吸氢后,母材在相同温度下的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能也优于焊缝。在室温下,腐蚀吸氢后的母材和焊缝的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能相比吸氢前明显下降。360 ℃下,渗氢母材和焊缝中的氢化物部分溶解,使得其抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能得到一定程度提升。     

17-4PH不锈钢回火强化过程研究

将17-4PH钢在1 040℃保温1 h后水淬,于540℃回火不同时间,测试其硬度以研究其析出强化规律,利用原子探针层析技术(APT)研究了强化相析出演化过程。析出强化曲线显示,存在两个析出强化峰。APT分析表明,第1个强化峰是由于析出了大量纳米级富Cu相,第2个强化峰则是由于析出了Cr、V、Nb碳氮化物。APT分析还显示,在富Cu相的周围,Mn、Ni和Al也出现偏聚,而且位于富Cu相和基体的界面。     

V-W-Ti合金的回复和再结晶行为

研究了几种冷变形钒合金的回复和再结晶特性。合金材料包括V8W,V7WA1,V6WTi和V4Ti。原始态合金的冷变形量为50％,在经过100-1 100℃范围内的不同温度,1 h等时退火后,测试了合金的硬度和微观组织变化。研究结果表明,虽然几种新型钒合金具有近似相等的硬度,且在1 h内发生完全再结晶的温度基本相同,约为900℃,但回复和再结晶特性仍存在明显差异。V6WTi合金的起始再结晶温度约为700℃,比V4Ti合金高出约100℃,而比其他两种合金高出约200℃。V8W合金在约300℃退火时出现硬度峰值,其回复和再结晶行为几乎与金属V完全一致。该硬度峰被认为是合金中的O,N和C杂质与位错交互作用的结果,而合金含Ti能明显抑制该交互作用过程。在退火过程中,含Ti合金中出现了许多析出物,该析出物和合金元素W联合作用,使V6WTi合金具有最高的起始再结晶温度。     

不锈钢/碳钢爆炸复合板消除应力热处理(英文)

为了消除爆炸焊接不锈钢/碳钢复合板界面的残余应力,对实验样品进行了消除应力热处理,并做了力学性能测试、显微硬度测量、扫描电镜分析和金相分析。结果表明,不论是否经过热处理,界面两侧的成分都有互相扩散发生;热处理温度小于550℃时,力学性能、金相组织和显微硬度变化不大;热处理温度高于650℃,硬度曲线下降到接近原材的硬度,但同时界面近区碳钢表层发生脱碳现象;热处理温度在750℃时,碳钢内部还发生相变。因此不锈钢/碳钢复合板的最佳热处理温度可能在600℃左右。     

氧化物弥散强化低活化合金的微观组织及力学性能

为了强化低活化合金(CLF-1)的高温性能,将采用Ar气超声雾化方法制备的CLF-1粉末与纳米Y₂O₃粉末混合后,经高能球磨和热等静压处理,获得氧化物弥散强化（ODS）CLF-1样品。对样品进行不同制度的热处理,并进行了微观组织分析和力学性能测试。分析结果表明,经过正火和回火处理,ODS CLF-1组织为回火马氏体,当正火温度为1 100 ℃时晶粒尺寸最为均匀。回火温度对显微组织影响不明显,但回火温度升高,维氏硬度下降。热处理后样品中观察到明显的弥散分布的Y₂O₃颗粒和位错塞积,证实了弥散强化的作用。Y₂O₃颗粒尺寸不均匀,100 nm左右的大颗粒倾向于沿晶界分布,而较小的颗粒则在晶内分布。ODS CLF-1样品具有良好的高温拉伸性能,600 ℃时抗拉强度为370 MPa,延伸率为18.5%。屈服强度和抗拉强度随热处理温度的升高而降低。     

P11耐热钢窄间隙焊接接头组织分布特征与性能分析

针对P11耐热钢采用钨极氩弧自动焊进行多层单道窄间隙焊接,对接头进行金相试验和力学性能测试,重点探讨并总结了窄间隙钨极氩弧多层单道焊接接头组织的分布特征及与硬度的对应关系。测试结果表明：接头中的填充焊道组织为铁素体和屈氏体,粗、细晶区呈交互层叠状分布,组织较母材细小,硬度高于母材;盖面焊道组织以回火马氏体和粒状贝氏体为主,组织粗大且出现了网状屈氏体,硬度较填充焊道组织高;焊接热影响区中铁素体+珠光体组织呈条带状分布,与焊缝内组织相近。接头拉伸试验结果表明接头各区域抗拉强度较为均匀,与组织分析结果相吻合。冲击试验结果表明接头各区域冲击吸收能量均满足设计要求。     

CLAM钢的钨极氩弧焊及焊接后的结构与性能

利用钨极氩弧焊(TIG)焊接方法对中国自行研制的低活化铁素体/马氏体(CLAM)钢进行焊接试验,分别采用了Y型坡口和双Y型坡口两种焊接工艺。对焊接件各部分的硬度和显微结构进行测试分析,利用透射电镜观测材料的微观形貌并进行析出物相分析,以此对CLAM钢的焊接性能进行初步评价。观察发现,焊缝区没有产生缩孔和裂纹;焊缝区和母材的微观形貌主要为板条马氏体,板条宽度约为600 nm,其析出物均为20~200 nm的M23C6型碳化物;经过焊后热处理,焊缝区、热影响区和母材的硬度之间的差别减小。     

Mechanical properties of 9Cr–1W reduced activation ferritic martensitic steel weldment prepared by electron beam welding process

Microstructure and mechanical properties of the weldments prepared from 9Cr–1W reduced activation ferritic martensitic (RAFM) steel using electron beam welding (EBW) process were studied. Microstructure consists of tempered lath martensite where precipitates decorating the boundaries in post weld heat treated (PWHT) condition. Lath and precipitate sizes were found to be finer in the weld metal than in base metal. Accordingly, hardness of the weld metal was found to be higher than the base metal. Tensile strength of the cross weldment specimen was 684 MPa, which was comparable with the base metal tensile strength of 670 MPa. On the other hand, DBTT of 9Cr–1W weld metal in as-welded condition is similar to that reported for TIG weld metal in PWHT condition.     

焊接接头非均匀力学性能对J积分和失效评定曲线的影响

由于焊缝填充金属的不同和焊接热循环的作用,焊接接头不同区域有着不同的力学性能。本文将焊接接头模化为由两种材料组成,即母材金属和焊缝金属,用弹塑性有限元分析法计算了焊接接头强度组配对Ｊ积分和失效评定曲线的影响。结果表明,焊接接头不均匀强度组配对裂纹驱动力－Ｊ积分和失效评定曲线的形状与位置有很大影响。对于一个特定的焊接接头,如果接头为低组配或等组配,则以母材金属的极限载荷作为无因次载荷而建立的安全评定     

Evaluation of impact properties of weld joint of reactor pressure vessel steels with the use of miniaturized specimens

The effects of specimen size and location of V-notch on the Charpy impact properties were investigated with different sizes of specimens, standard, CVN-1/2, CVN-1/3, and CVN-1.5 mm, for A533B steel, low Mn, high Cu, high phosphorus (P), and high Cu/P steel weld joint. A part of the specimens was irradiated with neutron at 563 K up to 8 × 10¹⁹ n/cm². The heat affected zone (HAZ) specimen is the best in the impact properties among the specimens of base metal, HAZ, and weld metal in the steels with 0.003 wt.% P, while it is the worst in the steels with ～ 0.3 wt.% P. This indicates that the surveillance test of HAZ specimen can be represented by base metal in the case of A533B steels with lower P content (～ 0.003 wt.%). The effects of notch location and chemical contents on ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) are almost independent of specimen size within an error of ±5 K, indicating that the miniaturized Charpy specimens are applicable and effective in the surveillance tests of reactor pressure vessel steel of extended operation period. After irradiation, the highest DBTT was observed for the specimen with V-notch in base metal in the case of A533B steel and high Cu steel with 0.003 wt.% P.     

Compatibility of ferritic-martensitic steel T91 welds with liquid lead-bismuth eutectic: Comparison between TIG and EB welds

The 9 wt.% chromium ferritic-martensitic steel T91 is being considered as candidate structural material for a future experimental accelerator driven system (XT-ADS). This material and its welded connections would need to be used in contact with liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE), under high irradiation doses. Both unirradiated tungsten inert gas (TIG) and electron beam (EB) welds of T91 have been examined by means of metallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Vickers hardness measurements and tensile testing in both gas and liquid lead-bismuth environment. The TIG weld was commercially produced and post weld heat treated by a certified welding company while the post weld heat treatment of the experimental EB weld was optimized in terms of the Vickers hardness profile across the welded joint. The mechanical properties of the T91 TIG and EB welds in contact with LBE have been examined using slow strain rate tensile testing (SSRT) in LBE at 350 °C. All welds showed good mechanical behaviour in gas environment but total elongation was strongly reduced due to liquid metal embrittlement (LME) when tested in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic environment. The reduction in total elongation due to LME was larger for the commercially TIG welded joint than for the EB welded joint.     

焊后热处理对16MND5钢焊接组织结构与残余应力的影响

16MND5钢广泛应用于核岛承压容器构件,其焊接接头不可避免地会引入高的残余应力,而焊后热处理可有效消减焊接残余应力以克服应力腐蚀裂纹的影响。本工作利用轮廓法和中子衍射技术研究了焊后热处理对16MND5钢焊接残余应力的影响。结果表明,轮廓法与中子衍射测试结果在趋势和数值上取得了较好的一致性,焊后热处理使焊接态的残余应力峰值从约420 MPa降低至约210 MPa。同时,利用金相法和SEM研究了焊后热处理对焊缝区域组织结构的影响。结果表明,焊后热处理主要表现为贝氏体和少量自回火马氏体的焊缝中心组织转变为回火贝氏体和回火马氏体,热处理后的焊缝区晶粒明显长大。     

Fracture toughness of the hydrogen charged EUROFER 97 RAFM steel at room temperature and 120 °C

The static fracture toughness of EUROFER 97 reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel was investigated in presence of higher content of hydrogen. The hydrogen effect is shown during fracture toughness testing both of base and weld metals at room temperature and at 120 °C. At the room temperature testing the J_0.2 integral values will decrease depending on hydrogen content in the range of 2-4 wppm. The same hydrogen content of 2 wppm manifests itself by an uneven level of hydrogen embrittlement for base metal and weld metal. This corresponds to a different J_0.2 integral value and a different mechanism of fracture mode. At the hydrogen content of 4 wppm more evident decrease of J_0.2 was observed for both metals. At 120 °C hydrogen decreases J_0.2 integral in base metal at a limited scale only in comparison to weld metal. At room temperature and hydrogen content of about 4 wppm the base metal specimen exhibits inter-granular fracture and trans-granular cleavage on practically the whole crack surface. The weld metal fracture has shown inter-granular and trans-granular mechanism with ductile and dimple rupture.     

包含过热区的焊接接头强度组配对CTOD的影响

利用试验研究和数值分析方法，对模拟焊接接头三点弯曲试样不同强度组配对裂纹尖端张开位移（CTOD）的影响进行了研究，本研究的模拟焊接接头试样是通过电子束焊接法焊制的，数值分析中采用了三金属模型，较以往的二金属模型更接近于实际，结果表明，不同的焊接接头强度组配对CTOD有不同程度的影响；无量纲载荷P／PY和CTOD裂纹扩展驱动力关系曲线与极限载荷的选取有很大关系，二维数值计算与试验结果在无量纲载荷P／PY较小时具有良好的一致性，但随P／PY的增加，二者的偏差增大。     

Compatibility of martensitic/austenitic steel welds with liquid lead bismuth eutectic environment

The high-chromium ferritic/martensitic steel T91 and the austenitic stainless steel 316L are to be used in contact with liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE), under high irradiation doses. Both tungsten inert gas (TIG) and electron beam (EB) T91/316L welds have been examined by means of metallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), Vickers hardness measurements and tensile testing both in inert gas and in LBE. Although the T91/316L TIG weld has very good mechanical properties when tested in air, its properties decline sharply when tested in LBE. This degradation in mechanical properties is attributed to the liquid metal embrittlement of the 309 buttering used in TIG welding of T91/316L welds. In contrast to mixed T91/316L TIG welding, the mixed T91/316L EB weld was performed without buttering. The mechanical behaviour of the T91/316L EB weld was very good in air after post weld heat treatment but deteriorated when tested in LBE.     

Mechanical properties and microstructural investigations of TIG welded 40 mm and 60 mm thick SS 316L samples for fusion reactor vacuum vessel applications

The development of advanced fusion reactors like DEMO will have various challenges in materials and fabrication. The vacuum vessel is important part of the fusion reactor. The double walled design for vacuum vessel with thicker stainless steel material (40–60 mm) has been proposed in the advanced fusion reactors like ITER. Different welding techniques will have to be used for such vacuum vessel development. The required mechanical, structural and other properties of stainless steels have to be maintained in these joining processes of components of various shapes and sizes in the form of plates, ribs, shells, etc. The present paper reports characterization of welding joints of SS316L plates with higher thicknesses like 40 mm and 60 mm, prepared using multi-pass Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process. The weld quality has been evaluated with non-destructive tests by X-ray radiography and ultrasonic methods. The mechanical properties like tensile, bend tests, Vickers hardness and impact fracture tests have been carried out for the weld samples. Tensile property test results indicate sound weld joints with efficiencies over 100%. Hardening was observed in the weld zone in non-uniform manner. Macro and microstructure studies have been carried out for Base Metal (BM), Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and Weld Zone (WZ). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis carried out for the impact fractured specimens show ductile fracture. The microstructural study and ferrite number data indicate the presence of high content of delta ferrite in the weld zone as compared to the delta ferrite in base metal.