冷却工艺对20CrMnTi组织转变与硬度的影响

探索合理的轧后冷却工艺制度对降低热轧齿轮钢棒材冷后硬度具有重要的指导意义.本文通过热模拟试验机进行冷却工艺试验,研究了单道次变形后不同冷却速度和不同终冷温度对齿轮钢20CrMnTi组织转变与硬度的影响.研究结果表明：在快冷速(10, 50 ℃/s)条件下,再结晶晶粒长大受到抑制,奥氏体晶粒细化,晶界面积增大,铁素体形核质点增多; 当终冷温度升高时,高温区铁素体相变时间增加,冷后组织中铁素体体积分数增大,硬度值降低.在终冷温度850 ℃时铁素体体积分数达到最大值58%,硬度值相应降低为264HV.在慢冷速(0.1 ℃/s)条件下,再结晶晶粒长大明显,铁素体形核质点减少,但随着终冷温度降低,两相区中C元素扩散时间延长,铁素体形核长大时间增加,冷后组织中铁素体体积分数增大,硬度值降低.在终冷温度760 ℃时铁素体体积分数达到最大值48%,相应硬度降低为最小值240HV.在1 ℃/s条件下,终冷温度对铁素体体积分数及硬度影响较小,铁素体体积分数和硬度分别在34%±4%和(282±5)HV范围内波动.     

控制轧制和控制冷却对低碳钢板的组织和抗冷脆性的影响

本文研究了控制轧制工艺参数(奥氏体化温度、道次压下率及终轧温度)对低碳钢板轧后铁素体晶粒平均直径和脆性转化温度的影响及其相互关系。试验结果表明:轧制工艺参数中终轧温度起主要作用,决定着轧后铁素体晶粒平均直径、脆性转化温度及-40℃时的冲击韧性;在约800℃终轧,效果最好。轧后快冷时间及冷却速度对低碳钢板的组织和脆性转化温度影响的试验结果表明,延长快冷时间及加快冷却对轧后组织产生复杂影响:使魏氏组织级别增大;使伪共析珠光体量增加;使珠光体退化及细化。这样复杂的组织变化,对脆性转化温度带来复杂的影响。文中提出了低碳钢中珠光体退化的几种机制。     

合金元素和控轧控冷工艺在管线钢研制中的应用

通过在管线钢中添加Mn、Nb、V、Ti和Mo等合金元素与采用控轧控冷工艺可获得良好的微观组织和综合力学性能.具体论述了控轧控冷过程中合金元素和控轧控冷工艺参数对管线铜微观组织和力学性能的影响;同时分析了微合金元素(Nb、V、Ti)碳氮化物的析出行为.结果表明,在适当范围内降低终轧温度和终冷温度,提高轧后冷却速度和增大精轧总变形量都可有效改善钢的综合性能.     

热轧钒微合金TRIP钢的微观组织和力学性能

对一种钒微合金TRIP钢进行了热轧试验,并研究其微观组织特征及力学性能.结果表明,将终轧温度控制在Ae3附近,热轧后的钒微合金TRIP钢具有由铁素体,粒状贝氏体和一定量残余奥氏体组成的复相组织.EBSD分析结果表明,其中75%以上的铁素体晶粒尺寸在l-6 μm;绝大多数晶界取向差角度位于29°-60°.当终轧温度为83...     

控轧控冷对低碳Mn-Nb-Cu钢拉伸力学性能的影响

研究了不同终轧温度及轧后冷却速度对低碳Mn-Nb-Cu钢的力学性能(σs，σb和δ5)的影响。研究结果表明，对控轧低碳Mn-Nb-Cu钢的力学性能的影响主要决定于钢的碳当量；随轧后冷却速度的提高，σs和σb提高，δ5降低；在奥氏体未再结晶区进行轧制，终轧温度对铁素体晶粒尺寸的影响较小。     

Q345B厚钢板显微组织中带状组织的形成原因及工艺改进

为解决Q345B厚钢板显微组织中带状组织不合格的问题,分析了其带状组织的形成机理和影响因素,并提出了工艺改进措施。结果表明:当钢从奥氏体相区冷却时,铁素体中碳元素聚集,直到温度降低至奥氏体化温度A_(r1)时,保留到最后的奥氏体转变为珠光体,在轧制过程中珠光体聚集,最终形成铁素体和珠光体带状组织。影响带状组织形成的主要因素为加热温度和终轧温度,可以通过提高终轧温度和在轧制后增加喷水冷却处理来改善Q345B钢板中的带状组织。     

变形制度对低碳锰钢组织性能的影响

为了获得细晶铁素体/贝氏体的复相组织,通过控轧控冷工艺研究了低碳锰钢在奥氏体区变形时变形量、终轧温度和卷取温度对组织演变和力学性能的影响规律.研究表明,增加变形量(对应道次间隔时间缩短)可以细化铁素体晶粒,但当终轧温度降低到800℃时,变形量的增加以及开冷温度的降低不利于贝氏体组织的获得.通过调整变形量、终轧温度、可开冷温度并适当降低卷取温度,可使实验钢获得晶粒尺寸约为5μm的铁素体和10%~20%的贝氏体组织,低碳锰钢强塑性能良好.     

终轧温度对2024铝合金晶间腐蚀和力学性能的影响

对均匀化态2024铝合金进行不同终轧温度的热轧处理，经固溶后再进行为期4 d的自然时效。通过背散射电子衍射(EBSD)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电化学实验研究了终轧温度对2024铝合金力学性能和晶间腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明，轧态2024铝合金内存在剪切织构和少量再结晶织构，而固溶后出现了部分典型轧制织构。终轧温度影响合金组织和织构变化。终轧温度较低(207℃)时合金的平均晶粒尺寸和平均Schmid因子小，强度高；终轧温度较高(280℃)时合金小角度晶界和{111}面织构占比高，具有较大Schmid因子的织构含量少，抗晶间腐蚀性能优良。     

原奥氏体晶粒尺寸对珠光体钢组织及韧性的影响

探索了奥氏体晶粒尺寸对珠光体等温转变组织特征以及对韧性性能的影响规律.研究表明,在相同等温转变温度下,珠光体片层间距无明显变化,随奥氏体晶粒尺寸的增加,先共析铁素体量减少而珠光体团尺寸增加.珠光体断裂韧性受控于裂纹前沿塑性影响区尺寸(1～2)δc,其中δc为临界裂纹张开位移,当原奥氏体晶粒大于(1～2)δc时,裂纹扩展阻力主要来自穿越珠光体片层α、θ相的颈缩、破断.当原奥氏体晶粒尺寸接近或小于(1～2)δc时,裂纹主要沿晶界、珠光体团界、α+θ片层界面扩展,通过扩展路径发生多次弯折消耗能量,随原奥氏体晶粒尺寸增加,准静态断裂韧度J变化幅度较小.而冲击韧性缺口前沿塑性影响区远大于原奥氏体晶粒,大角度晶界将促使裂纹的转折而提高扩展阻力,提高裂纹前沿塑性区大角度晶界密度有利于提高冲击功,冲击韧性A随晶粒尺寸的增加显著下降.     

高速车轮钢的组织韧化工艺及机理研究

为改善高速车轮钢韧性,从而提高高速车轮运行安全性,通过改变辗轧变形温度(tD)及踏面淬火温度(tQ),系统研究了热处理工艺对车轮钢力学性能的影响.采用光学、扫描电子显微(SEM)技术、电子背散射技术(EBSD)、定量金相技术等研究了车轮钢珠光体组织.试验结果表明:车轮钢韧性随着tD与tQ的降低而升高,强度变化不大;tD与tQ的降低导致奥氏体晶粒尺寸减小,同时得到细化的珠光体球团组织,是韧性优化的直接原因.进一步断口分析与EBSD分析表明,单个珠光体球团可形成一个解理面,且解理面滑移带终止于珠光体球团界,与珠光体球团内部小角度晶界相对应,可认为珠光体球团是车轮钢韧性的控制单元.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。