快速响应的聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)水凝胶的合成及性能

以羧甲基纤维素的水溶液为反应介质制备了快速响应的温度敏感性聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)水凝胶。利用DSC对其相转变温度进行了表征,并测定了不同温度下达到平衡时水凝胶的溶胀比,研究了水凝胶的去溶胀动力学。结果表明,在聚合/交联过程中羧甲基纤维素的存在对PN IPA水凝胶的相转变温度几乎没有影响;与传统水凝胶相比,该水凝胶的溶胀性能有所提高,并且具有较快的响应速率。     

pH-GSH双敏感型P(mPEGMA-DEAM-SS)水凝胶的溶胀动力学

以甲氧基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(m PEGMA)、甲基丙烯酸-N-N-二乙氨基乙酯(DEAM)为单体,2,2'-二硫二乙醇的二甲基丙烯酸酯(SS)为交联剂,采用自由基交联共聚法制备了具有p H-GSH双敏感性的P(m PEGMA-DEAM-SS)水凝胶。研究了溶剂对凝胶溶胀性能的影响,并初步研究了在不同介质中水凝胶的溶胀动力学。结果表明,以N-N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂时,可获得良好p H响应能力的水凝胶;水凝胶的溶胀过程表现出良好的p H-GSH双敏感性,该水凝胶的扩散行为在酸性介质中符合non-Fickian模型,而在中性介质则符合Fickian模型;在10 mmol/L GSH条件下,水凝胶溶胀率上升了4倍多,其扩散亦为non-Fickian扩散模式。     

纤维素基导电水凝胶的合成及其结构性能表征

以离子液体(氯化-1-丁基-三甲基咪唑,BMIMCl)溶解微晶纤维素(MCC),以N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺作为交联剂形成的纤维素水凝胶为基体,同时吡咯(Py)作为导电聚合物单体,制备了纤维素基导电水凝胶。对MCC/PPy复合导电水凝胶的化学结构和表面形貌进行了表征,研究了该导电水凝胶的导电性、溶胀性能和热稳定性。结果表明,PPy与MCC水凝胶形成了具有半互穿网络结构的导电水凝胶,该水凝胶表面呈蜂窝状;其电导率数量级可达10-4~10-3,且对甲苯磺酸钠掺杂可大幅提高其电导率;随着MCC浓度的增加,纤维素水凝胶的平衡溶胀率呈下降趋势,所得导电水凝胶的溶胀率比纯纤维素水凝胶的溶胀率略有下降,但仍能维持500%的水平;此外,该导电水凝胶的热稳定性较纯MCC水凝胶有所下降。     

壳聚糖/羟丙基甲基纤维素温敏水凝胶的制备

采用壳聚糖(CS)、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)为原料制备了温敏性水凝胶,分析了CS含量、HPMC含量、HPMC黏度和甘油添加量对CS/HPMC的低临界溶解温度的影响。最优条件为CS含量为1%(m/V),HPMC的黏度为6 m Pa·s,HPMC的含量为7%(m/V),甘油含量为32%(m/V),得到体系的低临界溶解温度为32℃,体系的黏度为1407 m Pa·s。红外光谱测试表明CS、HPMC与甘油之间没有化学作用,流变性测试显示体系可以在36℃下凝胶化。MTT测试结果表明CS/HPMC/Gyl无毒副作用,具有良好的生物相容性。研究结果表明该体系是一种良好的可注射型温敏水凝胶。     

新型聚丙烯酸水凝胶的自愈及其溶胀动力学

以丙烯酸(AA)、水、七元瓜环(CB[7])和过硫酸钾(KPS)、NaCl为原料制备七元瓜环/聚丙烯酸水凝胶(CB[7]/PAA hydrogel),宏观观察了CB[7]/PAA hydrogel的自愈性,研究了这种自愈水凝胶的网络形成作用力。结果表明:这种水凝胶网络的形成作用力主要是多重氢键,具有自愈性,自愈后的最大拉伸量约为原长的1.73倍;AA含量较低时随着AA含量的提高溶胀率和溶胀速率增大,AA含量较高时随着AA含量的提高溶胀率和溶胀速率减小;这种水凝胶的溶胀率与溶胀速率,在p H值为7.6的水溶液中的值明显高于在p H值为10.0和4.0水溶液中的值。使用Non-Fickian扩散模型研究了CB[7]/PAA hydrogel的溶胀机理。CB[7]/PAA hydrogel的动力学指数n、凝胶速率常数K和水分子扩散系数D的值表明,这种水凝胶的溶胀符合Non-Fickian扩散模式,在溶胀初期水分子的扩散速率与凝胶中的链段松弛速率相当。     

温度敏感性P(NtBA-co-AAm)聚合物和水凝胶的合成及表征

以N-叔丁基丙烯酰胺(Nt BA)和丙烯酰胺(AAm)为反应单体,过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,在50℃时通过自由基聚合反应合成了具有温度敏感性的聚(N-叔丁基聚丙烯酰胺-co-丙烯酰胺)(P(Nt BA-co-AAm))线型聚合物及水凝胶。为提高凝胶的溶胀性能,以硅胶微粒和聚乙二醇400(PEG400)为造孔剂,合成了一系列大孔P(Nt BA-co-AAm)水凝胶。用差热分析仪分析了P(Nt BA-co-AAm)共聚物的热力学性能,通过红外光谱、扫描电镜表征了P(Nt BA-co-AAm)凝胶的结构。研究了进料中单体配比和交联剂用量对水凝胶溶胀性能的影响以及不同温度下水凝胶的溶胀动力学。结果表明,进料中Nt BA与AAm的摩尔比越高,共聚物及水凝胶的相转变温度越低;增加交联剂的用量,水凝胶的溶胀率降低;大孔凝胶的溶胀率和去溶胀率较传统凝胶有较大提高,同时对外界温度变化的响应更迅速。     

聚(丙烯酸-co-N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮)水凝胶的前端聚合法制备及染料吸附

在水溶液中用前端聚合法制备了聚(丙烯酸-co-N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮)水凝胶,研究了单体配比对前端聚合参数、水凝胶的溶胀性能和热稳定性的影响,检测了水凝胶对水体中有机染料的吸附性能。结果表明,共聚凝胶的吸水性能明显优于均聚物(聚丙烯酸(PAC)),当丙烯酸(AC)和N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)的摩尔比为5:5时,水凝胶饱和溶胀比最大,达到577 g/g,约为PAC的3倍。与吸附酸性品红和亚甲基蓝相比,水凝胶吸附碱性品红的能力更强,当n(AC)∶n(NVP)=7∶3时吸附量最大,为539 mg/g;共聚水凝胶具有p H敏感性,溶液p H升高有利于对亚甲基蓝的吸附。差示扫描量热分析表明,相对于溶液聚合,前端聚合法制备的产物单体排布序列更均匀。     

纤维素羧酸钠基半互穿高吸水凝胶的温控溶胀效果

具有温控溶胀性的高吸水凝胶由于其独特的性能,如随环境温度微小变化,材料体积发生多种改变,在学术研究及工业应用领域都属于一种多用途、有前途的功能材料。纤维素羧酸钠(CAS)是一类通过纤维素选择性氧化反应得到的水溶性衍生物,但对其功能凝胶改性的研究鲜有报道。本工作以蔗髓为原料改性得到的CAS为线性聚合物,丙烯酰胺(AM)和二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(DAC)为共聚单体,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAM)为交联剂,采用序列合成法制得半互穿网络结构的CAS/聚合(AM-co-DAC)凝胶。利用红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱仪及扫描电镜对凝胶化学组成及表面形态进行表征,研究CAS、引发剂用量及介质性质对凝胶在不同温度作用下溶胀能力的影响。结果表明:制备的CAS基凝胶的溶胀度高且受温度控制;随着温度升高,溶胀度提升;溶胀能力及其温控灵敏性取决于凝胶的化学构成及溶液性质。     

光-温度双重响应凝胶的制备及温敏性能研究

采用自由基共聚合方法,将丙烯酰胺基偶氮苯(AAAB)与N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAAm)共聚,制备了一种具有温度和紫外光双重响应性的P(NIPAAm-co-AAAB)共聚凝胶,并研究了凝胶的温敏性。研究结果表明,P(NIPAAm-co-AAAB)凝胶具有温度响应性,且溶胀和退溶胀性能较好。与PNIPAAm凝胶相比,共聚凝胶平衡溶胀率降低。随共聚配比中AAAB含量的增大,共聚凝胶的低临界溶解温度(LCST)、平衡溶胀率和退溶胀速率均逐渐降低。     

玉米秸秆纤维素/丙烯酸水凝胶的制备及其吸附性能研究

以玉米秸秆为原料制备纳米纤维素/丙烯酸水凝胶并用于染料废水吸附。首先，采用表面接枝共聚法制备水凝胶，利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和热重分析(TG)对其进行了表征，并进行水凝胶溶胀性能测试。结果表明：水凝胶具有立体蜂窝网状结构，丙烯酸的接枝共聚作用使样品结晶度降低、热稳定性增强。升高温度、碱性介质中水凝胶表现出更好的溶胀能力，但是介质中阳离子价态高溶胀能力下降。最后，对水凝胶吸附亚甲基蓝机理进行了探讨，吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型，以发生在水凝胶活性基团的单层吸附为主；吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型，是一种化学吸附。     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.