眼眶减压术20眼临床分析

目的：探讨眼眶减压术对经保守治疗无效的甲状腺相关性眼病的临床疗效与合并症。方法：对12例20眼的术前临床表现、术后的疗效与并发症进行随访并统计。结果：三壁减压使眼球后退6－8mm,外下壁减压后退4－6mm,内下壁减压后退3－5mm。14／16眼（87．5％）角膜损害痊愈,2／16眼（12．5％）好转。17／20眼（85％）视力提高,3／20眼（15％）无改善。并发症包括2眼复视,5眼眶下神经损害,1眼眶继发出血。结论：眼眶减压术对保守治疗无效的甲状腺相关眼病是一种有效、安全、并发症少的治疗手段。可用于继发角膜损害,压迫视神经与要求美容 的病例。     

眼眶平衡减压术治疗甲状腺相关眼病

目的 探讨平衡眼眶减压术治疗甲状腺相关眼病的疗效和手术方法。方法 采用内外壁眼眶减压术治疗20例35眼甲状腺相关眼病患者。术后随访平均14个月。观察术后视力、眼球突出度和眼球运动等情况。结果 20例35眼中除1例行眶外壁减压外，其余均行内外壁平衡眼眶减压术。眼球突出度缓解3～11mm，其中3～4mm者5眼，5～9mm者28眼，10～11mm者2眼，平均6．32mm。视力从术前数指提高至0．1者6眼，提高2行以上者8眼，无变化21眼。术后眼球运动明显好转者9眼，运动障碍加重2眼。无视力丧失及术后感染。结论 平衡眼眶减压术是治疗甲状腺相关眼病的有效方法。     

改良三壁眶减压术治疗重症甲状腺相关性眼病的疗效观察

目的观察改良三壁眶减压术治疗重症甲状腺相关性眼病的效果。方法对我院收治的3例(6眼)经内科治疗无效的重症甲状腺相关性眼病患者实施改良三壁眶减压术,观察患者术后视力、眼球突出度及外观情况。结果术后4眼视力轻度提高,2眼保持不变;眼球后退5.3～12.6mm,平均9.5mm;睑裂闭合不全者术后均闭合良好,外观满意;1眼出现少量眶内血肿,治疗后吸收;4眼出现双眼复视,均于1个月内消失;术后CT显示眼眶减压良好。结论改良三壁眶减压术可有效扩大眼眶容积,降低眶内压,还纳眼球,减少眼球突出,改善外观,对内科保守治疗、常规眶减压术无效的重症甲状腺相关性眼病患者安全有效。     

改良结膜入路眼眶内下壁减压术治疗轻中度甲状腺相关眼病的临床效果

目的　评价改良结膜入路眼眶内下壁减压术治疗轻中度甲状腺相关眼病的疗效。方法　回顾性分析2017年1月至2018年8月在云南省第二人民医院行改良结膜入路眼眶内下壁减压术治疗的10例（11眼）轻中度甲状腺相关眼病患者。所有患者在术前均给予眼眶水平位、冠状位和矢状位CT检查，测量视力、眼球突出度、复视情况，检查眼外观进行眼前段照相等。将手术前、后眼球突出度，视力以及复视的改善情况作为效果评价指标，对相关数据进行统计和分析。结果　本组11眼术前眼球突出度为（18.94±1.40）mm，术后（15.22±1.46）mm；术后与术前比较，眼球突出度降低（3.72±0.64）mm，差异有统计学意义（t=18.379，P＜0.001）。术前视力为 0.53±0.29，术后为0.62±0.32；术后与术前比较，视力提高0.08±0.10，差异有统计学意义（t=-2.733，P=0.021）。术前复视2例；术后新发生复视2例，均为轻度复视。术前已存在复视的患者，术后复视程度无加重。结论　改良结膜入路眼眶内下壁减压术能有效改善甲状腺相关眼病患者的眼球突出度与视力，术后复视发生概率低，手术切口隐蔽美观，是一种可靠且有效的眶减压术式。     

眼眶脂肪减压术治疗甲状腺眼病的临床研究

目的 评价眼眶脂肪减压术治疗甲状腺相关眼病的疗效.方法 对10例(12只眼)、经眼睑皮肤和(或)结膜切口入路,切除肌肉圆锥内外的眼眶脂肪,1只眼经下睑睫毛下皮肤切口,在切除肌锥内,外脂肪后用高速磨头磨削眼眶下壁骨壁.结果 切除脂肪量1.9～3 ml,平均2.6ml.术后矫正眼球突出度2～3 mm,平均2.4mm.脂肪减压术联合眼眶骨壁磨削的患者出现了术眼眼球向下移位和向下注视时顽固性复视.其余患者未出现并发症.结论 眼眶脂肪减压术可以减轻眼球突出,是一项安全有效的手术方法,但减压效果有限.     

经冠状入路眼眶减压术26例

目的探讨经冠状入路眼眶减压术(coronal surgical approach to orbital decompression，CSAD)的临床疗效。方法选择双眼甲状腺相关眼病(thyroid associated Ophthalmopathy，TAO)患者26例(52眼)，行CSAD手术，其中二壁减压20例，三壁减压6例。结果手术前平均睑裂宽度14．5mm，手术后11．7mm；术前平均眼球突出度23mm；术后平均眼球突出16．8mm。平均后退6．2mm，术后视力提高18例(36眼)无变化7例(14眼)减退1例(2眼)；术后复视改善17例，无变化6例，复视症状加重3例。结论CSAD具有减压效果明显，并发症少，术后眼部无瘢痕等优点。     

眼眶减压术治疗30例恶性突眼的疗效观察

目的 评价眼眶减压术治疗严重恶性突眼患者的疗效。方法 采用眼眶减压术治疗30例(34只眼)恶性突眼患者,其中二壁减压术22,只眼,三壁减压术12只眼。术后随访3个月至9年,平均4．5年。观察恶性突眼患者术后视力、眼球突出度、眼球活动度及外观情况。结果 34只眼术后眼睑均能完全闭合。视力：提高25只眼,无改变5只眼,下降4只眼。眼球突出度：二壁减压术后(18．5mm)较术前(22．3mm)明显减小,三壁减压术后(18．6mm)较术前(25．7mm)明显减小。结论 眼眶减压术是治疗严重恶性突眼的有效方法。     

眼眶二壁减压术治疗12例Graves眼病 压迫性视神经病变

目的评价眼眶减压术治疗压迫性视神经病变的疗效。方法对12例患者14只Graves眼病合并压迫性视神经病变眼施行了二壁眶减压术,减压骨壁尽量靠近眶尖。结果14只眼术后均能完全闭合。视力提高11只眼,基本不变2只眼,下降1只眼。眼球突度平均减少4.0 mm。结论二壁眶减压术是治疗Graves眼病压迫性视神经病变的有效方法。(中华眼底病杂志,2001,17:303-304)     

经鼻内镜下眼眶减压术治疗中重度甲状腺相关眼病疗效观察

目的 探讨经鼻内镜下眼眶减压术治疗中重度甲状腺相关眼病的治疗效果。方法 选取我院在2015年6月至2021年5月期间收治的60例中重度甲状腺相关眼病患者为研究对象,所有患者均行经鼻内镜下眼眶减压术,对比患者治疗前和治疗3个月后的最佳矫正视力、眼内压、睑裂高度和眼球突出度。结果 60例87眼中有50只眼(57.5%)术后最佳矫正视力提高,术前术后对比有显著性差异(U=319.7,P=0.04),其余较为稳定,无术后视力持续下降者,术后3月眼球突出度、眼内压和睑裂高度的改善均有显著性差异(t=16.56,P=0.00;t=38.12,P=0.00;t=12.67,P=0.00)。结论 经鼻内镜下眼眶减压术治疗重度甲状腺相关眼病可有效改善患者视力,降低眼内压,利于眼球回退,改善眼部症状。     

眶压监测在甲状腺相关眼病的诊断及围手术期的应用

探讨眶压监测对甲状腺相关眼病（TAO）的诊断价值以及眶减压围手术期眶压、眼压的改变。方法自行设计眶压测量仪。测量并比较26例（30只眼）TAO患者眶减压术前后的直接眶压（DOT）、间接眶压（IOT）、眼压（IOP）、眼球突出度（OP）和视力;20例（20只眼）健康成年人设为对照。结果TAO患者DOT、IOT、IOP及OP均高于对照组,△DOT与△IOP呈正相关（r＝0．49,P＜0．01）,△IOT与△OP呈正相关（r＝0．64,P＜0．01）。眶减压术后DOT、IOT、IOP均显著降低,三者的差值呈正相关。结论TAO患者的眼压、眶压升高;眶压监测可以作为眶减压术的重要手术指标并用于术后的疗效判断及观察。     

Orbital decompression for thyroid orbitopathy

Background: Severe thyroid orbitopathy may result in optic neuropathy, corneal exposure and disfiguring proptosis, Orbital decompression has most commonly been performed for optic neuropathy, but with improved techniques, more patients are undergoing decompression for other indications. Purpose: This report evaluates the results and morbidity of orbital decompression for thyroid orbitopathy performed by one surgeon. Methods: The records of 33 patients (53 orbits) undergoing orbital decompression for thyroid orbitopathy were analysed for changes in visual acuity and colour vision (where the indication was optic neuropathy) and reduction in proptosis. Complications were also analysed. Results: Visual acuity and colour vision improved in all 33 eyes with optic neuropathy in the short term postoperative period (4 weeks), but later deteriorated in five eyes (6.6%) of 4 patients (19%). Proptosis decreased by a mean 5.3 mm (range, 1–10). Diplopia developed or worsened overall in 10 of 33 patients (30%), but only in one of 12 (8%) where the indication was cosmesis or corneal exposure. Diplopia improved in 2 of 33 (6%). All patients with symptomatic diplopia achieved binocular single vision in a useful range after one and sometimes two squint procedures. No patient lost vision as a result of surgery. Conclusions: Orbital decompression is effective in improving vision in most patients with thyroid optic neuropathy, but induces or worsens diplopia in a high proportion of these patients. Proptosis can be effectively and dramatically improved.     

Graded orbital decompression based on severity of proptosis

OBJECTIVE: To study the results of orbital decompression based on the severity of preoperative proptosis. DESIGN: A retrospective noncomparative interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-nine orbits in 23 patients with thyroid-related orbitopathy at a university-based referral center. INTERVENTION: Graded orbital decompression was performed in all patients based on the severity of preoperative exophthalmometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Exophthalmometry, visual acuity, margin-to-reflex distance, prism cover testing, and intraocular pressure. RESULTS: Mean proptosis reduction in all orbits was 6.4 +/- 2.7 mm (P < 0.01). In group 1 (preoperative exophthalmometry <22 mm), proptosis decreased with a mean of 4.8 +/- 1.3 mm (P < 0.01); mean proptosis reduction was 6.0 +/- 2.3 mm (P < 0.01) and 8.9 +/- 3.4 mm (P < 0.01) in group 2 (exophthalmometry between 22-25 mm) and group 3 (exophthalmometry >25 mm), respectively. In four of five eyes with compressive optic neuropathy there was an improvement of best-corrected visual acuity of 2 lines or more. Margin-to-reflex distance of the upper and lower lids and intraocular pressure were reduced in all groups. New-onset diplopia developed in two patients (8.7%); 13 of 15 patients (86.7%) who had diplopia preoperatively had persistent diplopia postoperatively. Two patients (13.3%) had relief of diplopia postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Graded orbital decompression based on the severity of preoperative exophthalmometry is useful to determine the type and amount of orbital surgery to be performed.     

Selected papers from the 17th meeting of the European Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

There are numerous reports of the short-term efficacy of orbital decompression for thyroid orbitopathy, but few studies have documented the long-term results of surgery. The authors retrospectively reviewed their long-term (mean time, 43.34 months) follow-up of 44 eyes in 23 patients who underwent orbital decompression for reduction of proptosis (Group 1: 36 eyes) or compressive optic neuropathy (Group 2: 8 eyes) at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. No patient in this series experienced worsening of visual sensory function from surgery. Five of seven (71%) eyes in group 2 improved after decompression and a sixth eye recovered acuity after orbital irradiation. Postoperative worsening of ocular alignment occurred in 52% of patients and may be more likely to occur in patients who have preoperative generalized limitation of extraocular movement with or without preoperative misalignment in the primary position. Postoperative results at final examination 12 months or longer after surgery, both with respect to reduction of proptosis and improvement in visual sensory function, were either unchanged or further improved compared with findings three to six months after surgery.     

Beveled osteotomy with lateral wall advancement and interpositional bone grafting for severe thyroid orbitopathy

PURPOSE: To present a new technique for orbital decompressions for patients with severe thyroid orbitopathy that minimizes complications while maximizing the amount of decompression. This method involves advancing the lateral orbital wall in such a way as to promote osseous union and minimize cosmetic deformities. METHODS: This paper represents a case series (42 eyes from 26 patients) of orbital decompressions for severe thyroid related orbitopathy. All patients were treated via a graded balanced orbital decompression with advancement of the lateral orbital wall with interpositional bone grafts. Preoperative and postoperative measurements were tabulated and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: All patients demonstrated significant improvement in proptosis with an average Hertel exophthalmometry reduction of 8 mm. In addition, 22 patient orbits with preoperative elevation of intraocular pressure demonstrated an average 7 mm Hg improvement in postoperative intraocular pressure. Seven patients required strabismus surgery postoperatively and no patient developed new onset strabismus after surgery. Of all patients, 54% demonstrated improvement of visual acuity of greater than 1 line and no patient experienced a decrease in visual acuity. Postoperative computed tomography scan demonstrated osseous union of the lateral wall after advancement with this new technique. No patient complained of a palpable deformity of the lateral orbital wall. CONCLUSIONS: The graded balanced orbital decompression with interpositional bone grafts effectively decompressed the orbit with significant improvement in final visual acuity, exophthalmometry measurements, and final intraocular pressure. In addition, this technique promotes osseous union with minimal cosmetic deformities.     

Outcome of Deep Lateral Wall Rim-Sparing Orbital Decompression in Thyroid-associated Orbitopathy: A New Technique and Results of a Case Series

Purpose: To describe a new technique for deep lateral (single) wall orbital decompression surgery, developed by Mr. Geoffrey Rose, for proptosis in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy and to analyse the results achieved in our series.

Methods: The study is an interventional, retrospective, non-comparative case series. Twenty-one eyes of seventeen patients underwent the described technique of deep lateral wall orbital decompression for thyroid-associated orbitopathy. All patients had controlled thyroid functions and underwent surgery for cosmetic rehabilitation, with analysis of the reduction in proptosis, changes in visual acuity and post-operative complications. The surgery involved removing the lateral orbital wall whilst preserving the lateral rim, the lateral wall being approached through a horizontal skin incision placed lateral to the lateral canthus. After reflecting the periosteum, most of the bone (deep lateral wall) between the skull base and inferior orbital fissure is removed.

Results: A mean reduction in proptosis of 4.81?mm ±1.23 (SD) (p?<?0.0001) with a median of 5.0?mm (range 3–7?mm) was achieved and the best-corrected visual acuity was maintained in all patients. There were no complications during surgery, and post-operative complications included worsening of pre-existing diplopia in one patient (6%) and transient cheek/temple numbness seen in three patients (18%).

Conclusions: This technique of deep lateral wall orbital decompression developed by Mr. Rose is a safe and effective procedure for patients with mild to moderate proptosis. It carries a low risk of morbidity and avoids complications associated with decompressing the floor and medial wall, including new onset of motility disorders.     

Results of a neurosurgical two-wall orbital decompression in the treatment of severe thyroid associated ophthalmopathy

PURPOSE: Follow-up of patients with severe thyroid associated ophthalmopathy treated with a transcranial two-wall orbital decompression and reconstruction. METHODS: A two-wall transcranial orbital decompression was performed in 30 such patients (50 eyes). The patients were evaluated one month postoperatively, and long-term evaluation (median 14 months, range 2-54 months) was carried out. The main outcome measures were visual acuity, proptosis measured by Hertel ophthalmometry, soft tissue involvement, and restriction of eye motility. RESULT: Visual acuity improved rapidly in 28 of 32 affected eyes with normalization in 19 eyes (p<0.001). Worsening was not seen. Median proptosis was reduced by 4.0 mm, range 0-10.0 (p<0.001). Double vision was present in 24 patients before operation 14 of whom achieved binocular vision (p<0.001). Three patients had unchanged complaints and the double vision worsened in one patient. Seventeen of 20 patients on preoperative corticosteroid treatment discontinued this medication in relation to surgery. Complications included one case of perioperative minor stroke and two cases of facial nerve frontal branch palsy. CONCLUSION: The transcranial two-wall decompression is a simple, an efficient and a low-risk procedure for treatment of patients with severe thyroid associated ophthalmopathy.     

Efficacy and side effects of 'swinging eyelid' orbital decompression in Graves' orbitopathy: a proposal for standardized evaluation of diplopia

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of 'swinging eyelid' orbital decompression in patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO). To calculate the incidence of postoperative new-onset diplopia (NOD) using a newly proposed scoring system for diplopia. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical data on proptosis, visual acuity, and diplopia in 104 consecutive patients (198 orbits) with GO, who underwent orbital decompression. A combined lateral canthal and inferior fornix incision ('swinging eyelid' approach) was used for removal of the medial wall, the orbital floor and, if indicated, the lateral wall. Indications for surgery were disfiguring/congestive GO (DGO) in 79 patients (149 orbits) and compressive optic neuropathy (CON) in 25 patients (49 orbits). Diplopia was scored according to four grades. In both groups, the incidence of new-onset (continuous) diplopia (NOD), deterioration of diplopia (DOD), and improvement of diplopia (IOD) were calculated, using strictly defined criteria. Our data on NOD were compared to those from other series, after recalculation according to our criteria. RESULTS: The mean proptosis reduction was 4.6 mm (range 0-9.5 mm) after three-wall decompression (95 patients, 180 orbits) vs 3.1 mm (range 0-7 mm) after two-wall decompression (nine patients, 18 orbits). The visual acuity improved in 98% of the patients with CON. In patients with DGO, NOD occurred in 14%. In patients with CON, NOD was not observed, but DOD occurred in 41%. Our data compare favourably to the reported incidence of NOD after either transantral or transnasal decompression. CONCLUSIONS: "Swinging eyelid' orbital decompression is efficacious for proptosis reduction as well as for optic nerve decompression. A scoring system for standardized evaluation of diplopia is proposed.     

Change in proptosis following extraocular muscle surgery: effects of muscle recession in thyroid-associated orbitopathy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of strabismus surgery on proptosis in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy. METHODS: The medical records of 22 consecutive patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy undergoing strabismus surgery were reviewed. Data pertaining to the number of muscles operated on, amount of muscle recession, prior orbital decompression, and exophthalmometry were evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty-eight eyes in 22 patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy were studied before and after strabismus surgery. The mean change in exophthalmometry following strabismus surgery in all eyes was +0.6 mm (p < 0.01). Eyes with prior decompression averaged a 0.9 mm increase following strabismus surgery (p < 0.01); those without decompression averaged a 0.2 mm decrease (p = 0.658). In eyes that underwent two rectus muscle recessions the increase in Hertel measurements averaged 1.2 mm; when only one muscle was recessed, the average increase was 0.2 mm. In the eyes with muscle recession < or =5 mm, the mean exophthalmometric increase was 0.7 mm. When a muscle recession of more than 5 mm was performed, the exophthalmometry showed a mean increase of 0.5 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Strabismus surgery on patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy can worsen proptosis, especially in those with prior decompression. When planning for orbital decompression, the surgeon should consider this effect. Moreover, patients should be made aware of the possible changes to their appearance.     

Orbital decompression: a comparison between trans-fornix/transcaruncular inferomedial and coronal inferomedial plus lateral approaches

PURPOSE: To compare two techniques of orbital decompression for Graves orbitopathy, that is, the inferomedial transfornix/transcaruncular approach and the inferomedial plus lateral coronal approach. METHODS: Comparative interventional case series. A retrospective review of 53 patients (94 orbits) with Graves orbitopathy operated on over a 9-year period was performed. Forty-nine orbits were decompressed by the transfornix-transcaruncular approach and 45 by the coronal approach. Data obtained for all patients included computed tomography scans of the orbits, Snellen visual acuity measurements, visual fields, Hertel exophthalmometry, color vision testing, subjective testing for diplopia in the cardinal positions of gaze, and direct ophthalmoscopic or biomicroscopic examination of the optic disc. RESULTS: The mean proptosis reduction was 4.37 mm with the transfornix/transcaruncular approach and 5.76 mm with the 3-wall coronal approach. The rate of optic neuropathy reversal was similar with both techniques (90%). Induction of new diplopia occurred in 13.6% patients operated by the transfornix/transcaruncular approach and in 16.6% patients who underwent decompression by the coronal approach. CONCLUSIONS: The two techniques have similar effects on visual function and ocular motility. For the vast majority of patients with Graves who need orbital decompression, the coronal approach is unnecessary; the transconjunctival approach allows the same exposure to the medial, inferior, and lateral walls.     

Erfahrungen mit transpalpebraler orbitaler Lipektomie

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effectiveness of transpalpebral orbital lipectomy.METHOD: Using a transpalpebral approach, 2.0-6.5 ml connective tissue was removed from 50 orbits of 33 patients with mild to severe Graves' orbitopathy (25 females, 8 males) over a 5-year period. Indications for surgery comprised cosmetic correction of exophthalmos (27/33 patients), corneal damage (5/33), and rapid bilateral deterioration of visual acuity in 1 patient.RESULTS: In 27 patients undergoing correction for aesthetic purposes no change in visual acuity ensued; in 4 of 5 keratopathy patients an improvement in visual acuity was detected. Diplopia ceased in 4 of 13 patients, diminished in 3 of 13 cases, and constantly increased in 2 of 13 cases. The high intraocular pressure returned to normal in 8 of 13 patients. The proptosis was reduced at 3.2+/-1.3 mm.CONCLUSION: Transpalpebral orbital lipectomy is a low-risk, highly effective technique for orbital decompression in both acute and chronic cases of Graves' orbitopathy.