单粒子效应辐射模拟实验研究进展

应用质子直线加速器进行了静态随机存取存储器(SRAM)的单粒子效应模拟实验研究.采用金箔散射法降低质子束流,研制了弱流质子束测量系统,测量散射后的质子束流,实验测得SRAM质子单粒子翻转截面为10-14 cm2/bit量级.利用重离子加速器和锎源进行了SRAM的单粒子效应实验.研究其单粒子翻转截面与重离子线性能量传输(LET)值的关系,得到了单粒子翻转阈值和饱和截面.实验表明252Cf源单粒子翻转截面与串列加速器的重离子单粒子翻转截面一致,说明对于SRAM,可以用252Cf源替代重离子加速器测量单粒子翻转饱和截面.与中国原子能研究院、东北微电子研究所合作开展了国内首次重离子微束单粒子效应实验.建立了大规模集成电路重离子微束单粒子效应实验方法,找到了国产SRAM的单粒子翻转敏感区.应用14MeV强流中子发生器进行了SRAM单粒子效应实验,测得了64K位至4M位SRAM器件14MeV中子单粒子翻转截面.用α源进行SRAM单粒子效应辐照实验,模拟封装材料中的232Th和238U杂质发射出的α粒子导致的单粒子翻转.测量α粒子射入SRAM导致的单粒子翻转错误数,计算单粒子翻转截面和失效率,比较三种器件的抗单粒子翻转能力,为器件的选型提供依据.并开展了路由器的α粒子辐照实验,复演了路由器在自然环境中的出错情况,为路由器的设计改进提供了依据.     

静态随机存取存储器质子单粒子效应实验研究

描述了测量静态随机存取存储器质子单粒子翻转截面的实验方法。采用金箔散射法可以降低加速器质子束流五六个量级,从而满足半导体器件质子单粒子效应的要求。研制的弱流质子束流测量系统和建立的注量均匀性测量方法解决了质子注量的准确测量问题。提高了存储器单粒子效应长线测量系统的性能,保证了翻转数的准确测量。实验测得静态随机存取存储器质子单粒子翻转截面为１０＾－１４ｃｍ＾２／ｂｉｔ量级,随质子能量的增大略有增大。     

SRAM型FPGA的静态与动态单粒子效应试验

静态随机存取存储器(SRAM)型现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)在空间电子设备中取得了广泛的应用。但它内部大量的SRAM型存储单元极易发生单粒子软错误,特别是配置存储器中的单粒子翻转,有可能改变整个电路的结构,给其空间应用带来严重的可靠性问题。因此,有必要开展地面加速器模拟试验以评价该器件对单粒子效应的敏感程度,且对系统在空间中的失效行为进行预估。本工作在重离子加速器上对Xilinx的Virtex系列FPGA进行了单粒子效应试验,取得了典型器件的静态单粒子翻转截面曲线。针对3个测试电路进行的动态测试表明,系统的失效率远低于内部存储器发生翻转的频率,也不能简单地用资源占用率来进行估计。     

重离子单粒子翻转截面与γ累积剂量的关系研究

应用^252Cf源和^60Coγ源进行单粒子翻转斋与γ累积剂量的关系研究，实验结果表明，静态加电和不加电状态下，γ累积剂量对单粒子翻转截面的影响不大，无明显的规律。动态测量状态下，在存储单元中写入相同数据时，器件的单粒子翻转截面随累积剂量的增加而增大。在实验中把存储单元中的数据相反，会使器件的单粒子翻转截面水经^60Coγ源辐照时的水平，甚至更低，从而抵消了累积剂量对单粒子翻转截面的影响。     

亚微米特征工艺尺寸静态随机存储器单粒子效应实验研究

利用中国原子能科学研究院重离子加速器,开展了不同特征尺寸(0.35～0.13μm)CMOS工艺、不同集成度(1M、4M、8M、16M)静态随机存储器(SRAM)单粒子翻转(SEU)和单粒子闩锁(SEL)实验研究,给出了SRAM器件的SEU、SEL截面曲线。与μm级特征尺寸的器件相比,随特征尺寸的减小,单粒子翻转更加严重。测量到了令人关注的单粒子多位翻转(MBU)效应,对翻转位数进行了统计分析。MBU对目前卫星系统采用的EDAC技术提出了挑战。     

65 nm工艺SRAM低能质子单粒子翻转实验研究

基于北京HI-13串列加速器质子源及技术改进工作,获得2～15 MeV低能质子束流。针对商业级65 nm工艺4M×18 bit大容量随机静态存储器（SRAM）,开展了质子单粒子翻转实验研究。实验结果表明,低能质子通过直接电离机制可在存储器中引起显著的单粒子翻转,其翻转截面较核反应机制引起的翻转截面大2～3个数量级。结合实验数据分析了质子翻转机制、LET值及射程、临界电荷及空间软错误率等,分析结果表明,实验器件翻转临界电荷约为0.97 fC,而低能质子超过高能质子成为质子软错误率的主要贡献因素。     

65nm三阱CMOS静态随机存储器多位翻转实验研究

利用4种不同线性能量转换值的重离子对一款65nm三阱CMOS静态随机存储器(SRAM)进行重离子垂直辐照实验,将多位翻转图形、位置和事件数与器件结构布局结合对器件单粒子翻转截面、单粒子事件截面及多位翻转机理进行深入分析。结果表明,单粒子事件截面大于单个存储单元内敏感结点面积,单粒子翻转截面远大于单个存储单元面积。多位翻转事件数和规模的显著增长导致单粒子翻转截面远大于单粒子事件截面,多位翻转成为SRAM单粒子翻转的主要来源。结合器件垂直阱隔离布局及横向寄生双极晶体管位置,分析得到多位翻转主要由PMOS和NMOS晶体管的双极效应引起,且NMOS晶体管的双极效应是器件发生多位翻转的主要原因。     

质子核反应二次粒子引起的静态存储器单粒子翻转截面计算

研究建立了质子单粒子翻转截面计算方法。基于蒙特卡罗软件Geant4,计算分析了不同能量质子核反应产生二次粒子对有效体积带来的影响,确定了有效体积大小。计算了静态随机存取存储器的质子单粒子翻转截面和多位翻转截面。计算结果在趋势上与双参数公式所预言的相符合,并可得到很高能量质子引起的极限截面;在较低能段的数据与文献的理论和实验值相符。     

单粒子翻转敏感区定位的脉冲激光试验研究

利用脉冲激光单粒子翻转敏感区定位成像系统,对静态随机存储器件IDT71256开展了单粒子翻转敏感区定位的试验研究。为避开器件正面金属层对激光的阻挡,试验采用背面辐照方式进行测试。试验结果表明,存储单元中存储数据类型对器件单粒子翻转的敏感性有较大影响,由测得的单粒子翻转敏感区分布图经处理得到单粒子翻转截面,结果与重离子试验测得的翻转截面数据一致。     

利用重离子微束确定国产2K SRAM单粒子翻转敏感区域

在HI-13串列加速器重离子微束单粒子效应辐射装置上,使用入射能量为145MeV的79Br离子,经2μm×3μm的针孔准直后,辐照存储容量为2K的静态随机存储器(SRAM),通过测量单粒子翻转(SEU)与入射束流位置之间的关系(即SEU成像技术),确定了该存储器存储单元内部的SEU敏感区域的位置和面     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Radioactivity levels in soil of salt field area,Kelambakkam,Tamilnadu,India

Soil samples in and around salt field area have been analyzed for natural radioactivity concentration using gamma ray spectrometer.The activity concentration for ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K are ranged from 27.88 to 45.27 Bq/kg, from BDL to 13.30 Bq/kg,and from 135.54 to 381.28 Bq/kg,respectively.The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with world average activity of soil.The average activity concentration of ~(232)Th in the present study is 1.19 times higher than world median value while the activity of ~(238)U and ~(40)K is found to be lower. The absorbed dose rates due to these radionuclides were calculated.The average absorbed gamma dose rate due to the presence of ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K in soil samples is 36.99 nGy·h~(-1).These results indicate no radiological anomaly. The data presented in this study will serve as a base line survey for primordial radionuclides concentration in the study area.