2005年我国天气气候特征和主要气象灾害

2005年，我国年平均气温较常年偏高，降水量较常年偏多。年内没有出现大范围、长时间的严重干旱，旱情较常年轻；但华南南部出现严重的秋冬春连旱，云南发生近50多年来少见的严重春旱，西北东北部以及内蒙古等地发生夏秋连旱，江南西部、华南西部一度秋旱明显。汛期，暴雨洪涝灾害较常年偏重，西江、闽江、淮河流域及湖北、湖南、四川、辽宁等地发生严重暴雨洪涝灾害，渭河、汉江流域秋季出现特大洪水。年内有8个台风和热带风暴登陆我国，台风强度大、影响范围广、灾情重，台风灾害损失为1997年以来最严重。大风冰雹、龙卷风、雷击等强对流天气频繁，局地灾害损失较严重，总体灾害较常年重，但比上年轻。另外，年初南方部分地区发生严重低温冻害和雪灾，年末山东等地出现严重雪灾。全国春季平均沙尘日数为近50年来同期最少。     

四川淮河流域暴雨成灾台风登陆浙闽损失严重--2005年7月--

7月份,全国平均月降水量比常年同期偏少.但淮河流域及四川等地的部分地区降水明显偏多,遭受暴雨洪涝或泥石流、滑坡等地质灾害;西北东北部及内蒙古中西部、湖南等地旱情持续.全国月平均气温较常年同期偏高.江南、华南等地多高温酷热天气;局地强对流天气发生频繁,内蒙古、山东等地受灾较重;甘肃中西部、内蒙古西部的部分地区出现强沙尘暴天气.月内有5个热带气旋生成,其中台风"海棠"和强热带风暴"天鹰"在我国登陆,受台风"海棠"影响浙、闽损失严重.     

2006年中国气候回顾

2006年全国平均气温9.9℃,较常年偏高1.1℃,是自1951年有气象记录以来最暖的一年;与此同时,全国平均年降水量较常年略偏少,重庆、四川遭受特大高温伏旱。2006年,中国气候异常多变,气象灾害频发,其中台风和干旱造成的经济损失最为严重。年内有6个热带气旋登陆我国,且强度强、灾情重,是近10 a来登陆台风造成死亡人数最多的一年。     

2007年中国气候概况

2007年,中国年平均气温较常年偏高1.3℃,为1951年以来最暖的一年;平均年降水量接近常年.年内,我国气象灾害频发,淮河流域夏季发生特大暴雨洪涝,北方出现罕见秋雨;江南、华南发生五十年一遇特大秋旱;热带气旋登陆多、时间集中,损失接近常年,但死亡人数少;辽宁、山东初春遭遇强暴风雪(雨);局地强对流天气频发,雷击灾害伤亡重;春季北方地区沙尘天气少,出现时间集中.总的来看,2007年我国干旱面积偏大,暴雨洪涝损失重,城市内涝频发,雷击灾害伤亡多.     

2015年中国气候主要特征及主要天气气候事件

2015年,全国平均气温较常年偏高0.9℃,为1961年以来最高值,华南年平均气温为历史最高,东北、华北和西北为次高值;四季气温均偏高。全国平均降水量648.8 mm,较常年偏多3%;长江中下游大部及广西、新疆等地降水量偏多,西南西部及海南、辽宁等地降水偏少;冬、夏季降水偏少,春季接近常年同期,秋季偏多明显。2015年,南方暴雨过程多,夏季出现南涝北旱,上海、南京等多个城市内涝重;华北、西北东部及辽宁夏秋连旱影响较重;11月江南、华南出现强降雨,秋汛明显;盛夏,新疆出现持续高温天气,但长江中下游地区连续两年出现凉夏;登陆台风偏少,但登陆台风强度强,"彩虹"致灾重。2015年,我国共出现11次大范围、持续性霾过程,11-12月我国中东部雾-霾持续时间长、范围广、污染程度重,11月27日至12月1日华北、黄淮等地的雾-霾天气过程为2015年最严重的一次。     

2019年9月大气环流和天气分析

2019年9月环流特征如下:北半球极涡呈单极型分布,强度偏弱;亚洲大陆中高纬为两槽一脊型;西北太平洋副热带高压明显偏西、偏强。9月全国平均降水量62.4 mm,较常年同期(65.3 mm)偏少4%;全国平均气温为17.7℃,较常年同期(16.6℃)偏高1.1℃。月内共出现了4次主要的区域性强降水过程,其中2次降水活动与台风有关。共有6个台风在西北太平洋和南海海域活动,无台风登陆我国。月内,华西秋雨南区开始偏早,影响显著;长江中下游气象干旱持续发展;江南、华南北部和华北部分地区出现高温天气;黑龙江、内蒙占等多地遭受风雹灾害;黑龙江和内蒙古部分地区遭低温冷冻灾害。     

2004年我国天气气候特点

2004年，全国平均年降水量较常年偏少，且时空分布不均。春李至初夏，东北西部、内蒙古东部地区出现近50年来最严重的干旱；秋季，华南、长江中下游地区发生大范围的严重干旱。汛期，我国大江大河未发生大的流域性洪涝灾害，但局地性强降雨造成的暴雨洪涝和滑坡、泥石流等灾害比较频繁，四川、重庆、云南、河南、湖北、湖南等省市损失较重。全国年平均气温较常年明显偏高，但阶段性起伏变化较大，冬、春、秋季部分地区遭受低温冻害或雪灾，夏季南方出现持续高温天气。年内，有8个台风(热带风暴)登陆我国，其中台风“云娜”给浙江造成严重损失。雷雨大风、冰雹、雷击等局地强对流天气发生频繁。春季北方沙尘天气较上年同期增多。综合分析，2004年我国气候总体正常，气象灾害偏轻，属于偏好年景。     

淮河流域暴雨成灾台风海棠风大雨强--2005年7月--

7月份,全国平均月降水量为112.5mm,比常年同期偏少4.4mm.淮河流域及四川等地的部分地区降水明显偏多,遭受暴雨洪涝或泥石流、滑坡等地质灾害;西北东北部及内蒙古中西部、湖南等地旱情持续.全国月平均气温为22.2℃,较常年同期偏高0.8℃,为1951年以来历史同期第三高.月内,台风"海棠"和强热带风暴"天鹰"在我国登陆,其中台风"海棠"造成浙、闽损失严重;江南、华南等地多高温酷热天气;局地强对流天气发生频繁,内蒙古、山东等地受灾较重;甘肃中西部、内蒙古西部的部分地区出现强沙尘暴天气.     

建立完善科学防御台风体系为经济社会又好又快发展提供气象保障——2007年全国气象防灾减灾大会报告（摘要）

1浙江省台风灾害的主要特点 浙江省是我国气象灾害种类多、发生频繁、影响严重的省份之一。据统计,最近16年平均每年因气象灾害造成的直接经济损失达130亿元。台风是浙江危害最大的气象灾害,主要有以下几个特点：一是活动频率高,建国以来影响浙江台风达193个,年均3．3个;二是强度强,登陆我国大陆的超强台风中,将近60％在浙江省登陆;三是灾害重,台风带来的风暴潮、狂风和强暴雨破坏力极大,往往造成人员伤亡和严重经济损失。     

“海高斯”登陆海南 西藏遭遇强降雪

10月,全国平均气温较常年同期偏高1.1℃,平均月降水量较常年同期偏多6.4mm;上旬,0817号台风海高斯先后登陆海南和广东,部分省出现暴雨灾害;上中旬,东北、江南、西南及内蒙古等地的部分地区气象干旱发展;下旬,全国遭遇大范围降温,其中西藏遭遇强降雪天气;此外我国东部和南部的部分地区出现大雾天气。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;