16例TTV联合或重叠感染的临床探讨

目的 对１６例ＴＴＶ联合或重叠感染者进行临床研究,方法 ＴＴＶ阳性患者均进行甲,乙,丙,丁,戊,庚型肝炎免疫标志物和各项生经项目检测,结果 １６例感染者,与联合或重叠感染乙型肝炎率最高,占６２．６％,其次是丁型肝炎１８．８％,丙型肝炎６．２％,戊型肝炎６．２％,甲型肝炎６．２％,双重感染１２例占７５％,三重感染４例占２５％,急性肝炎３例占１８．８％,慢性肝炎２例占１２．５％,肝硬化３例占１８．８％     

上海地区血液透析患者与供血者中输血传播病毒DNA检测及部分核苷酸序列分析

目的　了解上海地区暴露于血及血制品的血透患者中输血传播病毒（ＴＴＶ）感染率。方法　采用套式ＰＣＲ技术,检测了 ６例血透患者和 ４９例供血员血清中 ＴＴＶ ＤＮＡ,并对其中各 １例 ＰＣＲ产物（２７２ｂｐ）测］３。结果血透患者ＴＴＶ ＤＮＡ的检出率为 ３２．８％（２０／６１）,供血员的检出率为 ２４． ５％（１２／４９）。 ２０例 ＴＴＶＤＮＡ阳性血透患者中,６例为单纯ＴＴＶ感染,６例为ＴＴＶ、ＨＣＶ及ＨＧＶ重叠感染,４例为ＴＴＶ、ＨＣＶ和４例为ＴＴＶ、ＨＧＶ重叠感染。在所有ＴＴＶ感染者中,仅发现１例血清ＡＬＴ升高,该病例为ＴＴＶ、ＨＣＶ及ＨＧＶ重叠感染。对ＰＣＲ阳性扩增产物２７２ｂｐ测序结果显示,上海株（ＳＨＰ、ＳＨＤ）核苷酸的同源性为９９．６％,与深圳株、２株日本株核着酸的同源性分别为９７．４％、９８．７％和９８．７％,表明ＴＴＶ上海株与深圳株及日本株（Ｎ２２、Ｇ１ａ）属同一亚型,首次证实了上海地区的ＴＴＶ感染。结论ＴＴＶ感染可经血传播。其致病性较弱,对ＴＴＶ的研究尚属开始,ＴＴＶ的病原学、流行病学及临床意义等问题还有待进一步探索和阐明。     

广东地区TTV感染情况及基因分型

目的 调查广东地区ＴＴ病毒（ＴＴＶ）感染流行情况和基因分型。方法 选取ＴＴＶＯＲＦ１的保守序列作内外引物,Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型同源性极高的序列ｎｔ２４６４～ｎｔ２５２０作包被探针,异源性大于５０％的序列ｎｔ２１２５～ｎｔ２１５９作显色探针Ⅰ和显色探针Ⅱ,采用微板核酸杂交－ＥＬＩＳＡ技术对２８０例肝功能损害的肝炎患者血清进行ＴＴＶ检测及ＴＴＶ基因分型研究。结果 检测出４４例ＴＴＶ阳性患者,检出率为１５．７１％     

健康人群和肝病患者中检测TTV的意义

目的了解新型肝炎病毒－ＴＴＶ的致病性和在健康人群和肝病患者中的流行情况．方法收集１８０份健康体检患者血清和１５６份不同类型肝病患者血清,采用ＰＣＲ方法检测ＴＴＶ的ＤＮＡ．同时检测ＨＡＶ,ＨＢＶ,ＨＣＶ,ＨＥＶ和ＨＧＶ感染标志,比较分析ＴＴＶ在健康人群和不同类型肝病患者中流行情况及其致病性．结果健康体检人群和肝病患者中,ＴＴＶＤＮＡ检出率分别为２２％和４５％,两组间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞００５）．体检人群中,ＡＬＴ正常和升高者的检出率分别为１７％和１４３％．急性肝炎,慢性肝炎和肝硬变者的检出率分别为４８％,４３％和４７％．１１例阳性患者中,３例ＡＬＴ正常,８例ＡＬＴ异常．在８例ＡＬＴ异常患者中,６例为ＨＢＶ现行感染,１例为ＨＣＶ现行感染,仅１例为ＮＡ－Ｇ肝炎患者．结论在中国健康体检人群和肝病患者中能检出低水平的ＴＴＶ现行感染．但似乎仅引起个别患者的转氨酶轻度升高．ＴＴＶ的致病性可能较弱或需要其他因素协同致病．     

原位杂交检测肝组织中TTV DNA的研究

研究ＴＴＶＤＮＡ在肝炎患者肝组织中的表达 ,证实ＴＴＶ是一种新型肝炎病毒。用地高辛标记ＴＴＶＤＮＡ探针 ,以原位杂交技术对血清ＰＣＲ检测为单一ＴＴＶ感染者 13例 ,ＴＴＶ、ＨＢＶ混合感染者 4例和非甲～庚型、非ＴＴＶ感染的肝炎患者 6例的肝组织进行检测 ,同时进行肝组织学、免疫组织化学、肝功能和临床特点等分析。结果表明 ,2 3例肝组织中ＴＴＶＤＮＡ阳性 15例 ( 65.2 % ) ,其中单一ＴＴＶ感染者11例 ( 84 .6% ) ,ＴＴＶ、ＨＢＶ混合感染者 3例 ( 75.0 % ) ,非甲～庚型、非ＴＴＶ型肝炎 1例 ( 16.7% )。按肝炎临床分型 ,急性肝炎…     

非甲－非庚型肝炎肝组织中经输血传播病毒DNA的原位检测

目的探讨非甲－非度型病毒性肝炎患者肝组织中经输血传播病毒（ｔｒａｎｓｆｕｓｉｏｎｔｒａｎｓｍｉｔｔｅｄｖｉｒｕｓ,ＴＴＶ）ＤＮＡ的表达。方法采用地高辛素标记ＴＴＶＤＮＡ探针以原位杂交技术对１９例血清学甲、戊型肝炎病毒标志物、免疫组织化学检测肝组织中ＨＧＶＮＳＳ均用性的急、慢性病毒性肝炎患者肝组织进行检测。结果１９例肝组织中６例检出ＴＴＶ基因阳性（３１．５８％）,其中急性轻型肝炎４例（３０．８０％）,慢性肝炎２例（３３．３３％）。ＴＴＶＤＮＡ表达于肝细胞核或胞浆内。在急性肝炎,ＴＴＶ阳性细胞弥漫分布于肝小叶内,慢性肝炎于汇管区附近较为密集。６例中５例患者有转氨酶增高。结论非甲－非庚型病毒性肝炎肝组织中ＴＴＶＤＮＡ的检出表明ＴＴＶ为一种新型的嗜肝性病毒。     

TTV感染血清学,原位杂交及干扰素治疗研究

目的了解ＴＴＶ感染状况,探讨ＴＴＶ致病性及对干扰素治疗的应答。方法采用ＰＣＲ和原位杂交方法检测血清和肝组织中ＴＴＶ ＤＮＡ,回顾分析８例ＴＴＶ／ＨＣＶ感染者干扰素治疗后病毒及ＡＬＴ应答状况。结果各型肝病患者（３６．７％～４２．８％）和职业供血员（４３．２％）ＴＴＶ感染率均显著高于义务供血员（健康对照人群,５．６％）。部分感染者采用斑点杂交方法可自血清中检出ＴＴＶ ＤＮＡ（３／３０,１０．０％）,提示存在较高的血清病毒负荷, １６例慢性非甲～戊型肝炎患者及１６例肝炎后肝硬化患者肝组织以原位杂交检测,各６例ＴＴＶ ＤＮＡ阳性（３７．５％）。 ８例ＴＴＶ／ＨＣＶ混合感染者经２４周疗程干扰素治疗后,６例维持持久ＡＬＴ应答（停药后２４周ＡＬＴ正常）,治疗１２周时, ８例血清ＴＴＶ ＤＮＡ均阴转,但 ２例停药后复阳, ＡＬＴ无应答的２例患者, ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ呈阳性但ＴＴＶ ＤＮＡ阴怀;而ＴＴＶ ＤＮＡ阳转的２例患者ＡＬＴ均维持应答。结论 ＴＴＶ感染在肝病患者和职业供血员中较普遍, ＴＴＶ可在肝组织中活跃复制,其对干扰素治疗反应较敏感,ＴＴＶ／ＨＣＶ重叠感染时ＴＴＶ无明显致肝损伤作用。     

一种新型肝炎相关性病毒的分子生物学研究

目的 了解南京地区ＴＴＶ病毒感染情况，重叠ＴＴＶ感染对慢性乙型肝炎病变和蔼和ＨＢＶ复制的影响。方法 采用巢式ＰＣＲ方法检测血清标本中ＴＴＶ－ＤＮＡ。结果 ４６９ 血清标本中，ＴＴＶＤＮＡ总检出率为２１．１％。其中健康人群、献血员、血透患者、甲型肝炎、乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、戊型肝炎、庚型肝炎、非甲－非庚型肝炎检出率分别是９．４％、３３．３％、３０．８％、１１．６％、１９．９％、１５．４％、８．７％、９     

上海地区血液透析患者与供血者中输血传播病毒DNA检测及部分核苷酸序列分？

目的 了解上海地区暴露于血及血制品的血透患者中输血传播病毒（ＴＴＶ）感染。方法 采用套式ＰＣＲ技术，检测了６例血透患者和４９例供血员血清中ＴＴＶ ＤＮＡ，并对其中各１例ＰＣＲ产物（２７２ｂｐ）测序。结果 血透患者ＴＴＶ ＤＮＡ的检出率为３２．８％（２０／６１），供务员的检出主继２４．５％（１２／４９）。２０例ＴＴＶＤＮＡ阳性血透患者中，６例为单纯ＴＴＶ感染，６例为ＴＴＶ、ＨＣＶ及ＨＧＶ重叠感染，４     

佛山市庚型肝炎病毒检测和部分基因序列分析

目的了解佛山庚型肝炎病毒（ＨＧＶ）感染状况，分析ＨＧＶ非结构基因（ＮＳ）３区部分核苷酸序列。方法采用逆转录聚合酶链反应检测血清ＨＧＶＲＮＡ，对一例肝炎患者的ＨＧＶ（ＨＧＶＣ－ＦＳ）ＮＳ３区８１８ｂｐ片段作克隆及序列分析。结果８０例非甲－戊型肝炎患者和１０５例静脉吸毒者ＨＧＶＲＮＡ检出率分别为６．３％（５／８０）和２３．８％（２５／１０５），ＨＧＶＣ－ＦＳＮＳ３区片段核苷酸序列与ＨＧＶ－Ｕ４４４０２、Ｕ４５９６６、Ｕ３６３８０及ＨＧＶＣ９６４相同区段同源性为８５．５％、８５．６％、８８．０％、８９．２％。结论佛山存在ＨＧＶ感染，静脉吸毒者感染率较高，ＨＧＶ可能不是非甲－戊型肝炎主要致病因素。ＨＧＶＣ－ＦＳ与ＨＧＶＣ９６４同源性最高。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.