拉米夫定耐药株感染者HBV基因型和逆转录酶区变异分析

目的了解拉米夫定耐药株感染者HBV基因型特征并分析耐药株HBV逆转录酶（RT）区变异位点和变异类型。方法应用PCR扩增和直接测序HBV逆转录酶区并与Genebank中90株不同基因型野毒株序列进行比较,确定54例耐药株感染者HBV基因型和HBVRT核苷酸的变异特点。结果在54例拉米夫定耐药株感染者中,HBVB基因型占27．78％,C型占70．37％,B／C混合型占1．85％;51例患者出现RT保守区氨基酸变异（包括550和526位氨基酸变异）;18例患者出现除主型区外HBVRT非主型区伴随变异;3例患者未检测到与拉米夫定相关性变异。结论拉米夫定耐药株感染者HBV基因型主要为B型和C型;拉米夫定耐药株的氨基酸变异不仅见于RT区的526和550两个位点,其他位点以及RT非保守区也可发生变异。     

不同基因型乙型肝炎病毒的HBx蛋白氨基酸序列的差异及意义

目的研究不同基因型HBV的HBx蛋白氨基酸序列差异及差异的意义。方法从美国生物信息中心（NCBI）搜索不同基因型HBV的全HBx蛋白氨基酸序列（154aa）,使用生物信息软件Clustalw2.0对搜索到的氨基酸序列进行比对,找出不同基因型HBV的HBx蛋白氨基酸序列差异及可能的差异规律,并分析差异的意义。结果 1.不同基因型HBV的HBx蛋白的氨基酸序列之间的同源性为73%～100%;2.HBV的各基因型（B、C、D、F、A、H）同型间的HBx蛋白氨基酸序列之间的同源性分别为87%～99%、88%～96%、87%～99%、86%～96%、96%～98%、99%～100%;3.在HBx蛋白A区（1～20aa）第5位和第12位的氨基酸在各基因型变异较大,其余位置的氨基酸很保守,很少发生变异。在HBx蛋白的B区（21～57aa）的氨基酸变异较大,即使在同一基因型别内部也出现了较大的变异,变异没有规律,呈现出了随机突变的特点。在C区（58～84aa）的氨基酸比较保守,除3个H型HBx的第60位氨基酸为A（丙氨酸）外,其余HBx蛋白的第60位氨基酸均为V（颉氨酸）,第60位以外的氨基酸很少突变。HBx蛋白D区的氨基酸（85～119aa）变异较大,并且变异呈现随机突变的特点。在HBx蛋白的E区（120～140aa）的氨基酸变异比较大的位置是130/131位置的氨基酸,其余位置的氨基酸较少发生变异,不同基因型130/131位置的氨基酸变异率是不一致的。在HBx蛋白F区（141～154aa）中,150～154aa区域的氨基酸比较保守,各基因型之间无变异,其余位点变异较大,没有一定的规律性。结论不同基因型的HBV的HBx蛋白氨基酸序列之间的同源性低于同种基因型HBV的HBx蛋白氨基酸序列之间的同源性;即使在比较保守的HBx蛋白区域也存在变异较大的氨基酸位点。     

云南地区慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者病毒基因型、变异与肝细胞癌的关系

大量研究表明,HBV感染所致的肝细胞癌(hepatocellutar carcinoma,HCC)占全球HCC的75％～85％,但HBV导致HCC的具体发生机制尚未完全阐明[1].目前普遍认为HBVC基因型引起的炎性坏死及纤维化程度比B型更严重,且C型与肝硬化和HCC有关;B基因型的累积生存率要明显高于C型.近年来国内外学者对HBV基因型、变异位点与HCC关系进行了大量研究,云南地区近年也有关于HBV基因型分布的研究报道,但是关于HBV基因型、变异与HCC关系的研究尚鲜见报道.本研究旨在了解云南地区慢性HBV感染者病毒基因型及变异情况,探讨慢性HBV感染者病毒基因型、常见位点变异与HCC的关系.     

慢性乙型肝炎拉米夫定耐药患者HBV基因型及ALT变化的观察

观察慢性乙型肝炎患者用拉米夫定治疗后HBVP基因变异与不同HBV基因型感染及HBV DNA复升水平和转氨酶变化.收集51例慢性乙型肝炎患者用拉米夫定治疗52-78周后发生YMDD变异的血清标本,对照组128例未用拉米夫定治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者血清标本,应用聚合酶链反应方法,测定HBV DNA基因型;用限制性片段长度多态性分析方法(PCR RELP)测定HBV DNA YMDD变异;同时进行HBV DNA定量分析.结果显示51例拉米夫定治疗后HBV DNA基因变异患者以B型和C型为主,分别为10例(19.6%)和39例(76.47%),B C混和型2例(3.92%),未见其它基因型.拉米夫定治疗引起HBVDNAYMDD变异可以发生在不同HBV基因型感染的慢性乙型肝炎患者中,与对照组比较二者没有显著性差异.     

HBV基因型及A1762T/G1764A双位点变异在肝癌患者中的临床意义

目的:研究肝细胞癌(HCC)患者乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型与基本核心启动子(BCP)基因区A1762T/G1764A双位点变异(BCP区双突变)之间的关系,探讨HCC的发病机制。方法:选择40例HCC患者作为研究组,40例慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者作为对照组,采用多对型特异性引物PCR扩增法进行基因分型及HBV基因多态性芯片检测BCP区A1762T/G1764A双位点变异。结果:40例HCC患者中有30例HBV DNA定量阳性,平均对数值为(6·53±1·31)copy/ml,将30例HBV DNA定量阳性的HCC及40例CHB患者的血清进行HBV基因分型及基因变异检测,结果显示30例HCC中HBV B基因型5例(16·7%),C基因型25例(83·3%);BCP区双突变共有20例(67·7%),其中B基因型1例,C基因型19例,BCP双突变率在B基因型和C基因型中分别为20%(1/5)和76%(19/25);40例CHB患者中B基因型32例(80%),C基因型8例(20%);BCP区双突变共有13例,其中B基因型8例,C基因型5例,BCP双突率在B基因型和C基因型中分别是25%(8/32)和62·5%(5/8)。结论:肝细胞癌的发生与BCP区A1762T/G1764A双位点变异有关,多发生在HBV C基因型的患者。     

HBV基因型与干扰素抗病毒疗效的关系

目的:探讨HBV不同基因型对α-干扰素抗病毒疗效的影响.方法:选取应用α-干扰素进行抗病毒治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者作为研究对象,观察其抗病毒疗效.患者的HBV基因型采用PCR微板核酸杂交-ELISA方法检测;血清HBV DNA复制水平采用荧光定量PCR检测;HBV前C区和BCP(基础核心启动子)区基因位点变异采用HBV基因多态性芯片进行检测.结果:94例慢性乙型肝炎患者的HBV基因型以C型、B型为主,未发现A、E、F基因型.HBV DNA高复制水平明显与C基因型及混合基因型有关.B基因型对α-干扰素抗病毒治疗的应答明显优于C、D型,而混合基因型对α-干扰素的应答最不敏感.仅B基因型对α-干扰素治疗产生完全应答.部分应答及无应答时HBeAg的转阴与HBV前C区nt 1 896位点变异、以及BCP区nt 1 762、nt 1 764双位点变异有关.C基因型HBV前C区及BCP区基因变异发生率明显高于B型.结论:HBV基因型与HBV DNA复制水平、HBV基因变异以及α-干扰素抗病毒疗效均有一定的相关性,提示HBV基因分型有重要的临床意义.     

39例成人急性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV基因变异检测及其临床意义探讨

目的了解成人急性乙型肝炎患者流行的病毒基因型及基因变异情况。方法在2010年12月~2014年1月北京佑安医院收治39例急性乙型肝炎患者,采用直接基因测序法和平行等位基因特异性检测技术检测HBV基因型、P区、S区、前C区(Pre C)和基本核心启动子(BCP)区序列。结果在39例患者中,成功测序35例。35例急性乙型肝炎患者感染HBV B基因型12例(36.4%),C基因型21例(57.6%,D基因型2例(6.0%);通过直接测序法和PASS法均检测到同1例患者存在A181S耐药变异,变异病毒占准种池比例达100%;直接测序法检测到1例患者存在S区S132F和W172C变异;1例患者存在Pre C/BCP区G1896A和T1758C变异。结论急性乙型肝炎患者感染病毒基因型与文献报道的慢性乙型肝炎患者感染病毒基因型分布一致,以C型和B型为主,存在P区、S区和Pre C/BCP区变异可能,未见不同病毒株感染引起转归的不同。     

39例成人急性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV基因变异检测及其临床意义探讨*

目的了解成人急性乙型肝炎患者流行的病毒基因型及基因变异情况。方法在2010年12月~2014年1月北京佑安医院收治39例急性乙型肝炎患者,采用直接基因测序法和平行等位基因特异性检测技术检测HBV基因型、P区、S区、前C区（PreC）和基本核心启动子（BCP） 区序列。结果在39例患者中,成功测序35例。35例急性乙型肝炎患者感染HBV B基因型12例（36.4%）,C基因型21例（57.6%,D基因型2例（6.0%）;通过直接测序法和PASS法均检测到同1例患者存在A181S耐药变异,变异病毒占准种池比例达100%;直接测序法检测到1例患者存在S区S132F和W172C变异;1例患者存在PreC/BCP 区G1896A和T1758C变异。结论急性乙型肝炎患者感染病毒基因型与文献报道的慢性乙型肝炎患者感染病毒基因型分布一致,以C型和B型为主,存在P区、S区和PreC/BCP区变异可能,未见不同病毒株感染引起转归的不同。     

河南省不同地区、不同肝病患者的HBV基因型分布

采用PCR扩增技术,对河南省部分地区315例乙肝感染患者的乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因进行分型,并分析其基因型与HBV相关肝病的相关性.结果 显示,本组HBV DNA阳性血清248份,其中HBV基因B型占28.6%,C型占70.2%,D型占1.2%.无症状携带者(ASC)、慢性肝炎(CHB)、重型肝炎(CSL)均以B型为主要基因型;C型在肝硬化中所占比例显著高于ASC和CSL;相关分析表明,肝细胞癌(HCC)与基因D型关系密切.提示河南省部分地区的HBV基因型多数为C型,少数为B型,极少数为D型;基因C型与较严重肝病有关,D型与HCC有一定相关性.     

拉米夫定治疗无良好应答患者乙型肝炎病毒P区突变与基因型的关系

目的 观察拉米夫定治疗后无良好应答的慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV P区变异情况与基因型的关系.方法 对631例拉米夫定治疗后无良好应答的慢性乙型肝炎患者进行研究.通过荧光定量PCR或核酸测序确定HBV基因型,直接测序观察P区突变,实时荧光定量PCR方法检测患者病毒载量,比较不同基因型患者的HBV DNA水平及HBV P区变异情况.计量资料采用成组设计资料t检验,计数资料采用x~2检验或Fisher精确检验.结果 631例慢性乙型肝炎患者中,B基因型HBV感染者272例,C基因型感染者359例,C基因型感染者患者年龄为(39.1±11.4)岁,明显大于B基因型感染患者的(33.7±9.7)岁(t=-6.55,P<0.01).C基因患者病毒载量为(5.96±1.22)log_(10)拷贝/ml,高于B基因型患者的(5.58±1.21)log_(10)拷贝/ml,t=-2.01,P<0.05.A181V/T变异在C基因型的发生率高于B基因型(0.4%比5.3%,χ~2=12.23,P<0.01),M204I/V,L180M、T184A/G/I/S、S202G/I和V173L变异发生率在B、C基因型之间差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).M204I在B基因型的发生率为20.6%,高于C基因型的13.9%(χ~2=4.91,P<0.05);M204V和M201Ⅳ变异在B、C基因型中的发生率差异无统计学意义(χ~2值分别为1.70和2.21,P值均>0.05).拉米夫定耐药发生率在B、C基因型间差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.00,P>0.05).结论 拉米夫定常见耐药位点在B、C基因型之间无明显差异,但是C基因HBV感染患者病毒载量高于B基因型HBV感染患者;M204I变异在B基因型中出现频率高于C基因型,拉米夫定加用或改用阿德福韦酯后可能会使A181V/T变异在C基因型出现的概率高于B基因型;年龄、免疫因素和非常见位点的变异或许是影响拉米夫定疗效的重要因素.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.