驴肝与猪肝、鸡肝和鹅肝之间的营养成分比较

目的探究驴肝与猪肝、鸡肝和鹅肝之间的营养成分差异。方法测定驴肝、猪肝、鸡肝和鹅肝的水分、灰分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物质元素、维生素的含量,并将驴肝与其他3种肝脏的营养成分作对比分析。结果驴肝蛋白质含量比猪肝、鸡肝和鹅肝高,不饱和脂肪酸含量和占总脂肪酸的比例均优于猪肝、鸡肝和鹅肝,矿物质元素中Zn含量明显高于其他3种肝脏。胆固醇含量、总脂肪酸含量均低于其他畜禽肝脏。结论从营养学角度看,驴肝是较优的动物性食品原料。     

黑龙江畜禽肝脏中铜元素含量监测及污染评价

目的 测定黑龙江省市售畜禽肝脏中铜元素含量.方法 采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)检测畜禽动物肝脏中铜元素含量;以单因子污染指数和综合污染指数评价法分析畜禽动物肝脏中铜元素污染指数.结果 畜禽肝脏中铜元素总平均...     

Effect of Salt and Liver/Fat Ratio on Viscoelastic Properties of Liver Paste and Its Intermediates

The effect of salt and liver/fat ratio on the viscoelastic characteristics of liver paste and its intermediates (liver batter and liver paste batter) were evaluated by applying dynamic oscillatory tests in order to obtain detailed insight into the structural organisation of those products and how the characteristics of the intermediates are related to those of the end product. Liver paste batters were prepared at liver/fat ratios of 35/35 (w/w) and 20/50 (w/w). Salt was added at 0 and 1.8 % at each ratio. Stress sweeps and frequency sweeps were executed to characterise the viscoelastic properties of liver batter, liver paste batter and liver paste. Both intermediates and liver paste were characterised as weak gel-like emulsions with G′ greater than G″. G′ and G″ of liver paste were higher in magnitude compared with both intermediates due to structure building during pasteurisation and cooling. Generally, the values of the viscoelastic parameters of liver paste batter and liver paste increased with the addition of salt. With salt, a stronger and more stable liver paste was obtained. This effect may be attributed to solubilisation of salt soluble proteins, making more liver proteins available to act as emulsifier. However, salt affected the viscoelastic properties of liver batter in the opposite way: a weaker structure was formed with salt. A higher liver/fat ratio (35/35 versus 20/50) only increased the viscoelastic properties of liver paste batter while liver paste was not affected. This is probably due to the crystallisation of the fat in the liver paste with a high fat/liver ratio, which besides the liver proteins, also aid to structure building of liver paste. However, a higher liver/fat ratio did increase the critical stress (σ _c) in both liver paste batter and liver paste with the formation of a more stable structure.     

Liver protein expression in dairy cows with high liver triglycerides in early lactation

Fatty liver is a frequent subclinical health disorder in dairy cows that may lead to disorders related to the liver function. However, the effect of triglyceride (TG) accumulation on liver metabolic pathways is still unclear. The objective was, therefore, to characterize quantitative differences in the liver proteome between early lactation dairy cows with a low or high liver TG content. The liver proteome analysis indicated that a high liver TG content in early lactation dairy cows is associated with increased oxidation of saturated fatty acids, oxidative stress, and urea synthesis and decreased oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, liver gluconeogenesis is apparently not impaired by an increased liver TG content. Based on correlations between liver proteins and plasma components, we suggest that future studies investigate the sensitivity and specificity of plasma aspartate aminotransferase, β-hydroxybutyrate, total bilirubin, total bile acids, and γ-glutamyltransferase for potential use as blood-based biomarkers for early detection of fatty liver in dairy cows. Our study is the first to study the proteome of dairy cows with naturally occurring fatty liver in early lactation.     

Non-invasive detection of fatty liver in dairy cows by digital analyses of hepatic ultrasonograms

During early lactation, many dairy cows develop fatty liver, which is associated with decreased health and reproductive performance. Currently, fatty liver can be detected reliably only by using liver biopsy followed by chemical or histological analysis, which is not practical in most on-farm situations. We tested whether digital analyses of hepatic ultrasonograms can be used to detect non-invasively fatty liver and estimate liver triacylglycerol content. A total of 49 liver biopsies and ultrasonograms were taken from 29 dairy cows within 2 weeks postpartum. The usefulness of 17 first- or second-order parameters from digital analysis of B-mode ultrasonograms were evaluated by discriminant, correlation, and regression analyses. A group of linear combinations of the 17 parameters correctly classified 40 of 49 samples into normal liver as well as mild, moderate and severe fatty liver when cut-off values were 1%, 5% and 10% and correctly classified 45 of 49 samples when cut-off values were 5% and 10% triacylglycerol of wet weight. A linear combination of 16 image parameters estimated triacylglycerol concentrations of 38 of the 39 liver samples below the cut-off value of 10% within 2.5% of liver wet weight, and a linear combination of 3 parameters estimated triacylglycerol concentrations of the 10 liver samples above the cut-off value of 10% within 2% of liver wet weight. Therefore, ultrasound imaging followed by digital analysis of sonograms has potential to non-invasively detect fatty liver and estimate liver triacylglycerol content.     

Identification of Toxin and Fish Species in Cooked Fish Liver Implicated in Food Poisoning

ABSTRACT: The cooked fish liver retained by the victims was assayed for toxicity and mitochondrial DNA. Meanwhile, 8 live specimens of puffer Takifugu niphobles were also assayed. The toxicity of cooked fish liver was 280 ± 20 mouse units per gram (MU/g). All specimens of T. niphobles showed high toxicity (more than 850 MU/g) in the liver. The toxin from cooked fish liver and liver of T. niphobles was identified to be tetrodotoxin. The cooked fish liver and fresh liver of T. niphobles showed the same sequence genotype and the same single restriction site for Bsa I. Therefore, the species of cooked fish liver was suggested as T. niphobles.     

水果酵素对小鼠酒精性肝损伤保护作用的研究

该试验研究了小鼠酒精性肝损伤模型的建立以及水果酵素对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用。结果表明,连续白酒灌胃可引起小鼠肝脏损伤,表现为肝脏指数和血清指数升高、肝脏过氧化物含量升高、肝脏抗氧化能力降低以及肝细胞肿胀和脂肪变性等。与模型组相比,不同浓度的水果酵素均可有效恢复肝脏指数、降低血清中谷草转氨酶（GOT）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、丙二醛（MDA）水平,提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）水平。病理学观察结果显示肝脏脂肪变性得到改善,肝脏细胞排列较为整齐,组织结构趋于正常,说明水果酵素可预防和修复酒精对小鼠肝脏的损伤,具有一定的保肝效果。     

动物肝脏均质液的添加对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为了研究畜禽动物肝脏的添加对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响，本研究选取猪肝和鸭肝制备均质液，分别以5%或10%的比例添加入鲢鱼鱼糜中，并测定分析混合鱼糜凝胶的质构特性、流变学性质、水分分布、分子间作用力等。结果显示，肝脏均质液的加入提高了鱼糜凝胶的硬度以及储能模量（G’）和损耗模量（G’’），降低了凝胶的白度值、回复性和内聚性，对凝胶体系中水分分布未见显著影响；随着肝脏均质液添加量由5%提高到10%，鱼糜凝胶的硬度未呈现显著变化，而白度、回复性和内聚性则进一步下降；鸭肝均质液的TG酶粗酶活显著高于猪肝组，5%添加量下，破坏体系中离子键、氢键、疏水键、二硫键之后鸭肝混合鱼糜凝胶中蛋白质溶解性高于猪肝组，SDS-PAGE分析显示添加鸭肝组的样品相比猪肝组其肌球蛋白重链条带变浅，可能是更多的肌球蛋白参与了TG酶介导的分子间共价交联所致；10%添加量的情况下，猪肝组鱼糜凝胶强度以及不易流动水的比例相比对照组显著下降，而鸭肝组未见差异。初步研究表明5%猪肝均质液的添加对冷冻鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶的性能有显著影响，可能与其中含有TG酶有关，需要进一步研究揭示。     

不同动物肝脏中脂肪酸成分分析

采用气相色谱法对7种动物肝脏中脂肪酸组成进行分析。以猪、羊、鸡、鸭、鲫鱼、草鱼和鹅的肝脏为材料,采用KOH-乙醇皂化,HCl-甲醇酯化的方法进行样品处理。实验结果表明,猪肝中有16种脂肪酸,鸡肝中有12种脂肪酸,羊肝中有18种脂肪酸,鸭肝中有14种脂肪酸,鲫鱼肝中有20种脂肪酸,草鱼肝中有22种脂肪酸,鹅肝中有19种脂肪酸。能快速、准确、可靠的满足动物肝中脂肪酸检测分析要求。     

Invited review: pathology, etiology, prevention, and treatment of fatty liver in dairy cows

Fatty liver (i.e., hepatic lipidosis) is a major metabolic disorder of many dairy cows in early lactation and is associated with decreased health status and reproductive performance. In severe cases, milk production and feed intake are decreased. Therefore, a practical preventative or an efficacious treatment of fatty liver could save millions of dollars yearly in treatment, replacement, and production losses for dairy farmers. Fatty liver develops when the hepatic uptake of lipids exceeds the oxidation and secretion of lipids by the liver, which usually is preceded by high concentrations of plasma NEFA mobilized from adipose tissue. Excess lipids are stored as triacylglycerol in the liver and are associated with decreased metabolic functions of the liver. Liver can be categorized into normal liver or mild, moderate, or severe fatty liver; the latter can be subdivided further into nonencephalopathic severe fatty liver and hepatic encephalopathy. Insufficient or unbalanced dietary intake, obesity, and elevated estrogen concentrations are involved in the etiology of fatty liver, which is associated with greater incidence of dystocia, diseases, infections, and inflammations. Because even mild fatty liver is associated with decreased health status and reproductive performance of dairy cows, prevention of fatty liver by supplying cows with sufficient nutrients and a clean and health-promoting environment in the peripartal period would reduce production losses of cows more than would any treatment of fatty liver. This, however, might not be enough for cows that are obese or do not eat well, had calving difficulties or twins, have metabolic or infectious diseases, or are in severe negative energy balance because of high milk production immediately after calving. Potential and commonly used preventatives, as well as treatments, are discussed in the review. Currently, detection of fatty liver is possible only by minor surgery. Ultrasonic techniques offer a potential tool to noninvasively detect fatty liver. Future gene-array and proteomic studies may provide means to detect early molecular events in the etiology of fatty liver plus their connection with immune function and reproductive performance so that more effective treatments and preventatives of fatty liver can be developed. Such advances hopefully will make fatty liver a problem of the past.     

我国鱼肝油产品开发现状、存在问题及发展策略

鱼肝油是从鱼类肝脏中提取出的一种富含维生素A、维生素D3、角鲨烯以及多种ω-3 多不饱和脂肪酸的脂肪油。通过膳食补充鱼肝油可提高人体免疫力、预防和治疗心脑血管疾病,鱼肝油还具有抗炎、软化组织血管、改善情绪和认知功能、降低2型糖尿病风险、保护骨健康、营养皮肤等功能。从原料加工来源、制备工艺、质量控制等方面剖析了鱼肝油产业发展现状及存在的问题,论述了鱼肝油在临床中的研究进展,并针对鱼肝油产业发展中存在的问题提出了扩大鱼肝油原料来源、优化制备工艺和建立质量控制方法等发展策略,同时对鱼肝油产业进行了展望,旨在推进鱼肝油加工产业的可持续发展。     

白桦脂酸与红枣总三萜酸对小鼠酒精肝损伤的保护作用

为研究白桦脂酸与红枣总三萜酸对小鼠酒精肝损伤的保护作用,通过白酒灌胃小鼠建立酒精性肝损伤模 型,测定小鼠体质量、肝脏指数及相关生化指标,并取肝脏制作苏木精-伊红染色切片,观测肝组织的病理学变 化。结果表明,白桦脂酸与红枣总三萜酸均可降低酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝脏指数、血清谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活力 以及甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,显著提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平、肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物 酶、超氧化物歧化酶活力（P＜0.05）,同时使肝脏丙二醛水平显著下降（P＜0.05）,肝组织病理损伤也得到明显 改善。白桦脂酸和红枣总三萜酸对酒精性肝损伤具有明显保护作用。     

桑葚多糖对镉源性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用

目的:探究桑葚多糖(Mori Fructus polysaccharide,MFP)对镉致肝损伤小鼠的保护作用.方法:将雄性KM小鼠随机分成空白组、模型组、阳性组及MFP组,用氯化镉(CdCl2)溶液染毒,分别建立小鼠急性期及慢性期肝损伤模型.观测不同时期小鼠的肝脏指数、血常规指标水平、肝匀浆中谷草转氨酶(aspara...     

鹅肥肝及其产业的研究进展

鹅肥肝作为世界三大美食之一,是当今国内外餐桌上的美味佳肴,具有丰富的营养价值。同时鹅肥肝产业也是高投资高风险高回报的产业之一。主要对我国鹅肥肝生产的现状、鹅肥肝营养保健价值及目前我国发展鹅肥肝产业的优势与制约因素进行了综述。     

热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食和膳食纤维对非酒精性脂肪肝影响的研究进展

近年来热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食和膳食纤维干预对肝脏功能的影响被广泛关注,研究发现热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食和高膳食纤维干预在预防和治疗非酒精性脂肪肝方面表现出积极的作用。热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食可以有效降低非酒精性脂肪肝患者体重、BMI和肝脏脂肪病变程度,有效降低AST水平,但是对ALT和脂质代谢相关指标TC、TG、HDL和LDL的影响存在争议。高膳食纤维干预可有效降低AST和ALT水平,改善肝脏功能。热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食改善肝脏功能的机制是减少能量的摄入,降低胰岛素拮抗,防止脂肪的堆积。膳食纤维改善肝脏功能的机制是除降低胰岛素拮抗之外,还可延缓胃排空的时间,改变肠道的渗透性和增加增强肝脏对胰岛素敏感性的短链脂肪酸,从而调节脂质代谢,改善肝脏功能。本文主要综述了热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食、膳食纤维干预对非酒精性脂肪肝患者体重、BMI、肝脏功能的影响,以及改善肝脏功能的机制。     

羊肝干与鲜羊肝营养价值及食用品质比较研究

为研究羊肝加工前后营养成分的变化,分别测定鲜羊肝和羊肝干的营养品质和理化指标并进行分析。结果表明：鲜羊肝和羊肝干的水分含量分别为67.18%和35.18%,蛋白质含量分别为23.26%和47.13%,脂肪含量分别为5.12%和10.06%;氨基酸总量分别为18.73%和42.69%,其中人体7 种必需氨基酸总量分别为7.83%和17.71%;鲜羊肝中共检测出27 种脂肪酸,羊肝干中共检测出26 种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸含量分别为55.59%和75.91%,不饱和脂肪酸分别占总脂肪酸的44.41%和24.09%,鲜羊肝和羊肝干均富含亚油酸（5.12%～9.55%）等人体必需脂肪酸;鲜羊肝与羊肝干均富含丰富矿物质,其中镁、铁、钙等矿物质元素含量较高;鲜羊肝和羊肝干VA含量分别为18.84、9.84 mg/100 g。原料鲜羊肝和羊肝干产品的营养价值均较高。     

灵芝多糖对CCl_4诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠的抗炎和保肝活性

目的:研究灵芝多糖对CCl_4诱导的急性肝损伤模型小鼠的抗炎和保肝作用,并探讨其可能机理。方法:小鼠随机均分为6组,即空白对照组,急性肝损伤模型组(体积分数0.1%的CCl_4溶液,20 m L/(kg·d)),灵芝多糖低、中、高剂量组(50、100、150 mg/(kg·d),以体质量计,下同)、联苯双酯组(100 mg/(kg·d))。1周后测定小鼠的体质量、肝质量和肝指数;测定血清中谷丙转氨酶(alanine transferase,ALT)和谷草转氨酶(aspartate transferase,AST)活力及总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL)水平;测定肝组织中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione-SH,GSH)水平及一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)活力;测定血清及肝组织炎性因子白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-18、IL-6及肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α水平;Western blot法测定肝组织中NOD样受体3(NOD-like receptor 3,NLRP3)、凋亡相关微粒蛋白(apoptosisassociated speck-like protein containing CARD,ASC)及胱冬肽酶-1(caspase-1)蛋白表达水平。结果:与空白对照组相比,CCl_4显著提高急性肝损伤模型组小鼠的肝质量和肝指数(P0.05),提高血清ALT和AST活力及TBIL水平,表明造模成功,并且提高IL-1β、IL-18、IL-6、TNF-α水平,提高肝组织MDA、IL-1β水平及NOS活力,提高肝组织NLRP3、ASC及caspase-1的蛋白表达水平,显著降低肝组织GSH水平(P0.05)。与模型组相比,灵芝多糖及联苯双酯显著降低小鼠肝质量和肝指数(P0.05)、降低血清ALT和AST活力及TBIL、IL-1β、IL-18、IL-6、TNF-α水平,降低肝组织MDA、IL-1β水平及NOS活力,下调肝组织NLRP3、ASC及caspase-1的蛋白表达水平,改善肝组织形态学病变,显著提高肝组织GSH水平(P0.05)。结论:灵芝多糖对CCl_4所致急性肝损伤小鼠具有抗炎和保肝作用,其机制可能与抑制自由基脂质过氧化、抑制炎性因子活化及NOS活性有关。     

Improved microcirculatory effect of D-allose on hepatic ischemia reperfusion following partial hepatectomy in cirrhotic rat liver

D-allose, one of the rare sugars produced from D-psicose, has been shown to be effective against reperfusion injury after ischemia and partial hepatectomy in cirrhotic rat liver by improving remnant liver blood flow and survival rates, and decreasing liver enzyme levels and liver tissue injury levels. These findings demand further study of the clinical implications of this sugar in view to the advancing fields of liver surgery and transplantation.     

骆驼乳对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用

目的:研究骆驼乳对Lieber-DeCarli液体饲料诱导的小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用.方法:将40只雄性C57BL/6NCr小鼠随机分为对照组(Con)、模型组(Et)、骆驼乳高剂量组(EtCM_H,3 g/kg)、骆驼乳低剂量组(EtCM_L,1.5 g/kg)和阳性对照组(美他多辛,300 mg/kg).试验8周...     

马齿苋多糖对四氯化碳诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨马齿苋多糖对CCl₄诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法:采用CCl₄建立小鼠急性肝损伤模型。随机将60只小鼠分成正常组、模型组、联苯双酯组(200 mg/kg·d)、马齿苋多糖低、中、高剂量组(1.5、3、6 g/kg/d),连续给药7 d后,除正常组小鼠外,其他各组小鼠腹腔注射0.2%CCl₄花生油10 mL/kg;采用ELISA法检测血清中AST、ALT和ALP含量及肝组织匀浆液中MDA、SOD、GSH和GSH-Px活性,HE染色观察肝组织病理学变化,Western Blot检测肝脏组织细胞核内Nrf-2和HO-1蛋白的表达水平。结果:与模型组比较,马齿苋多糖低剂量组能够显著性降低血清中ALP含量(P<0.05),同时显著性升高肝组织匀浆液SOD水平及Nrf-2蛋白表达水平(P<0.05);马齿苋多糖中剂量组能够显著性降低肝脏指数、血清中AST、ALT含量及肝组织匀浆液中MDA水平(P<0.05),同时显著性升高肝匀浆液中GSH、GSH-Px水平(P<0.05),极显著性降低血清中ALP含量和升高肝组织匀浆液中SOD水平及Nrf-2和HO-1蛋白表达(P<0.01);马齿苋多糖高剂量组能够显著性降低肝脏指数和血清中AST含量(P<0.05),同时显著性升高肝组织匀浆液中GSH和GSH-Px水平(P<0.05),极显著性降低血清中AST、ALP、MDA含量(P<0.01),同时极显著性升高肝组织匀浆液中SOD水平及Nrf-2和HO-1蛋白表达水平(P<0.01);另外,肝组织病理学观察结果表明,马齿苋多糖可以减轻CCl₄对肝脏的病理损伤。结论:马齿苋多糖对CCl₄诱导的肝损伤有一定的保护作用,其机制与激活Nrf-2/HO-1信号通路有关。