A model for high carbon steel phase transformation and cooling behavior on run-out table of hot strip mill

A model was developed considering non-symmetric cooling in the thickness direction of strip on a run-out table of hot strip mill. In order to solve the one-dimensional transient heat transfer equation, including the heat evolved from phase transformation, a finite element method coupled with thermodynamic and kinetic analyses were employed. The heal capacity of each phase and the heat evolution due to phase transformation were obtained by thermodynamic analysis of the Fe-C-Mn system using a sublattice model. The phase transformation kinetics of high carbon steels was derived using continuous cooling experimente and mermodynamic analysis. By applying an inverse method, the heat transfer coefficients of the strips on the run-out table were determined from actual mill data under various cooling conditions. Using the developed model, the temperature-time variations of high carbon steels on the run-out table were calculated. The results calculated were in good agreement with the actual mill data. In addition, the quantitative phase evolution during cooling on the run-out table could also be predicted by the model. From this analysis, it was possible to design an optimum cooling pattern on the run-out table ensuring a desirable microstructure of high carbon steel and a stable cooling operation.     

Effect of phase transformation latent heat on prediction accuracy of strip laminar cooling

The cooling of hot-rolled strips is of great importance due to its effects on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the final product. In this paper, the effect of phase transformation on accurate prediction of strip temperature at the run-out table is investigated. For this purpose, a model is developed for the heat transfer and phase transformation in hot-rolled strips during the cooling process. The model is capable of calculating strip temperature and the volume fraction of steel phases during cooling at the run-out table under the two different situations of “regarding phase transformation latent heat” (RPTLH) and “disregarding phase transformation latent heat” (DPTLH). Actual data from a hot rolling line were used to evaluate the accuracy of the model. The model was used to predict strip temperature under the above two scenarios. Comparison of actual and predicted values in the two DPTLH and RPTLH cases revealed that disregarding the released heat would lead to considerable errors in temperature predictions. The results for different steel grades predicted by the model also showed that the higher the carbon content of the steel, the higher the error due to disregarding phase transformation latent heat.     

Modeling of structure of double-phase low-carbon chromium steels

A physical model for determining the relative amount of phase components and the size of ferrite grains after decomposition of austenite in the process of cooling of double-phase steels is suggested. The main products of austenite transformation, i.e., polygonal ferrite, pearlite, bainite, and martensite, are considered. The driving forces of the transformation and the concentration of carbon on the phase surface are determined with the use of methods of computational thermodynamics. The model is based on equations of the classical theory of nucleation and growth. It allows for the structural features of the occurrence of γ → α transformation and contain some empirical parameters. The latter are determined using data of dilatometric measurements of the kinetics of austenite transformation and metallographic measurements of the size of ferrite grains. The model is used for predicting the kinetics of the transformation under the complex cooling conditions implemented by the VOEST-ALPINE STAHL LINZ GmbH rolling mill within the computer system for control of mechanical properties of hot-rolled strip.     

熔体过热对AISI 304不锈钢亚快速凝固薄带组织的影响

采用水冷铜模薄带铸造方法研究了熔体过热对AISI 304不锈钢亚快速凝固薄带组织的影响.结果表明:AISI 304不锈钢亚快速凝固薄带由外层的胞状奥氏体组织、次外层的柱状铁素体枝晶组织和中心的等轴铁素体枝晶组织组成;随着熔体过热度增加,奥氏体胞晶间距和柱状铁素体二次枝晶间距随之增加,残余铁素体含量亦降低.过热度的增加降低了熔体过冷度和冷却速率,造成薄带凝固组织中枝晶间距的增加和残余铁素体含量的降低.     

Modeling the austenite–ferrite diffusive transformation during continuous cooling on a mesoscale using Monte Carlo method

A Q-state Potts model is adopted to simulate the austenite–ferrite diffusive transformation during continuous cooling in a low carbon steel on a mesoscale with Monte Carlo method. The effects of the interfacial energy and the carbon diffusion on the phase transformation are both taken into account. The consideration of the interfacial energy effect makes the simulated ferrite grains polygonal. To simulate the carbon diffusion during the process of phase transformation, a random jumping based mesocopic diffusion model is developed. In this paper, the evolutions of the microstructure and the carbon concentration field are simulated. The simulation results of the effects of the cooling rate on the volume fraction of the ferrite and the ferrite grain size agree well with the experimental results. The simulation results show that increasing the cooling rate is an effective way to refine the microstructure. This Monte Carlo simulation technique provides a novel way for investigating the diffusive transformation on a mesoscale.     

Microstructure evolution during continuous cooling in niobium microalloyed high carbon steels

Effects of microalloyed niobium (Nb) on the austenite decomposition behaviors and microstructure evolution during continuous cooling in the near eutectoid steels were investigated. Compared to the Nb free steel, the Nb microalloyed steel was refined with regard to polygonal ferrite grain, pearlite block and colony sizes. This was because its austenite grain size was smaller. The volume fraction of polygonal ferrite transformed was more in the Nb microalloyed steels, which indicated the eutectoid carbon content exceeded that of pure carbon steel. The spheroidization of pearlite during continuous cooling was enhanced by Nb microalloying, mainly due to a higher critical transformation temperature and the finer pearlite structure with smaller colony size and narrower interlamellar spacing. Hot deformation right above the equilibrium eutectoid temperature accelerated the spheroidization kinetics of pearlite, especially in the Nb microalloyed steel.     

ART退火后冷却方式对0.1C-7.2Mn钢加工硬化行为的影响

以0.1C-7.2Mn热轧和冷轧中锰钢为研究对象,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、室温拉伸试验等手段,研究了奥氏体逆相变(ART)退火后不同冷却方式对中锰钢加工硬化行为的影响。结果表明,热轧试验钢ART退火后得到板条状铁素体-奥氏体组织,退火后空冷试样中有大量碳化物析出,而水冷抑制了碳化物析出。冷轧试验钢ART退火后得到了等轴状铁素体-奥氏体组织,退火后空冷试样表现为连续屈服,而水冷促进了组织的等轴化;热轧试样获得更高体积分数的残留奥氏体,获得了优异的力学性能;残留奥氏体体积分数越大,拉伸变形过程中发生的TRIP效应越持久,提供更高、更持续的加工硬化。     

应用超快冷工艺开发540MPa级C-Mn双相钢试验

介绍了在包钢CSP线上应用超快速冷却工艺开发540MPa级热轧双相钢的工业试验概况;以0．07% C—1．20%Mn—0．15%Si钢为原料,采用薄板坯连铸连轧、层流冷却和超快速冷却工艺,得到厚6mm的热轧双相钢带;其微观组织为铁素体和马氏体,马氏体体积分数为12%,σb为555～565MPa,σs为335～355MPa,δ为31%～34%,σs/σb为0．59～0．64,n值为0．18,整卷带钢性能均匀,应用于重型卡车横梁,性能良好。     

层流冷却水Cl-浓度和pH值对热轧带钢表面质量的影响

层流冷却水直接喷射到热轧带钢表面,对带钢的表面质量有较大影响。通过对标,武钢某热轧厂层流冷却水Cl-浓度、pH值均偏高。本文实验研究了层流冷却水Cl-浓度、pH值等对热轧带钢表面质量、氧化铁皮结构和厚度以及室温存放的影响。提出了冷却水Cl-浓度应控制在100 mg/L之内、pH值应控制为7.0～8.0,这样能够有效地降低带钢表面的腐蚀速率,减少带钢表面缺陷。     

高铝TRIP钢的连续冷却转变及热变形对其相变的影响

通过热膨胀及热压缩变形模拟连续冷却试验,绘制了高铝TRIP钢的CCT曲线,研究了连续冷却相变规律及热变形对相变的影响,并定性地分析了相变驱动力。结果表明,试验钢的CCT曲线主要分为3个区域,随着冷却速率的增大,铁素体和珠光体减少,贝氏体和马氏体增多,贝氏体从粒状逐渐转变为羽毛状和板条状。热变形使得高温奥氏体发生动态再结晶,原始奥氏体晶粒明显被细化,较高冷速下形成一些针状铁素体。热变形能提供更多的形核点,增大γ→α相变驱动力,缩短了贝氏体相变的孕育期,进而细化了室温组织。     

热轧高品质钢卷形质量控制技术

针对华菱涟源钢铁有限公司2 250 mm热轧板厂厚度h≤2.5 mm高强钢、热成形汽车用钢、700 MPa以上宽厚规格高强钢等钢种卷取过程中出现的不同卷形缺陷,分析了卷形质量的主要影响因素,并提出了相应的控制措施。生产表明:通过对辊道速度的修正、对夹送辊辊缝偏差的控制以及张力转换系数的调整,有效控制了厚度h≤2.5 mm高强钢内塔、外塔缺陷,钢卷返修比例由27%降至约5%;通过对层间系数的修正、对张力转换斜率及助卷辊压力和芯轴膨胀系统压力的调整,有效控制了热成形汽车用钢扁卷缺陷,钢卷返修比例由0.63%降至约0.32%;通过对冷却均匀性控制、张力控制、对尾部进行热补偿,有效改善了700 MPa以上宽厚规格高强钢的层错缺陷,提高了卷形质量,增强了产品竞争力和客户满意度。     

Mechanical Properties and Retained Austenite Stability of High Aluminum TRIP-aided Cold-rolled Steel Sheets

The mechanical properties, microstructure and retained austenite stability of CMnAlSi-TRIP steels were investigated in this paper. The steel sheets were hot-rolled, cold-rolled and heat treated by intercritical annealing and isothermal heat treatment. The microstructure, volume fraction of retained austenite and its carbon concentration were observed by Optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The mechanical properties were obtained through uniaxial tensile test. The results show that the CMnAlSi cold-rolled TRIP-aided steels have good combination of strength and ductility with proper isothermal heat treatment, the retained austenite stability determines incremental strain hardening exponent during strain-induced martensitic transformation, and affected by its volume fraction and carbon content. The retained austenite stability has a good correlation with the combination of strength and ductility.     

Effect of controlled cooling on the formability of TS 590 MPa grade hot-rolled high strength steels

The effect of cooling on the mechanical properties of hot-rolled high strength steels was investigated in order to improve the stretch-flangeability of conventional TS 590 MPa grade for the automotive parts through laboratory simulation and mill-scale production. The low temperature coiling method using a 3-step controlled cooling pattern after hot rolling was very effective for producing Nb-bearing high strength steel with high stretch- flangeability. It was suggested that the suppressed precipitation of grain boundary cementites and the decreased hardness difference between the ferrite matrix and bainite phases cause the excellent stretch-flangeability of ferrite-bainite duplex microstructure steel. Therefore, the formation and propagation of microcracks were suppressed relative to conventional HSLA steel with the ferrite and pearlite microstructure. In addition, the elongation improved compared with that of hot-rolled steel sheets using the conventional early cooling pattern because the volume fraction of polygonal ferrite increased.     

MODELING OF FERRITE GRAIN GROWTH OF LOW CARBON STEELS DURING HOT ROLLING

1．I尬roductlonThe dewlopment of mathematical model to predict the inal room temperature proper－ties ofhot－rolled steels hajs received consider劝ie attention over the past t侧 decades[1一31．These models contain equations to calculate the mlcrostructure     

控冷工艺对热轧双相钢组织与性能的影响

基于合金减量化原则,通过热轧+超快冷技术得到了强韧性较好的600 MPa级热轧双相钢,研究了控冷工艺对其组织与性能的影响。结果表明,随着弛豫时间的减少和卷取温度的降低,钢中铁素体体积分数逐渐减少,铁素体晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,抗拉强度由602 MPa 增加至637 MPa,伸长率由31.0%减小至24.0%,屈强比为0.53~0.59,n值为0.17~0.21。综合考虑板形风险和力学性能,试验钢合适的卷取温度为150 ℃,合适的弛豫时间为7 s。     

一种新型带钢层流冷却控制系统

在对热带钢进行层流冷却过程中，针对有阀系统存在的弊端，ＭＤＳ公司设计了新型无阀控制系统。该系统将用于本钢１７００ｍｍ轧机改造工程中。该文介绍了新系统的结构、技术参数及具有响应速度快、控制精度高、稳定性高等特点。     

原奥氏体晶粒度对45V非调质钢连续冷却转变的影响

采用ＦｏｒｍａｓｔｏｒＦ热膨胀分析仪及金相显微镜研究了原奥氏体晶粒度对４５Ｖ非调质钢相变点及显微组织的影响。结果表明,在相同的冷速下,相变前奥氏体晶粒尺寸越大,先共析铁素体量越少,先共析铁素体和珠光体转变温度越低     

热轧带钢层流冷却装置的改造思路及方法

概述了我国热轧机组层流冷却装置的现状及技术特点。分析指出,传统的层流冷却装置冷却速率低、冷却策略少,不能满足高级别管线钢、DP、MP、MS等钢种的生产需求。为此,针对传统层流冷却装置提出了改造思路及方法,适用于新建生产线层冷设备选型和旧层冷设备改造。     

铆螺钢不变形和变形条件下连续冷却的相变行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上进行铆螺钢的热模拟实验,通过研究其不变形条件下和与实验室轧机轧制变形量相一致的变形条件下的连续冷却相变行为,建立了相应的静态和动态CCT图,通过扫描电镜(SEM)对其组织进行观测。结果表明,由于形变增加了形核位置和能量,加速了相变,在热变形的CCT图中,变形使铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体转变线向高温区的左移。最快的冷却速度获得了全部的马氏体组织;随冷却速度降低,粒状贝氏体、多边形铁素体和珠光体组织形成;快冷抑制了铁素体和珠光体形成,使硬度增高;硅、锰和铬合金元素使CCT图中的珠光体和贝氏体转变线右移;在变形条件下以3.3℃/s~16.7℃/s的冷速冷却时,能够得到多边形铁素体、粒状贝氏体和残余奥氏体组织。由于组织中残余奥氏体的存在,有助于产生相变诱发塑性(TRIP)效应,铆螺钢实际轧制时可能能够获得满意的冷镦性能。     

INFLUENCE OF HOT DEFORMATION ON CONTINUOUS COOLING BAINITIC TRANSFORMATION IN A LOW CARBON STEEL

1.IntroductionRecently,greatprogresshasbeenmadeintheresearchofthebainiticmicrostructuralcharacteristicsandtransformationbehaviorfor(ultra)lowcarbonsteel,especiallyoncontinuouslycoolingtransformatio.[ll.Itisknownthatthemorphologyofbainiticstructurefromcontinuouslycoolingtransformationisverydifferentfromthatfromisothermalheatt...t...t[2--v].Fromtheviewpointofindustrialapplicationthattheultralowcarbonbainiticsteelareproduc,gdbythermomechanicalcontrolledprocess(TMCP),thestudyofcontinuouscoolingt…