洗井液溶蜡性能的实验研究

在油井开采过程中,常出现油井结蜡现象,为提高洗井液的溶蜡率,对华北油田采油三厂的洗井液进行改良,利用污水与除油清洗剂、清蜡剂配置成洗井液。通过最大气泡法测试其表面张力,确定除油清洗剂浓度,通过静态溶蜡法来确定清蜡剂最佳浓度,并研究无机盐阳离子对溶蜡性能的影响。研究结果表明,除油清洗剂、清蜡剂中的表面活性剂分子可以形成胶束,包裹蜡晶,污水中的无机盐阳离子可以影响表面活性剂分子,提高洗井液的溶蜡性能。该洗井液可以有效提高石油开采过程中蜡的溶解率,增加原油的附加值,具有成本低、效率高、环保性强的特点。     

专利文摘

发明公开一种不锈钢电热壶壶体超声波清洗剂,所用原料及质量百分比如下：磷酸1～8％、柠檬酸2～12％、草酸1～3％、丁酮1～6％、除蜡水专用表面活性剂2～4％、除油除蜡专用表面活性剂2～4％、NP－61～3％、有机硅消泡剂1～4％及水余量。生产方法是按如下步骤进行：将计算量的水加入到反应釜中,开动搅拌器控制转速120r／min,再将计算量的磷酸、柠檬酸、草酸、丁酮、除蜡水专用表面活性剂、除油除蜡专用表面活性剂、NP－6、有栅圭消泡剂,依次徐徐加入到反应釜中,边加边搅拌,待溶液呈均匀透明液体时,放料包装。     

一种玻璃清洗剂及其应用

本发明提供了一种玻璃清洗剂,该清洗剂包含非离子表面活性剂、阴离子表面活性剂、缓蚀剂、防冻成膜剂、润滑剂和溶剂。本发明还提供了该玻璃清洗剂在火车前挡风玻璃清洗中的应用,特别是在动车前挡风玻璃清洗中的应用。有极强的去污能力,可快速有效地清除掉出现在高速运行的列车挡风玻璃上的污染物;具有更强的环境温度适应性,可在60～40℃的温度内使用;     

一种新型高效水基清洗剂的研制

以脱脂效果好、浊点较高的几种不同类型表面活性剂和无磷助洗剂、缓蚀剂等复配制成新型高效水基金属清洗剂。通过正交试验及对产品多种性能的检测,确定了研制的清洗剂的组成。研究了脱脂温度、脱脂时间对该清洗剂脱脂效果的影响。结果表明,该清洗剂稳定性好,常温下能有效地清洗物体表面的油污,对金属的腐蚀率低,不含ODS物质,对环境友好,可代替汽油、煤油、柴油、三氯乙烯等有机溶剂用来清洗各种金属材料及零部件,应用前景看好。     

水基型稠油清洗剂的研究与开发

介绍了以非离子和阴离子表面活性剂为主体原料,经与其它助剂复配而成的具有一定洗涤能力的水基型稠油清洗剂,研究了表面活性剂的浓度、碱性物质、温度、水硬度以及清洗剂使用浓度等与去油率之间的关系和影响,优选出稠油清洗剂的最佳配方,该清洗剂现场使用安全、方便、无环境污染,满足了适于稠油清洗的要求。     

水基印刷线路板油墨清洗剂的研制

研制了一种水基印刷线路板油墨清洗剂。研究了清洗剂中的氢氧化钠、磷酸三钠、三聚磷酸钠、硅酸钠用量对油墨去除率的影响。采用超声辅助清洗工艺,探讨了清洗温度和清洗时间对不同类型印刷线路板油墨去除效果的影响。油墨清洗剂的较优组成为:氢氧化钠6%,磷酸三钠2%,三聚磷酸钠2%,硅酸钠1%,氯化钠2%,亚硝酸钠1%,表面活性剂AES1%,表面活性剂K121%,表面活性剂SAS-601%。该油墨清洗剂具有良好的清洗能力,油墨去除率高。在清洗温度80～90°C、清洗剂中活性物质量分数为17%的条件下,对普通型线路板、烘烤型线路板分别清洗5～8min、45～50min,油墨去除率均可达100%。     

新一代含烷基糖苷基的液碱清洁剂(英文)

在一些清洗过程中 ,如食品工业设备清洗 ,强碱性往往是必要的。目前在高浓度的电解质强碱液体清洗剂中 ,使用非离子表面活性剂还有一定的困难 ,特别是以NaOH作为碱时 ,高效协同效应表面活性剂 ,如烷基葡糖苷 ,可以应用到高盐含量清洗剂中 ,高浓度清洗剂可节省包装与运输费。当代技术已发展到一个合理同效应表面活性剂混合物 ,即烷基葡糖苷与非离子表面活性剂 ,可应用到强碱液体清洗剂中     

乳化腊的制备及在皮革涂饰剂中的应用

本文论述了以各种天然蜡、合成蜡、阳离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂等为原料,制备稳定的乳化蜡,并讨论制备乳化蜡的影响因素,如：表面活性剂的选择、温度、时间、搅拌速度等,将乳化蜡在皮革涂饰剂中进行了应用,获得了较好的效果。     

专注研发特色表面活性剂

电解脱脂用表面活性剂|低泡、耐强碱(耐10%片碱溶液)、耐高电解质【除油和除蜡绿色活性剂】|配制电解脱脂剂、电解除油粉和高浓度液体清洗剂CX-1是一种非离子型浸泡用表面活性剂,是OP、TX系列及进口高端活性剂理想代替品,加温使用特点如下:◆对顽固性油脂的清洗能力明显强于TX、OP系列及进口高端活性剂;◆除油持久耐用性及消耗量明显优于TX、OP系列及进口高端活性剂;◆在自然状态下泡沫量明显低于TX、OP系列,工件易于清洗。     

JS-1型常低温除油清洗剂的制备与应用研究

研制了一种以表面活性剂、低浓度碱液和有机溶剂为主要成分的新型常低温除油清洗剂 .该清洗剂具有去除油污能力强 ,使用温度低 ,对金属腐蚀小 ,环境污染小 ,成本低等特点 .     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.