一期经口前路肿瘤切除和前后路椎体重建治疗枢椎骨巨细胞瘤

目的：探讨枢椎肿瘤切除和椎体重建的新方法.方法：采用经口咽入路枢椎体肿瘤切除,改良异形钛笼重建椎体,同期后路寰椎椎弓根和第三颈椎侧块钉棒固定植骨融合治疗枢椎体骨巨细胞瘤,并辅以放疗.结果：术后患者临床症状立即消失,行走正常,影像学示肿瘤切除干净,脊椎重建固定稳妥.结论：一期经口前路联合后路行枢椎肿瘤切除椎体重建是治疗枢椎肿瘤的可行方法,但远期疗效有待观察.     

内窥镜辅助下经口咽前路寰枢椎减压术

目的：探讨内窥镜辅助下经口咽前路寰枢椎减压术的临床效果。方法：1998年8月～2004年8月对38例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位患者采用内窥镜辅助下经口咽前入路减压术，其中18例行一期经口咽入路减压和后路枕颈内固定术：15例行经口咽前路寰枢椎复位钢板内固定术；5例不可复型仅行经口咽前入路减压术。结果：平均随访38个月（6～96个月）。术后患者临床症状均明显改善，上颈段脊髓减压改善率达89.3％。发生颅内感染1例，前路钢板松脱1例。结论：与常规减压方法相比，内窥镜辅助下经口咽前路寰枢椎减压手术创伤小，操作精细、准确，术中与助手可协同操作。     

经口咽下颌骨劈开入路异形钛笼内固定重建术治疗中上颈椎肿瘤

上颈椎肿瘤是一类较少见的疾病,目前国内外普遍认为手术治疗是最重要、最有效的方法,临床常采用前路经颈动脉三角入路、经颌下咽后入路、经口咽入路等术式一期或二期联合后路的术式,但对上颈椎同时累及下颈椎的长节段腹侧肿瘤,经以上入路就难以获得满意的显露及病灶处理,中上颈椎长节段肿瘤病灶切除后椎体重建及内固定均很困难,且目前缺乏成型的内固定材料。我们自2009年3月~2013年6月采用经口咽下颌骨劈开入路,行     

一期前后联合入路上颈椎全切除术治疗上颈椎肿瘤

目的探讨一期前后联合入路上颈椎全切除术治疗上颈椎肿瘤的疗效。方法5例上颈椎肿瘤患者一次性行前后路肿瘤切除术,先行后路肿瘤切除、Cervifix内固定枕颈融合,再行前路劈开下颌骨经咽入路肿瘤切除术。结果5例均获随访,随访时间6～54个月,根据Frankel分级,3例由术前D级恢复到E级,1例由术前C级恢复到D级,术后无一例出现神经损伤、感染等并发症,1例术后30个月复发。结论应用一期前后联合入路上颈椎肿瘤切除术,可清楚显露上颈椎肿瘤,便于较大范围肿瘤切除,彻底减压,重建上颈椎的稳定性。     

经前方咽后入路脊髓减压治疗上颈椎后路融合术后畸形愈合并脊髓压迫

目的:探讨寰枢椎后路融合术后畸形愈合并脊髓压迫症的治疗方法。方法:2002年1月￣2004年5月收治8例上颈椎后路融合术后畸形愈合患者,均有不同程度的脊髓压迫症表现,JOA评分9.6±2.34分。影像学均显示C2椎体后上与C1后弓形成钳夹压迫脊髓。均行经前方咽后入路C2椎体次全切除减压融合术。结果:术中喉上神经牵拉损伤1例,术后4周恢复,无其它并发症。8例患者术后神经功能均有恢复。平均随访时间22个月,JOA评分平均13.8±0.97分。结论:经前方咽后入路C2椎体次全切除减压治疗寰枢椎后路融合术后畸形愈合并脊髓压迫症能取得较好的显露与减压效果。     

经咽后入路行高位颈椎前路减压内固定术

目的　探讨经咽后入路行高位颈椎前路减压内固定的显露效果。方法　本组 7例 ,年龄 12～ 5 6岁 ,C1、2 椎体结核 3例 ,第二颈椎骨折 (HangmanⅢ型 ) 3例 ,C2、3 、C3、4 椎间盘突出症 1例。经高位前方咽后入路显露C1～C3 ,结核行病灶清除 ,Hangman骨折复位后行C2、3 椎间植骨融合 ,自锁钛板内固定 ,高位颈椎间盘突出症患者行椎间盘切除 ,C2、3 植骨自锁钛板内固定。结果　 7例患者均成功显露出C1前弓～C3 椎体 ,并完成病灶清除、减压融合内固定。无颈部重要血管神经损伤 ,无伤口感染 ,1例不全瘫有部分恢复。结论　前方高位咽后入路是显露上颈椎较理想的入路 ,具有显露充分、损伤小、切口并发症少等优点。     

难复型寰枢椎脱位经口咽入路手术治疗进展

对颅颈交界区畸形及其它病变引起的寰枢椎脱位伴脊髓压迫症需减压内固定,可根据不同的情况选择不同的内固定方法,包括寰枢前路内固定、寰枢后路内固定或枕颈内固定。经口咽前路寰枢椎钢板内固定是新近发展起来的一种寰枢椎前路固定方法,用于先天性疾患、外伤或类风湿性关节炎等所致的难复型寰枢椎脱位,但临床应用不多。虽然应用经口咽入路处理颅颈交界区腹侧病变已有近100年的历史,但由于此入路术野显露困难,手术风险较大,术后并发症严重等,至今未能广泛开展,本文就此入路手术治疗寰枢椎脱位近年的进展情况做一综述。     

异形钛笼在中上颈椎腹侧病变切除后稳定性重建中的应用

目的:探讨异形钛笼在中上颈椎腹侧病变切除后重建中的应用。方法:2004年6月~2010年6月收治10例中上颈椎腹侧病变需行病灶切除手术的患者,其中陈旧性结核2例,原发肿瘤5例,转移瘤3例;病变单纯涉及枢椎2例,C2+C3椎体7例,C2~C4椎体1例。术前JOA评分7~14分,平均10分。根据病变范围,在气管插管全麻下,4例患者采用常规单纯经口咽入路清除病灶,6例采用经口唇下颌骨劈开入路清除病灶。所有患者均应用异形钛笼重建椎体,5例行颈椎椎弓根或侧块钉棒固定(C1~C3固定2例,C1～C4固定3例),5例行枕颈钉棒固定(C0~C4固定1例,C0～C5和C0~C6固定各2例);均行自体髂骨植骨融合。观察并发症发生、神经功能改善和植骨融合等情况。结果:10例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间5～8h,出血量500～3000ml,术中椎体病灶清除顺利,脊髓受压解除彻底,未发生椎动脉、脊髓损伤和脑脊液漏。9例患者获随访,随访3～14个月,平均8个月,术后复查X线、CT结果均提示植骨获得骨性融合;无钛笼移位、松动及切口感染等并发症。术后临床症状得到明显改善,末次随访时JOA评分平均为14分。结论:异形钛笼可重建中上颈椎椎体前柱,联合颈椎后路固定可满意重建颈椎力学稳定性。     

经咽后入路行高位颈椎前路减压内固定术

目的 探讨经咽后入路行高位颈椎前路减压内固定的显露效果。方法 本组7例，年龄12－56岁，C1、2椎体结核3例，第二颈椎骨折（Hangman Ⅲ型）3例，C2、3、C3、4椎间盘突出症1例。经高位前方咽后入路显露C1－C3，结核行病灶清除，Hangman骨折复位后行C2、3椎间植骨融合，自锁钛板内固定，高位颈椎间盘突出症患者行椎间盘切除，C2、3植骨自锁钛板内固定。结果 7例患者均成功显露出C1前弓－C3椎体，并完成病灶清除、减压融合内固定。无颈部重要血管神经损伤，无伤口感染，1例不全瘫有部分恢复。结论 前方高位咽后入路是显露上颈椎较理想的入路，具有显露充分、损伤小、切口并发症少等优点。     

经口咽入路松解Ⅱ期后路器械融合治疗寰枢椎脱位

目的：评价经口咽入路松解、Ⅱ期后路器械融合治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位。方法：经口咽入路寰枢椎前方松解颅骨牵引复位、Ⅱ期后路寰枢椎融合内固定治疗6例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位患者,术后对脊髓功能和颈椎影像学进行评定。结果：术后2年脊髓功能改善2级3例,改善1级2例,无变化1例。术后X线显示寰枢椎复位理想和后方融合满意,MRI显示脊髓压迫解除。结论：经口咽入路行寰枢椎前方松解后颅骨牵引复位、Ⅱ期后路器械融合术治疗陈旧性寰枢椎脱位,临床和影像学评估满意。     

Posterior stabilization of the lower cervical spine with lateral mass plates and screws

Posterior cervical fixation using lateral mass plates and screws is becoming increasingly used and accepted.Advantages include increased rigidity, ability to be used in cases where the lamina or spinous processes are deficient or missing, use across the occipito-cervical or cervico-thoracic junction, and need for less postoperative bracing. Safe placement of lateral mass screws requires complete exposure and identification of the boundaries of the lateral masses. The starting point for screw placement is 1 to 2 mm medial to the center of lateral mass. The screws are angulated outward 10 to 20 degrees and cranially 20 to 30 degrees to be parallel to the facet joints. An adjustable drill guide facilitates safe drilling and tapping techniques. All 102 patients with unstable cervical spines treated with AO reconstruction plates and autogenous bone graft had healed fusions based on flexion-extension radiographs. The reductions achieved postoperatively were maintained at follow-up. Two patients had transient radiculopathies secondary to screw placement. The indications for lateral mass fixation include cases where the lamina or spinal processes are deficient or missing, multilevel or rotational instabilities, when extension to the thoracic spine or occiput is required or when decreased bracing is beneficial.     

Posterior cervical plate-screw fixation

Posterior cervical plate-screw fixation is a safe, effective, and versatile fixation technique. It offers clear advantagesover other posterior cervical fixation techniques in the treatment of traumatic, neoplastic, or degenerative disorders in which the spinous processes, laminae, or facets are fractured, deficient, or absent. Because the occiput, C2 pedicles, C3-C7 lateral masses, C6-T4 pedicles, and T1-T4 transverse processes represent potential sites for screw fixation, it is particularly useful when fixation across multiple levels or across the occipitocervical or cervicothoracic junction is required. Familiarity with the bony anatomy of the potential sites for screw fixation and the relationship of this anatomy to the anatomy of adjacent neural and vascular structures is essential for safe, biomechanically effective fixation. With careful preoperative planning and meticulous performance of the surgical procedure, arthrodesis rates of approximately 90% to 100% without substantial loss of alignment may be expected. The small but finite incidence of clinically significant screw malposition (approximately 0.8%/screw) even in the hands of surgeons familiar with the technique suggests that its use should not supplant the use of posterior cervical wire techniques unless a specific indication for its use exists.     

Cervical spine trauma

Cervical spine trauma is a common problem with a wide range of severity from minor ligamentous injury to frank osteo-ligamentous instability with spinal cord injury. The emergent evaluation of patients at risk relies on standardized clinical and radiographic protocols to identify injuries; elucidate associated pathology; classify injuries; and predict instability, treatment and outcomes. The unique anatomy of each region of the cervical spine demands a review of each segment individually. This article examines both upper cervical spine injuries, as well as subaxial spine trauma. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the broad topic of cervical spine trauma with reference to the classic literature, as well as to summarize all recently available literature on each topic.

Identification of References for Inclusion:

A Pubmed and Ovid search was performed for each topic in the review to identify recently published articles relevant to the review. In addition prior reviews and classic references were evaluated individually for inclusion of classic papers, classifications and previously unidentified references.     

上颈段颈椎脊髓病

目的：一般认为颈椎脊髓病好发于下颈段Ｃ５６最常见，其次为Ｃ６－７。有时上３个颈椎受累，由于神经系统病变定位困难，尤其ＭＲＩ应用于临床前的影像学缺欠，常使上颈脊髓病被误认作下颈段病变。本文旨在说明上颈段脊髓病的发病，病理及神经系统症状特点，方法：对１５６例颈椎脊髓病中２８例上颈段病变的临床表现，影像学特点，手术所见及随访结果作了研究，诊断依据为肱二头肌腱反射亢进，试图引进肱二头肌或肱桡肌反射时，出现     

Is the lateral cervical spine plain film obsolete?

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the utility of a lateral cervical spine plain film in the evaluation of blunt trauma patients. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated blunt trauma patients from February 2004 to September 2006 who had both a lateral cervical spine (LCS) film and a computed tomography of the cervical spine (CTC), comparing the diagnostic accuracy of the LCS to the CTC. RESULTS: There were 1004 patients who met inclusion criteria. Eighty-four patients had a cervical spine fracture while 920 patients had no fracture on CTC. Of the 84 patients with fractures by CTC, 68 had a negative or incomplete LCS. Of the 920 negative CTC, there were 7 false positive LCSs. LCS compared with CTC showed a sensitivity of 19% (16/84) and positive predictive value of 69.6% (16/23). Of the 981 negative or incomplete LCS films, 96.9% were incomplete (951/981). Of the seven patients with a false positive LCS (negative CTC), none was subsequently found to have a cervical spine fracture on further evaluation. Elimination of the LCS would result in charge savings of $265,056.00 (LCS charges with interpretation, $264 each) and increase patient safety by eliminating error. CONCLUSIONS: LCS has no value as a screening tool in the blunt trauma patient since most are either inaccurate or incomplete. It should be eliminated from the Advanced Trauma Life Support algorithm, and CTC should receive emphasis as the diagnostic gold standard.     

颈椎损伤与颈脊髓损伤的关系分析

目的分析颈椎损伤与颈脊髓损伤的关系.方法回顾性地分析了265 例颈椎损伤患者,依据Allen分类方法对其颈椎损伤类型进行分类,依据ASIA国际脊髓损伤分级标准对其脊髓损伤情况进行分级,应用统计学软件包对二者的关系进行分析.结果颈椎损伤与颈脊髓损伤之间具有一定的相关性.结论颈脊髓损伤的程度与颈椎损伤的程度之间具有一定的正相关性,根据颈椎损伤的程度可以对颈脊髓损伤的程度作出判定.     

新型钛合金颈椎前路接骨板的三维稳定性试验

背景：目前,颈椎前路接骨板已经广泛应用于颈椎创伤、畸形、退行性变以及颈椎肿瘤的治疗。目的：应用新型钛合金研制颈椎前路多功能接骨板（multifunctional cervicalplate,MCP）,并且对其进行三维稳定性试验。方法：收集24具6个月左右宰杀的猪颈椎标本随机分为4组,每组6具标本。在连续的4种状态下,即完整状态、植骨状态、接骨板固定状态以及疲劳测试后状态,对颈椎C3-C7施加2.0Nm的纯力矩,测量标本前屈、后伸、左右侧屈、左右旋转的活动范围（rang of motion,ROM）和中性区（neutral zone,NZ）。结果：所有节段在6个方向的ROM上,MCP固定状态、MCP疲劳状态、C-mark接骨板（C-markplate,CMP）固定状态、CMP疲劳状态之间相比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但与完整状态、植骨状态相比较,差异均有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。在前屈、左右侧屈方向的ROM上,植骨状态与完整状态相比较,差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。在屈伸NZ上,MCP固定状态、MCP疲劳状态、CMP固定状态、CMP疲劳状态之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但与完整状态、植骨状态相比较,差异均有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。在侧屈NZ上,除完整状态与其他状态之间有统计学意义外（P〈0.01）,其他状态之间没有差异（P〉0.05）。在旋转NZ上,所有状态之间均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：体外生物力学研究表明MCP能够给颈椎提供足够的三维稳定性,在进行扭转疲劳试验后仍然可以保持三维稳定性。     

Lésions étagées contiguës du rachis cervical inférieur lors d’un traumatisme en flexion de diagnostic retardé : à propos d’un cas

The authors report a case of bilateral C4-C5 facet fracture dislocation associated with a severe sprain underlying C5-C6, which had occurred during an traffic accident. The diagnosis of severe sprain was raised on the 55th day. The injury mechanism is studied. Contiguous multilevel injuries of the lower cervical spine should be suspected in case of high-energy trauma. MRI can provide an exhaustif diagnosis of possible multilevel injuries. After fixation of the obvious lesion, intraoperative dynamic fluoroscopy must be performed to demonstrate any instability in another area.     

Anterior decompressive microsurgery and osteosynthesis for the treatment of multi-segmental cervical spondylosis

Summary Surgical treatment of cervical myelopathy due to multi-segmental cervical spondylosis (MSCS) is currently performed by either anterior or posterior approaches. Considering the complex nature of the underlying disease involving more than one cervical segment, as well as the patho-biomechanical features of the spondylotic cervical spine, adequate decompression of the spinal cord and correction of hypermobility should be achieved by surgery in one stage, in order to achieve positive immediate and long-term benefit for the patient suffering from progressive myelopathy. Recently, anterior decompressive surgery, consisting of single or multi-level vertebrectomy, microsurgical epidural decompression and osteosynthesis has emerged as an aggressive therapeutic approach for the treatment of MSCS.Based on the experience of a series of 92 patients with progressive cervical myelopathy due to MSCS operated on using the above described combined techniques, as well as the results from a limited number of clinical studies of anterior decompressive surgery in MSCS patients from the literature, the pathophysiological considerations, surgical indications, surgical technique as well as clinical results and complications of anterior surgery in patients with MSCS are reviewed and discussed.     

颈前路椎间盘摘除术在急性颈椎间盘突出症中的应用(附36例报告)

本文报告应用颈前路椎间盘摘除术治疗急性颈椎间盘突出症36例,获得满意疗效.文中介绍了颈前路椎间盘摘除术的具体方法和注意事项.作者认为,本手术方法具有创伤小,安全性大,操作易行,对颈髓和神经根减压较彻底等优点,是治疗急性椎间盘突出症的可靠方法.