高速列车动态包络线测量系统现场校准方法的优化（英文）

高速列车动态包络线是指车体在运行过程中受各种不利因素影响所导致的最大极限轮廓。针对当前动态包络线测量系统存在标定过程繁琐、辅助设备不便携带、系统受场地因素制约严重等缺点,本文提出采用两个配置变焦镜头的高速相机作为测量系统的双目视觉传感器,设计并制作可快速重构的高精度三维靶标,通过共线性约束优化算法完成视觉传感器内参数和各空间位置关系参数的标定工作。该标定方法操作简单,标定设备便于携带,同时克服了双目相机与被测车体间严格的距离约束,增强了测量系统对复杂场地的适应性。实验表明,当双目相机距被测车体8-16m时,系统标定精度可达±0.5mm,满足高速列车动态包络线的测量要求。     

高速列车动态包络线测量一种现场快速标定方法（英文）

列车动态包络线是评定列车安全运行的一项重要指标,基于双目立体视觉的方法是目前能够实现速度超过200km/h列车动态包络线测量的唯一方法。因受到大视场和标定时间的严格限制,便携的标定设备、易于搭建的靶标和快速的标定算法便成为标定过程需要满足的三个条件。本文提出一种新的基于双目立体视觉的大视场现场快速标定方法,设计轻型便携靶标,靶标上40个反光标记点表示铁轨坐标系,并用于计算双相机内外参数。并且,双相机仅需同时拍摄一张靶标图像,就能实现双相机内外参数快速一体化标定。实验结果表明,该方法测量精度可达±1 mm,能够满足高速列车动态包络线测量现场标定要求。     

高速列车动态包络线测量一种现场快速标定方法

列车动态包络线是评定列车安全运行的一项重要指标,基于双目立体视觉的方法是目前能够实现速度超过200 km/h列车动态包络线测量的唯一方法.因受到大视场和标定时间的严格限制,便携的标定设备、易于搭建的靶标和快速的标定算法便成为标定过程需要满足的三个条件.本文提出一种新的基于双目立体视觉的大视场现场快速标定方法,设计轻型便携靶标,靶标上40个反光标记点表示铁轨坐标系,并用于计算双相机内外参数.并且,双相机仅需同时拍摄一张靶标图像,就能实现双相机内外参数快速一体化标定.实验结果表明,该方法测量精度可达±1 mm,能够满足高速列车动态包络线测量现场标定要求.     

大视场双目视觉传感器现场标定方法

针对大视场视觉测量应用,分析了摄像机和双目视觉传感器的数学模型,提出了一种基于基线尺的大视场双目视觉传感器标定方法。在测量空间内任意多次摆放基线尺,两摄像机拍摄基线尺图像。利用基本矩阵及基线尺上两特征点之间距离的约束,采用线性解和非线性优化方法结合同时估计摄像机的内部参数以及双目视觉传感器的结构参数。该标定方法操作简单,标定效率高,无需初始参数即可估计双目立体传感器的全部参数。实验结果表明该方法在6000mm×4500mm的范围内可以达到0.06mm的测量精度,适合双目立体视觉传感器的现场标定。     

大视场双目视觉传感器的现场标定

分析了摄像机和双目视觉传感器的数学模型,针对大视场视觉测量应用,提出了一种基于基线尺的大视场双目视觉传感器标定方法.在测量空间内任意多次摆放基线尺,由两摄像机拍摄基线尺图像.利用基本矩阵及基线尺上两特征点之间距离的约束,采用线性解和非线性优化相结合的方法同时估计摄像机的内部参数以及双目视觉传感器的结构参数.该标定方法操作简单,标定效率高,无需初始参数即可估计双目立体传感器的全部参数.实验结果表明,该方法适合双目立体视觉传感器的现场标定,在6 000 mm×4 500 mm的范围内可以得到0.06 mm的测量精度.     

基于未知运动一维靶标的双目视觉传感器标定

分析了双目视觉传感器的测量数学模型,提出了一种基于自由移动的一维靶标的双目视觉传感器标定方法。当传感器安装完成后,由两个摄像机拍摄自由移动的一维靶标多幅图像,利用靶标上特征点的图像坐标和两个特征点之间的距离约束,采用非线性优化技术估计双目视觉传感器的结构参数。该方法操作简单,不需要给定传感器的初始参数,标定状态与测量状态完全相同,减小了传感器安装对标定参数的影响。试验结果表明,该标定方法切实可行,在200mm×200 mm测量范围内,可以达到0．03 mm的测量精度。     

大视场双目立体视觉柔性标定

为了实现双目立体视觉系统大范围高精度三维测量,提出了一种大视场双目立体视觉系统柔性标定方法,该方法将系统中各相机内部参数标定与相机间的姿态标定进行分离,标定内部参数时,只需要令标靶相对于相机任意摆放至少三个姿态,对标靶上的编码标志点进行识别,根据标靶上编码标志点信息,建立各姿态下视图的对应关系,粗略计算标志点的初始三维坐标;建立多姿态下逆向投影误差最小的目标函数,采用非线性最小二乘优化获取精确的相机内部参数和标志点三维坐标;最后,建立基于双相机逆向投影误差最小的目标函数,优化得到精确的相机间姿态的外部参数。实验结果表明:当测量空间为1 200mm×1 000mm×1 000mm时,立体视觉系统的测量精度优于0.1mm,满足大范围双目立体视觉系统的高精度测量需求。     

基于双目立体视觉的无线柔性坐标测量系统

便携式坐标测量技术是近年来测量领域的研究热点之一。本文以双目立体视觉为基础,实现了一种简便易行的无线柔性坐标测量系统,该系统由两台CCD相机、一台电脑以及贴有标记点的测笔组成。通过手持测笔使其测端接触待测目标点,双CCD相机监控测笔上的标记点并解算出测端的三维坐标,来实现目标点三维坐标的测量。着重针对测笔标记点以及测端的标定这一关键问题,提出了一种简单有效的解决方法。讨论了双目立体相机与被测对象相对位置不变的单站式测量的原理和方法,同时为了克服相机视场的有限性,通过粘贴拼合标记点的方式,实现了相机在多个位置上的拼合测量,增强了系统的实用性。通过标定实验和测量实验对系统进行了验证。     

双目视觉传感器的现场标定技术

本文以凤影变换为依据,针对多视觉传感器中的双目视觉传感器中的双目视器,建立了双目视觉传感器测量空间三维坐标的模型,事先确定摄像机的部分不易变化整个系统后进行现场标定。该方法不需精确调整标定靶标,标定环境与实际测量上同,减少了安装传感器对标定参数的影响,实验结果表明,该标定方法能获得０．０５ｍｍ的空间精度。     

基于双目立体视觉的手持式光笔三坐标测量系统

提出了一种基于双目立体视觉系统的手持式光笔三坐标测量系统.该系统的关键技术包含相机标定、光笔上粘贴的标志点标定和测头自标定技术.该系统的手持式光笔结构简单,对标志点和测头的结构分布没有特殊要求.实验结果表明,该系统实现了对物体的接触式测量,系统精度稳定可靠.     

基于虚拟立体视觉的气液两相流三维测量系统的标定

研究了基于虚拟立体视觉的气液两相流三维测量系统的标定技术。首先,基于单台高速摄像机和两组反射镜组构建虚拟立体视觉测量系统,建立高速摄像机透视投影变换模型以及虚拟立体视觉三维测量模型,对虚拟立体视觉系统中摄像机及虚拟立体视觉传感器进行标定。用靶标基准球模拟气泡在水中的分布,以其空间距离作为测量评价指标,比较了不同标定方法对三维重建精度的影响。实验结果表明,将标定参照物置于水箱内,并且分别对左、右虚拟摄像机及传感器进行标定,三维重建精度最高,测量空间距离绝对误差优于0.13 mm,相对误差优于0.49%。实验认为,对基于虚拟立体视觉的气液两相流三维测量系统进行标定时,必须充分考虑折光分光光路以及管壁折射对三维重建所带来的影响。     

正弦力法动态力传感器灵敏度不确定度评定

随着汽车技术的日益发展,动态力传感器在汽车NVH、模态试验中用到的越来越多,一般采用动态法校准.本文依据振动与冲击传感器校准方法,以标准振动传感器为标准器,采用正弦力法校准动态力传感器灵敏度,并计算动态力传感器灵敏度测量值的不确定度,确保量准的准确一致和正确传递.     

Development and application of reliability test platform for high-speed punch machine clutch brake system

In order to obtain high-speed punch clutch brake system dynamic characteristics and achieve reliability growth, a reliability test platform for high-speed punch machine clutch brake system was designed. Clutch brake working condition was analyzed and slipping power was determined in the process of coupling and braking. And on this basis, reliability test platform was designed. By adjusting motor rotating speed and rotational inertia of components, clutch brake working state was simulated. In the aspect of testing, clutching torque, loading torque and braking torque were collected in real time by using wireless torque sensors. And dynamic response time of clutch brake system was measured by using rotary encoder and virtual instruments. The experimental results show test platform with the validity and reliability. It can be used to find the weakness of clutch brake system and offer experimental support for reliability growth of high-speed punch.     

汽油发动机上的关键任务传感器简介

众所周知,发动机系统是整个汽车的核心系统,发动机上用的传感器也是整个汽车用传感器的核心。汽油发动机在运行过程中,需要通过周身安装的传感器将各个部件的工作状态,比如机油压力、歧管压力和温度、发动机转速等测量数据,转化为车载计算机系统—发动机的电子控制单元(ECU)能够识别的电子信号,供ECU对发动机工作状况进行精确计算控制,以提高发动机的动力、降低油耗、减少废气排放和进行故障检测。     

大视场室内移动机器人高精度动态定位方法

高精度室内定位是移动机器人实现自主导航、运动控制和协同作业等任务的前提条件.利用单目视觉定位原理,提出了一种针对大视场的室内移动机器人绝对定位方法.该方法适用于室内多移动机器人同步动态定位,解决了大视场环境下多相机非线性标定和视场融合问题,相机标定精度提高了52.6％.为提高移动机器人动态定位精度,设计了基于光信标的高...     

Design and testing of an innovative measurement device for tyre-road contact forces

The measurement of tyre-road contact forces is the first step towards the development of new control systems for improving vehicle safety and performances. Tyre-road contact forces measurement systems are very expensive and significantly modify the unsprung masses of the vehicle as well as the rotational inertia of the tyres. Thus, vehicle dynamics results are significantly affected. As a consequence, the measured contact forces do not correspond to the contact forces under real working conditions. A new low-cost tyre-road contact forces measurement system is proposed in this paper that can be applied to passenger cars. Its working principle is based on the measurement of three deformations of the wheel rim through strain gauges. The tyre-rim assembly is thus turned into a sensor for tyre-road contact forces. The influence of the strain gauges position onto the measurement results has been assessed through finite element simulations and experimental tests. It has been proven that, for a large variety of rims, the strain gauge position that leads to high signal-to-noise ratios is almost the same. A dynamic calibration procedure has been developed in order to allow the reconstruction of contact force and torque components once per wheel turn. The capability of the developed device to correctly estimate tyre-road contact forces has been assessed, in a first stage, through indoor laboratory experimental test on an MTS Flat-Trac^® testing machine. Results show that the implemented measuring system allows to reconstruct contact forces once per wheel turn with a precision that is comparable to that of existing high-cost measurement systems. Subsequently, outdoor tests with a vehicle having all four wheels equipped with the developed measuring device have also been performed. Reliability of the measurements provided by the developed sensor has been assessed by comparing the global measured longitudinal/lateral forces and the product of the measured longitudinal/lateral accelerations times the vehicle mass. A good agreement has been found during all the performed manoeuvres.     

基于线阵CCD的空间目标外姿态测量系统

设计了9路线阵CCD相机组合的空间目标外姿态测量系统,它克服了采用面阵图像传感器用于姿态测量时存在的速度和精度的矛盾。该系统分别实时重构放置于被测物体上的点合作目标在世界坐标系下的三维坐标,经空间解算,确定被测物体的姿态角。着眼于合作目标和相机光学系统的相对位置及呼应,解决了多相机与多点合作目标一一对应时的目标干扰问题;设计了新的光学系统构架,提高了精度,节省了空间;实现了多相机测量系统的局部标定和全局标定。测试结果表明,该姿态测量系统可以实现对被测对象高精度、实时的测量,且具有合作目标简单,价格低廉等优点。     

MEASURING THE SIX dof DRIVING POINT IMPEDANCE FUNCTION AND AN APPLICATION TO RB INERTIA PROPERTY ESTIMATION

An accurate driving point measurement is imperative in structural dynamic testing. For example, it is used to derive modal scaling, for experimental correlation of finite element models, impedance modelling and extracting the rigid body (RB) inertia properties of an object. A typical driving point measurement gives the linear force/displacement relationship at a single degree of freedom (dof), but any point on an object actually has rotational dofs as well. For example these rotational dofs must be measured in an impedance model where moments are transmitted at the connection point of two substructures. By ignoring the rotations, an inaccurate model will result. In the past, dynamic sensing technology has been limited to the accurate measurement of translational dofs. While rotational sensors do exist, their accuracy is called into question for certain applications. Rotational dofs have tended to be ignored in the measurement process. Applications, which require their use, such as impedance modelling and RB inertia property estimation, have suffered as a result. A process/sensor is being developed to accurately measure the driving point impedance function in all six dofs. The sensor as well as a calibration procedure will be presented here. In order to verify the validity of the calibration and measurement procedure, a new method for measuring the RB inertia properties of an object will be presented. This new method requires an accurate six dof driving point impedance measurement to provide accurate results. The inertia properties of an automotive brake rotor will be measured and compared with the results of a traditional pendulous swing test.     

一种适用于应急工程车液力传动匹配的逆向算法

发动机和液力变矩器的动力匹配对应急救援排障工程车动力性的研究具有重要意义.两者匹配的理论算法已经相对成熟,但目前算法存在对人员经验要求高、效率低的问题,针对上述问题,提出一种适用于应急救援工程车的发动机与液力变矩器逆向匹配算法,首先根据整车参数及设计指标计算确定发动机型号,再选取工程车起步、高速行驶、高效运行以及换挡四...