高含水油井新型防蜡降粘剂HW—01

本文介绍了根据高含水油井采出液特点研制的高含水油井新型防蜡降粘剂ＨＷ０１，给出了ＨＷ０１的乳化降粘性能、对水包油型原油乳状液油珠聚结温度的降低作用、防蜡效果以及以ＨＷ０１为乳化剂配制的水包油型原油乳状液的热沉降脱水性能，并与ＡＥ１９１０进行了比较。本文还探讨了高含水油井防蜡降粘剂的作用机理，提出了高含水油井防蜡降粘剂研制开发的新思路。     

用转轮流动模拟器测定气液混输管道中原油析蜡温度

本文介绍了转轮流动模拟器在气液混输管道中原油析蜡温度测定中的应用,测定了甲烷与原油混相体系的压力对原油析蜡温度的影响。证实了甲烷与原油两相共存情况下,体系压力升高可使原油析蜡温度降低。     

掺温水不加热集油工艺探讨

掺温水不加热集油是利用井底油气到达井口后的余热和联合站(或中转站)含水原油经脱水后所产生的含油污水余热,在中转站停止供热,采取在井口掺含油污水的方法,把单井集油管中原油的综合含水提高到76%以上,使含水原油乳状液由油色水型变为水包油型,转相后粘度迅速下降,则可在较低温度下长期输送。本文结合试验情况对掺温水不加热集油工艺作了初步探讨。     

三元复合驱采出液的沉降分离特性

三元复合驱采出液含驱油化学剂后,水包油型乳状液稳定性增强,当模拟三元复合驱采出乳状液中表面活性剂的浓度达到300 mg/L,聚合物的浓度达到500 mg/L时,乳状液变得比较稳定,要使油、水都达标,需停留50 min以上.通过增加停留时间和投加新型破乳剂,可以改善油水分离的效果.试验表明,表面活性剂国产化后,其采出液的游离水脱除处理难度增加.破乳剂、游离水脱除技术需要有针对性地重新研究和评价,处理设备还需进一步优化.     

掺温水不加热集油工艺探讨

掺温水不加热集油是利用井底油气到达井口后的余热和联合站(或中转站)含水原油经脱水后所产生的含油污水余热,在中转站停止供热,采取在井口掺含油污水的方法,把单井集油管中原油的综合含水提高到76%以上,使含水原油乳状液由油包水型变为水包油型,转相后粘度迅速下降,则可在较低温度下长期输送。本文结合试验情况对掺温水不加热集油工艺作了初步探讨。     

原油流动改进剂降低转相点的实验研究

为减小原油在集输过程中的流动阻力,在实验室进行了向含水原油中加入DODE系列流动改进剂后的原油流动性实验.结果表明,含水原油中添加DODE系列流动改进剂可以使含水原油的转相点由原来的50％ ～70％提前到了30％ ～50％,形成具有适度稳定性的水包油型原油乳状液,有效降低了原油乳状液的表观粘度.     

新疆油田复合驱过程中的乳状液类型转变

为分析新疆油田部分采油井二元复合驱油中出现高黏度(3000 m Pa·s)油包水型乳状液现象的原因,室内模拟化学驱中表面活性剂/聚合物二元复合体系与原油的乳化过程,研究了矿化度、油水比、表面活性剂浓度和地层水稀释对乳状液类型的影响,建立了在岩心驱油过程中乳状液的转变模型。研究结果表明,当矿化度较低(100 mg/L Na Cl)时,乳状液主要为水包油型;随着矿化度的增大,水包油型乳状液的稳定性变差,当矿化度达到10 g/L时,乳状液开始向油包水型转变。油水比为1∶9和3∶7时,乳状液主要为水包油型;当油水比为5∶5、表面活性剂加量为500 mg/L时,乳状液为油包水型。随着地层水稀释比例的增加,乳状液由水包油型向油包水型转变。室内岩心驱油实验结果表明,随着二元体系的注入与推进,矿化度升高,表面活性剂浓度降低,油水比变大,导致乳状液产生了由水包油型向油包水型的转化。     

流动模拟器在测定原油乳状液粘度中的应用

简要叙述了用流动模拟器(FLOWSIMULATOR)测定密闭、带压体系粘度的可行性 ,并进行低粘度的、高粘度的实液和原油乳状液的粘度测量 ,实验结果表明利用流动模拟器能够准确地测定上述流体的粘度。同时 ,给出了原油乳状液管输的沿程摩阻 (f)。     

多孔介质内水包油型乳状液非等温流动表征及敏感因素

为研究稠油乳状液在多孔介质内的非等温运移规律及影响因素,在多孔介质简化为变径毛细管束模型的基础上,将处于平衡状态的水包油型乳状液非等温流动传热过程转化为含有负内热源的稳态导热过程。同时,考虑温度的沿程变化及其对分散相黏度及界面张力的影响,建立水包油型乳状液在多孔介质中的非等温流动计算模型。水包油型乳状液非等温流动敏感性分析计算结果表明：随蒸汽注入温度的降低,注入端压力逐渐增大,沿程压力下降平缓段与快速下降线性段的转换位置向注入端移动;分散相黏度越大,水包油型乳状液滴通过孔喉所需的压力梯度越大,注入端压力越高;随分散相体积分数的增加,沿程温度下降加快,注入端压力逐渐升高。     

基于苯乙烯焦油的水包油乳状液驱油体系的研制与 性能评价*

苯乙烯焦油的产量多、价廉,但利用率不高,多用于燃烧,对环境有一定的污染。为了提升苯乙烯焦油的经济附加值,同时给油田开发提供一种低成本的原材料,将苯乙烯焦油制成水包油型乳状液,用于乳状液驱油中。以乳化不稳定系数为乳化剂的指标筛选表面活性剂,将其与苯乙烯焦油混合制得水包油型乳状液,对乳状液的稳定性、流变性和驱油效果进行评价。结果表明,苯乙烯焦油制备的水包油型乳状液的驱油效果较好。当聚氧乙烯醚与醇醚硫酸钠复配质量比为1∶1、总加量为0.3%时,乳状液的稳定性最好。对于黏度为185 mPa·s的普通稠油,苯乙烯焦油制备的水包油乳状液可在水驱基础上提高采出程度16.7百分点。苯乙烯焦油乳状液可用于高含水油田后期开发,提高原油采收率。图6表2参23     

基于原油物性定量分析的原油乳状液转相点预测模型

以流动状态下的原油乳化含水率来表征原油-水体系的乳化特性,通过实验研究了体系含水率对原油乳化含水率的影响。研究表明：当体系含水率较小时,原油能将水相全部乳化,形成稳定的W/O乳状液;而当体系含水率超过一定的临界值后,原油乳化含水率急剧减少,形成的是W/O/W多重乳状液;该临界体系含水率,即为原油乳状液从W/O型向W/O/W型转变的转相点。确定了5个典型参数来表征原油物性,分别是沥青质胶质含量、蜡含量、机械杂质含量、原油酸值、原油全烃平均碳数。通过回归分析,建立了原油乳状液转相点预测模型,预测结果的平均相对偏差为3.2%。     

倾斜转滴技术对化学驱油体系中油滴聚并规律的研究

利用改进的倾斜转滴技术研究了化学驱油体系中碱、表面活性剂、聚合物和盐对孤立的滴聚并的影响，并利用聚并实验数据对界面粘度进行了推算。发现表面活性剂的存在不利于油滴的聚并，盐和聚合物的存在可提高油滴聚并速率，碱对聚并的影响具有表面活性剂和盐的双重作用。     

FLOW BEHAVIOR OF HEAVY-CRUDE WATER MIXTURES

Pipeline transport of heavy crude can be a problem. Because the flowing properties of any wet heavy crude are usually unknown, the crude capacity of the transport pipeline cannot be established with the required degree of certainty based on theoretical calculations alone. Therefore a test program was proposed and carried out to characterise the hydraulic behaviour of a particular type of wet crude under laminar flow conditions. The present work reports on an experimental program carried out to assess hydraulic characteristics of heavy crude at various BS&W (Base Sediment and Water) and flow temperatures. Flow visualisation, temperature and pressure drop measurements using K-Type thermocouples and high performance pressure transducers were carried out. The results show no evidence of emulsification at BS&W greater than 30. Flow visualisation revealed the existence of stratified flow type regime for BS&W greater than 30, with oil flowing in the top and the water in the bottom half of the pipe. The inferred apparent viscosity of the oilwater mixtures from the pressure drop measurements indicates a shear thinning behaviour of the latter. The flow is complex and will require careful consideration of start-up conditions, steady flow BS&W and cold temperature behaviour, before any extrapolation is carried out.     

FLOW BEHAVIOR OF HEAVY-CRUDE WATER MIXTURES

ABSTRACT

Pipeline transport of heavy crude can be a problem. Because the flowing properties of any wet heavy crude are usually unknown, the crude capacity of the transport pipeline cannot be established with the required degree of certainty based on theoretical calculations alone. Therefore a test program was proposed and carried out to characterise the hydraulic behaviour of a particular type of wet crude under laminar flow conditions. The present work reports on an experimental program carried out to assess hydraulic characteristics of heavy crude at various BS&W (Base Sediment and Water) and flow temperatures. Flow visualisation, temperature and pressure drop measurements using K-Type thermocouples and high performance pressure transducers were carried out. The results show no evidence of emulsification at BS&W greater than 30. Flow visualisation revealed the existence of stratified flow type regime for BS&W greater than 30, with oil flowing in the top and the water in the bottom half of the pipe. The inferred apparent viscosity of the oilwater mixtures from the pressure drop measurements indicates a shear thinning behaviour of the latter. The flow is complex and will require careful consideration of start-up conditions, steady flow BS&W and cold temperature behaviour, before any extrapolation is carried out.     

Influence of Water Content and Temperature on Stability of W/O Crude Oil Emulsion

Water content of W/O crude oil emulsion and temperature have great influence on stability of the W/O crude oil emulsion and the subsequent demulsification process especially for oil-water treatment centers using a two-step sedimentation demulsification process in Jilin oilfield. Electrical microscope and Turbiscan stability analyzer were employed to investigate the influence of water content and temperature on stability of synthetic W/O emulsion. The results show that the average water droplets size decreases when water content decreases, the emulsion stability decreases when water content or holding temperature increases, and the emulsion stability constant and the temperature have a linear relationship.     

Stability of the Oil-water Emulsion Formed During Amphiphilic Polymer Flooding

The amphiphilic polymer can greatly improve the stability of produced liquid and thus makes it difficult to treat. It is of great necessity to study the stability of amphiphilic polymer flooding O/W crude oil emulsion. O/W crude oil emulsion tends to be more stable with increasing amphiphilic polymer concentration and decreasing holding temperature. Amphiphilic polymer flooding O/W crude oil emulsion is much more stable, especially when polymer concentration is above critical aggregation concentration. Aggregation formed by hydrophobic groups of the amphiphilic polymer is beneficial to the stability of amphiphilic polymer flooding O/W crude oil emulsions.     

埕岛油田含水原油管线运行状况分析

埕岛油田的海三到海四φ426 mm×9 mm、17.8 km输油管线承担着我国最大浅海油田——埕岛油田上岸含水原油的输送任务,该管线原油含水50%~70%,粘度上升快,干线压力升高,局部出现游离水,水质矿化度高,输送温度高,结垢趋势导致阻力增加。针对干线压力升高原因,提出提高管线工作压力、合理控制输油温度、提高外输泵扬程、敷设大口径管线、管线防垢除垢、原油分水等措施和建议,提高含水原油输送能力。     

一种计算油井静压的新方法及其应用

油井静压与油层中深、动液面、流体密度、含水、采液指数等因素有关，运用混液密度与含水、原油密度关系式，流压与混液密度、油层中深、动液面关系式计算出流压。再运用采液指数与含水关系式，生产压差与日产液、采液指数关系式计算出生产压差。最后运用静压与流压、生产压差关系式计算出油井静压。把计算出的油井静压与实际测得的油井静压进行分析对比确定出该方法的可信度。用该方法进行油藏压力评价，比传统方法更精确。     

辽河油田超稠油脱水温度优化实验

以辽河油田杜229+84 超稠油区块的油样为实验对象,研究了超稠油的原油密度、粘度、混合原油乳状液密度、粘度、乳状液膜压及混合原油脱水水滴沉降速度等与温度的变化关系;分析了温度对超稠油脱水速度的影响。实验结果表明,温度升高,混合原油及其乳状液的密度、粘度均减小,原油与脱出水密度差先增加后减小,水滴在介质(原油)中沉降速度增加,稠油乳状液膜压降低,升高温度有利于加快超稠油的脱水速度;油水密度差在70~95℃增加幅度最大,原油及其乳状液粘度的减小幅度最大。综合考虑经济因素,超稠油最佳破乳脱水温度为80~95℃。     

Modeling of flow of oil-in-water emulsions through porous media

Formation and flow of emulsions in porous media are common in all enhanced oil recovery techniques.In most cases,oil-in-water(O/W) emulsions are formed in porous media due to oil-water interaction.Even now,detailed flow mechanisms of emulsions through porous media are not well understood.In this study,variation of rate of flow of O/W emulsions with pressure drop was studied experimentally,and rheological parameters were calculated.The pressure drop increases with an increase in oil concentration in the O/W emulsion due to high viscosity.The effective viscosity of the emulsion was calculated from the derived model and expressed as a function of shear rate while flowing through porous media.Flow of O/W emulsions of different concentrations was evaluated in sand packs of different sand sizes.Emulsions were characterized by analyzing their stability,rheological properties,and temperature effects on rheological properties.