Dynamic periosteal elevation

The osteoinductive potential of the periosteum can be stimulated by raising the periosteum using a type of distraction. This was tested and confirmed in an animal experiment in 6 Goettingen minipigs. A titanium mesh was implanted beneath the periosteum and then raised. Bone formed underneath the mesh, with rows of micro-pillars similar to those found after osteodistraction. The main advantages of dynamic periosteal elevation are that invasion and morbidity are minimal. Clinically it might be applicable in craniomaxillofacial surgery, in augmentation before implantation, and in reconstruction of the skull.     

Sinus floor elevation via hydraulic detachment and elevation of the Schneiderian membrane

OBJECTIVES: Minor sinus floor elevation is a method with relatively high predictability but is technically demanding. Improvement of the technique and increase in the predictability are desirable. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A clinical protocol for minor sinus floor elevation with SLA-ITI (large grit acid-etched implants with diameter of 4.8 mm) is described. Using trephine instead of spiral burrs enables the harvesting of autogenous grafts from the implant socket and guarantees a perfect implant socket. The latter is necessary for optimal implant anchoring and for the hydraulic seal between socket and the osteotome. The whole allows a hydraulic detachment of the Schneiderian membrane, where the blood cushion gradually detaches and elevates the membrane, preventing its contact with the graft. RESULTS: Eight patients were successfully treated with the method described above. No membrane perforation occurred and an uneventful healing was observed in all patients. All implants were loaded prosthodontically 3 months after the implantation. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical protocol presented provides high predictability in clinical outcome, together with extremely low morbidity and shortened surgery.     

上颌窦提升术

上颌窦提升术是解决上颌后牙区骨量不足的常用方法。上颌窦提升术可分为上颌窦侧壁开窗术（上颌窦外提升术）和经牙槽嵴入路的上颌窦冲顶提升术（上颌窦内提升术）。本文就上颌窦提升相关解剖、上颌窦提升抗生素选择、上颌窦提升适应证把握、植骨方案选择、促生长因子的作用、上颌窦提升术的常见并发症和吸烟的影响作一论述。     

Antral membrane balloon elevation

Many edentulous posterior maxilla are found to be encumbered by alveolar resorption and increased pneumatization of the sinus. These factors limit the quantity and quality of bone necessary for successful implant placement in these areas. One solution is to use shorter implants, but this often results in an unfavorable crown-root ratio. To create an improved environment in such regions, the classic sinus floor elevation with bone augmentation is a well-accepted technique. However, when the edentulous area is limited to a zone between 1 and 2 teeth, lifting the membrane becomes difficult and may subject it to iatrogenic injury. The antral membrane balloon elevation technique, which is introduced in this preliminary report, is a modification of the currently used sinus lift. It elevates the membrane easily and makes the antral floor accessible for augmentation with grafting materials.     

Minimally invasive subnasal elevation and antral membrane balloon elevation along with bone augmentation and implants placement

Atrophic edentulous anterior maxilla is a challenging site for implant placement and has been successfully treated surgically by anterior maxillary osteoplasty. This procedure is associated with considerable discomfort, morbidity, and cost-and consequently reduced patient acceptance. The efficacy and safety of minimally invasive bone augmentation of the posterior maxilla has not been extended thus far to the anterior subnasal maxilla. We present 2 representative cases in which minimally invasive subnasal floor elevation was performed along with minimally invasive antral membrane balloon elevation. Both segments underwent bone grafting and implant placement during the same sitting. Minimally invasive anterior maxilla bone augmentation appears to be feasible. Designated instruments for alveolar ridge splitting and nasal mucosa elevation are likely to further enhance this initial favorable experience.     

Trephine bone core sinus elevation graft

The sinus cavity often limits the amount of available bone for the placement of implants in the posterior maxilla. The sinus lift operation and graft is a technique that can add grafted bone in excess of 10 to 16 mm through a lateral wall quadrilateral osteotomy. However, when moderate alveolar atrophy is present, an osteotome technique can provide an average bone height in crease of 3.5 mm. This article presents the trephine bone core sinus elevation graft, which is intended to increase bone height 4 to 8 mm. This procedure is especially indicated when adjacent teeth are present and there is only moderate atrophy of the alveolus.     

上颌窦底提升的研究进展

上颌窦底提升是有效解决上颌骨后部骨量不足的方法之一,能为后期种植体的成功植入提供保证。长期以来,利用自体髂骨提升上颌窦底被视为"金标准"。但取髂骨术后,疼痛、感染是其常见并发症。组织工程技术和细胞因子的应用,克服了传统方法的不足,成为上颌窦提升的新进展。本文就此作一综述。     

Suction dissector device for sinus membrane elevation

The maxillary sinus floor augmentation technique requires lifting of the sinus membrane with a series of curved elevators. Lifting of the sinus membrane can be difficult due to the presence of bleeding, requiring the alternate use of curved elevators and the aspirator. This technical note presents a new surgical device, a suction dissector specifically designed for sinus membrane elevation. The suction dissector has a curvature similar to that of the curved dissector commonly used for lifting of the sinus membrane and contains an internal channel that allows the aspiration of liquid.     

Maxillary sinus elevation surgery: an overview

Maxillary sinus elevation surgery was developed to increase the height of bone available for implant placement in the posterior maxilla. The efficacy and predictability of this procedure have been determined in numerous studies. The basic approach to the sinus (Caldwell-Luc operation) involves an osteotomy performed on the lateral maxillary wall, elevation of the sinus membrane, and placement of bone graft material. The graft materials can be categorized into four groups: autogenous bone, allografts (harvested from human cadavers), alloplasts (synthetic materials), and xenografts (grafts from a nonhuman species). These graft materials can be used alone or in combination with each other. Implant placement can occur at the same surgical procedure (immediate placement) or following a healing period of 6 to 9 months (delayed placement). A more conservative approach to the sinus, the osteotome technique, has been described as well.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
This article provides an overview of the surgical technique, with emphasis on anatomic considerations, preoperative patient evaluation (clinical and radiographic), indications and contraindications to the procedure, and possible risks and complications.     

Sinus floor elevation utilizing the transalveolar approach

A transalveolar approach for sinus floor elevation with subsequent placement of dental implants was first suggested by Tatum in 1986. In 1994, Summers described a different transalveolar approach using a set of tapered osteotomes with increasing diameters. The transalveolar approach of sinus floor elevation, also referred to as ‘osteotome sinus floor elevation’, the ‘Summers technique’ or the ‘Crestal approach’, may be considered as being more conservative and less invasive than the conventional lateral window approach. This is reflected by the fact that more than nine out of 10 patients who experienced the surgical procedure would be willing to undergo it again. The main indication for transalveolar sinus floor elevation is reduced residual bone height, which does not allow standard implant placement. Contraindications for transalveolar sinus floor elevation may be intra‐oral, local or medical. The surgical approach utilized over the last two decades is the technique described by Summers, with or without minor modifications. The surgical care after implant placement using the osteotome technique is similar to the surgical care after standard implant placement. The patients are usually advised to take antibiotic prophylaxis and to utilize antiseptic rinses. The main complications reported after performing a transalveolar sinus floor elevation were perforation of the Schneiderian membrane in 3.8% of patients and postoperative infections in 0.8% of patients. Other complications reported were postoperative hemorrhage, nasal bleeding, blocked nose, hematomas and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Whether it is necessary to use grafting material to maintain space for new bone formation after elevating the sinus membrane utilizing the osteotome technique is still controversial. Positive outcomes have been reported with and without using grafting material. A prospective study, evaluating both approaches, concluded that significantly more bone gain was seen when grafting material was used (4.1 mm mean bone gain compared with 1.7 mm when no grafting material was utilized). In a systematic review, including 19 studies reporting on 4388 implants inserted using the transalveolar sinus floor elevation technique, the 3‐year implant survival rate was 92.8% (95% confidence interval: 87.4–96.0%). Furthermore, a subject‐based analysis of the same material revealed an annual failure rate of 3.7%. Hence, one in 10 subjects experienced implant loss over 3 years. Several of the included studies demonstrated that transalveolar sinus floor elevation was most predictable when the residual alveolar bone height was ≥ 5 mm and the sinus floor anatomy was relatively flat.     

Maxillary sinus-floor elevation: an animal model

Objectives: To find an animal model for modified Caldwell–Luc procedure training. The animal model should have (1) a proper cortical thickness in the lateral wall; (2) a similar morphology and resistance of the Schneiderian membrane in humans; and, finally, (3) an oral approach. Materials and methods: Twelve fresh heads (four Merino sheep, four Murciano–Granadina goats and four Large–White pigs). Two skulls from each of these species were also used. Several three‐dimensional imagings from the skulls of each species were acquired using a C‐arm. Two fresh heads of each species were used to perform the modified Caldwell–Luc procedure. Two fresh heads of each species were firstly frozen at ?30°C for 48 h and then sawed in blocks containing only the target region of the maxillary sinus. Results: The average thickness was 2.03 mm in goat and sheep and 2.80 in pig. Releasing and elevation of the Schneiderian membrane from the sinus floor were easy in the three species. The approach of the maxillary sinus in sheep, goat and pig from the buccal vestibule required a previous surgical enlargement of the buccal vestibule. Conclusions: In conclusion, the cortical bone thickness and Schneider membrane characteristics in Merina sheep and Murciano–Granadina goat allow a perfect training for the modified Caldwell–Luc procedure. However, the approach from the oral cavity needs, in these species, a previous enlargement of the buccal vestibule. The excessive thickness of the cortical bone restricts the use of pigs for this technique.     

Life-threatening haemorrhage after elevation of a fractured zygoma

A 21-year-old man presented with a fractured left zygoma after an alleged assault. The fracture was elevated four days later, at which time he had a brisk left-sided epistaxis. Recovery was uneventful except for a haematoma that was drained a month later. Two weeks after this, he was admitted after having collapsed. He was shocked and bleeding profusely from his nose. He had a further major bleed in hospital and this was treated by tying off the left external carotid artery. He has made an uneventful recovery and investigations have shown no bleeding diathesis.     

Risk factors in lateral window sinus elevation surgery

Maxillary sinus augmentation is the most predictable of the pre‐prosthetic surgical procedures. There are, however, known and well‐documented complications that can and do occur. The most common are the intraoperative complications of sinus membrane perforation and bleeding, and the postoperative complications of sinus graft infections, sinus infections, and sinusitis. The majority of these complications can be prevented, or their incidence greatly reduced, through a thorough understanding of maxillary sinus anatomy, the multifaceted etiologies of these conditions, and the steps that can be taken to avoid them. This volume of Periodontology 2000 will discuss both the preoperative and intraoperative procedures that will prevent these untoward outcomes and the necessary treatment modalities that will limit their adverse effects.     

Nasal floor elevation combined with dental implant placement

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to report on the survival of dental implants placed in conjunction with nasal floor elevation. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 32 consecutive patients from two private practices was evaluated. All patients presented with alveolar bone height deficiency in the anterior region, which was not sufficient to place a dental implant according to a computed tomography (CT) scan preformed prior to implantation. Elevation and augmentation of the nasal mucosa was performed simultaneously with dental implant placement. Data collection included demographic information, as well as records of the pre‐operative available bone height, implant dimensions, bone addition following nasal floor augmentation, and survival of the implants at last follow‐up. Results: Overall, 32 patients received 100 implants that were performed in conjunction with nasal floor elevation. The average pre‐operative available bone height according to a CT scan that was preformed prior to implantation was 9.1 ± 0.9 mm and ranged from 7.3 to 11.2 mm. Bone addition following nasal floor augmentation was 3.4 ± 0.9 mm and ranged between1.1 and 5.7 mm. The mean follow‐up time was 27.8 ± 12.4 months, and during that follow‐up period, no implant failure was recorded, resulting in 100% implant survival. Conclusion: Nasal floor elevation might serve as a predictable procedure, which allows implant placement in areas with significant atrophy together with increased implant stability due to the bicortical support.     

Sinus floor elevation using osteotomes or piezoelectric surgery

The aim of this paper is to describe a technique for sinus floor augmentation with a 1-step crestal approach where the residual bone is ≤7.5 mm. 36 implants were installed in 25 patients in the atrophic posterior maxilla immediately after sinus floor elevation. Sinus floor elevation was performed with a crestal approach using either osteotomes and burs or piezosurgery. Standardized intraoral radiographs were taken prior to surgery and 1 year after surgery. The mean residual bone height was 5.61 mm (range 3-7.5 mm). The mean gain of sinus elevation was 6.78 mm (range 3.5-10 mm) at 1 year after surgery. Two patients dropped out of the study. Of the 23 patients completing the study, one implant failed, whilst the remaining 33 implants were stable 12 months after surgery (cumulative survival rate 97%). A statistically significantly higher bone height was achieved with tapered implants compared with cylindrical implants (P < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in bone level using osteotomes or piezosurgery. Piezosurgery was considered to provide less discomfort for the patient and greater convenience for the surgeon.     

上颌窦底提升术的研究进展

上颌窦底提升骨增量技术是目前解决上颌后牙区骨量不足的最为有效而可靠的方法,本文根据临床体会及当前国际上有关此方面技术的文献,对常见的上颌窦提升技术进行了介绍,对各种术式的优缺点进行了分析评论.上颌窦提升后同期种植可以缩短治疗周期,简化治疗程序,是一个值得研究的方向,本文对其发展及自身的经验进行了总结和介绍.