气体管道泄漏模态声发射时频定位方法

针对声发射信号频散特性导致基于时延估计的气体管道泄漏定位误差大的问题,提出一种基于模态声发射时频分析的泄漏定位方法。该方法采用平滑伪Wigner-Ville时频分布对两泄漏信号的互相关函数进行时频分析,利用互相关函数的时频谱可同时提取泄漏信号的时间延迟和与之对应的频率;然后根据泄漏声发射信号的主导模态的频散曲线即可确定该频率对应的声速,利用实时确定的声速和时间延迟并根据两传感器之间的距离即可确定泄漏点的位置。实验结果表明,采用时频分析的气体管道泄漏定位误差与互相关相比减少了6倍。所提出的模态声发射时频定位方法能有效抑制泄漏信号的频散,提高泄漏信号的相关性,从而更适合用于声发射管道泄漏定位。     

不同方向的气体管道泄漏声发射信号模态特性分析

针对泄漏声发射信号多模态、频散及衰减特性导致泄漏定位误差大的问题,采用导波分析理论和壳体振动理论研究不同方向的泄漏信号的模态特性,通过选取最佳数据采集方向来减少泄漏定位误差。利用壳体振动理论分析管内气体与管壁之间的声学耦合作用,据此选择合适的导波分析模型来研究不同方向的泄漏声发射信号的模态类型、频散及衰减特性。通过实验证实了理论分析,研究结果表明,管道轴向声发射信号的主导模态为纵向模态,且轴向声发射信号表现出最弱的频散和衰减特性,这将为气体管道泄漏声发射信号中单一非频散模态提取提供新的思路。     

基于导波理论的管道泄漏声发射定位新技术研究

由于泄漏声发射信号的多模态特性和在管道内传播过程中的频散特性,使得通过相关分析进行管道泄漏定位的效果很差。根据模态声发射理论,将圆管中导波传播理论应用于管道泄漏的声发射检测,建立了管道中泄漏声发射信号的多模态传播模型。利用管道中导波传播的频散特性,在提取单一模态导波基础上,提出了一种实用的声发射泄漏定位方法。 泄漏定位试验证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于改进经验小波变换及互谱相位差谱的供水管道泄漏声振动定位方法

针对供水管道泄漏声振动信号的信噪比较低导致用于时延估计泄漏定位误差大的问题,提出基于改进经验小波变换及互谱相位差谱的供水管道泄漏定位方法。首先采用小波包分解得到不同尺度的信号能量谱,根据小波包能量谱局部极小值的分布自适应确定频带分割区间,解决了传统经验小波变换中频谱划分问题;然后基于频带分割区间构建正交小波滤波器组对信号进行经验小波变换分解得到多个分量,根据相关系数选取有效分量,同时利用有效分量的互谱相位差谱呈水平变化的频带对有效分量信号进行带通滤波,滤除干扰噪声;最后对滤波后的信号进行互相关时延估计来确定泄漏位置。仿真及实验结果表明,该方法能够有效的实现供水管道泄漏定位,并与互相关、VMD与互谱分析相结合的泄漏定位方法相比,平均相对定位误差分别减少6.7倍和1.5倍。     

基于VMD和互谱分析的供水管道泄漏定位方法

针对低信噪比(SNR)下的供水管道泄漏振动信号用于时延估计泄漏定位误差大的问题,提出基于变分模态分解(VMD)和互谱分析结合的供水管道泄漏定位方法。首先,利用VMD将管道泄漏信号分解为若干个本征模态函数(IMF),对供水管道泄漏信号进行互谱分析确定特征频带;然后,利用IMF分量在特征频带内的能量比例作为选取准则来确定有效IMF分量,并对选取的有效IMF分量进行重构;最后,对重构信号进行时延估计来确定泄漏点位置。为了验证所提泄漏定位算法的有效性,通过仿真和实验分别对互谱与VMD结合、互相关及VMD与相关系数结合3种方法进行研究。实验结果表明,以上3种定位算法的平均相对定位误差分别为2. 53%,8. 62%和16. 86%。     

基于模态分析和小波变换的声发射源定位新算法研究

针对传统声发射源定位中，声发射信号到达传感器的时间受设定门槛电压影响很大，导致声发射源定位效果较差，提出了一种声发射源定位新方法。根据模态声发射理论，携带声发射源信息的声发射信号在结构中传播过程中，具有频散现象和多模态特性。因此，声发射源定位应基于同一频率下、同一模态导波到达各个传感器的时间和传播速度。通过对声发射信号进行Gabor小波变换的方法，在时频空间内确定某一频率下某一模态导波到达传感器的时间；并通过数值计算得到该频率处模态导波的群速度，从而实现声发射源的准确定位。通过薄板中声发射线源定位试验，证明了该定位算法的有效性。     

供水管道泄漏定位中基于互谱的时延估计

供水管道泄漏时产生泄漏声波，根据泄漏声波到达安装在管道上的2个传感器的时间差可以估计泄漏位置。减小时延估计的方差必须对信号滤波以提高信噪比，但泄漏信号所在的频带是不能预先确知的。互谱相位谱和相干函数在频域上反映了2个信号的相关性，根据它们估计泄漏信号的频带、设定滤波器截止频率，在较低信噪比的情况下提高滤波效果及检测结果的置信度。实际检测结果表明，该方法减小了泄漏定位的误差。     

非泄漏固定声源干扰下的管网泄漏定位技术研究

实际管网泄漏检测环境中,管内外非泄漏固定噪声(如施工、管道阀门噪声等)叠加在管道泄漏声信号中,传感观测信号间的互相关函数中有多个相关峰值,若不能正确识别峰值来自泄漏还是非泄漏声源,将导致漏点定位错误。以两传感观测信号的自相关函数构建非泄漏和泄漏信号特征提取函数,通过特征提取函数识别出管道传播媒质对两类信号的衰减特征信息,该衰减特征结合互相关函数的相关峰值时延信息,识别出峰值来自泄漏还是非泄漏声源。实际定位应用表明,在管内外非泄漏固定噪声干扰下,漏点定位误差在1 m以内,突破了传统基于时延估计的泄漏定位技术及仪器需要在夜间,或人为关闭某些管道阀门、支路等安静环境下,通过回避干扰噪声才能进行定位的限制。     

基于小波包和HHT变换的声发射信号分析方法

针对声发射管道泄漏检测过程中的噪声干扰问题,对基于小波包和经验模态分解(EMD)的声发射信号处理方法进行了研究.采用小波包分解算法和经验模态分解都可以对管道泄漏声发射信号进行分解,但分解结果却存在一定区别.EMD是近年来非平稳信号分析领域的一个突破,对管道泄漏声发射信号进行EMD分解后,选择包含声发射特征的若干固有模式函数(IMF分量)进行重构,可以提取到管道泄漏声发射信号的本质特征,消除噪声信号的干扰.相对小波包分解方法而言,对根据IMF分量重构的声发射信号进行相关分析计算,得到的管道泄漏点的位置更为精确.     

基于小波包熵与Gabor小波变换的管道连续型泄漏源定位

针对压力管道泄漏声发射信号的含有高频噪声、多模态以及频散现象,影响对泄漏源定位精度的问题。研究了一种基于Gabor小波变换与小波包熵值降噪相结合的方法对泄漏源进行定位。首先对采集的泄漏信号进行小波包熵值降噪以滤除背景噪声,其次对降噪后的信号进行Gabor小波变换获得其在特定频率下的时间-频率空间分布,确定不同模态信号到达同一个传感器的时间差,并结合压力管道的频散曲线特性确定该频率下不同模态的群速度,最终实现对管道泄漏源的精确定位。     

基于EWT及互时频的天然气管道泄漏定位

针对天然气管道泄漏定位的问题,提出一种基于经验小波变换(EWT)及互时频的泄漏定位方法。该方法首先采用EWT对泄漏信号进行分解,获得多个分量,进而提出根据互信息的敏感分量自适应选择算法,获取敏感分量;然后采用互时频法对敏感分量进行时频分析,根据互时频图的最大特征峰值计算时延和相关频率;最后根据频散曲线获得相关声波速度,实现对天然气管道泄漏点定位。实验结果表明,该方法能够实现管道泄漏点定位,与基于EMD的互时频法相比,定位精度明显提高。     

Gas leak locating in steel pipe using wavelet transform and cross-correlation method

Pipelines leakage in power plant, petrochemical complexes, and refineries can lead to explosion, pollution, and severe physical damages, so precise and on time leak locating is very important. There are many techniques for detecting and locating the leakage. In this research, we represent the leak locating principle in pressurized gas pipelines by using acoustic emission theory. An algorithm for finding the location of continuous acoustic waves resulted from leakage is provided by MATLAB software. The used leak locating technique is a combination of wavelet transform, filtering, and cross-correlation methods. The resulted acoustic emission signals were analyzed into high and low frequencies by wavelet transform and available noises on them were omitted completely by filtering. Then de-noised acoustic emission signals were reconstructed. Time differences of de-noised waves were calculated precisely by using cross-correlation function. For studying the accuracy of used method, acoustic emission testing was done by continuous leakage source. The resulted signals of leakage were recorded by two acoustic sensors in two sides of leakage source, and time difference and leak location were calculated by using the algorithm. Several tests were done by changing sensor distance from leakage source and error percent of less than 3 % was resulted in leak locating that indicated high precision of used algorithm.     

A new acoustic emission source location technique based on wavelet transform and mode analysis

For wave propagation in dispersive media, the arrival time of the acoustic emission signal to the sensor is dependent on the setting of the threshold voltage, which results in the inaccuracy of the acoustic emission location. Based on the wavelet transform and the theory of modal acoustic emission, a new method is proposed to improve the accuracy of acoustic emission source location. It is believed that the acoustic emission signal propagation in the structure has the characteristics of multi-mode and dispersion, and the acoustic emission source location should use the arrival time to sensors obtained from the output signals not only at the same mode but also at the same frequency. The wavelet transform is used to resolve the problem. By utilizing the time-frequency data of the wavelet, the frequency-dependent arrival time traveling is easily obtained; by numerical computation of the wave’s propagation in structure, the group velocity of the guided mode is also obtained, therefore the accuracy source location is realized. The acoustic emission source location experiments were conducted in a thin steel plate and results show that the technique is an effective tool for acoustic emission source location. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2005, 26(3) (in Chinese)     

基于广义互功率谱的温度检测方法

声温法是基于声波与CT技术相结合的非接触测温法,声波信号飞渡时间的精确测量是温度场检测的关键环节,在低信噪比、复杂混响的背景环境下,传统相关算法无法准确计算出声信号的时延。采用广义互功率谱相位分析算法来克服背景环境中乘积性干扰和卷积性干扰,通过对采样信号进行白化处理,并随信噪比的变化调整互功率谱的权值,来提高时延估计算法的抗噪声与抗混响能力。理论推导和实验结果分析证明,与传统相关函数分析算法和互功率谱相位时延算法进行比较,新互谱算法能有效克服噪声和混响干扰,锐化峰值,准确估计出声信号的时延。     

Acoustic spectrometry as used for the evaluation of tribological systems

A study is presented of tribological metal-polymer systems. Parameter analysis by acoustic emission resulting from external friction was used. The experimental results obtained for metal-polymer friction pairs are dependent on various factors including load, velocity of relative travel, microgeometry of the contacting surfaces, physicomechanical properties of the materials and testing period. The rates of acoustic emission, the total acoustic emission and the magnitude of the frequency emission spectrum were used as informative characteristics concerning friction and wear kinetics. A number of general relations were determined for friction pairs, reflecting the influence of these factors on the acoustic activity of a rubbing contact. A relation was discovered between the mode of wear for polymers and the acoustic emission parameters. An assumption was made concerning the correlation between polymer mass loss by wear and the energy of acoustic emission as based on the model under consideration for failure of a simple contact spot.     

基于提升小波时延估计的气液两相流流速测量

利用双截面ERT系统测量气液两相流流速具有高实时性、非侵入测量等优势,并将流速测量问题转化为信号处理中的时延估计问题。由于气液两相流信号大多是非平稳的,因此利用传统互相方法计算时延会出现相关函数曲线多峰值现象,导致流速计算结果严重偏差。为提高流速测量的精度和稳定性,本文出了一种基于提升小波的时延估计算法。该算法基于基小波二次加权理论,利用改进阈值函数提升小波算法对源信号进行去噪,再通过形态学提升小波对互相关计算结果去噪,实现流速精确测量。     

时延估计在被动声定位中的应用

时间延迟的估计算法在声音定位中非常重要,其精度直接决定了定位的精度。讨论和比较了广义互相关算法、互功率谱相位法和自适应算法在被动声定位中的应用,得出广义互相关算法相较于其他2种算法有更好的定位精度,在研究声源定位中有更广泛的应用前景。