2型糖尿病患者负性情绪研究

目的：探讨负性情绪与2型糖尿病的关系。方法：对51例2型糖尿病患者与50例正常对照者进行负性情绪比较，采用生活事件量表（LES）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、症状自评量表（SCL-90）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）及焦虑自评量表（SAS）测评。结果：与对照组比较，糖尿病组的负性生活事件刺激量和总刺激量得分均显著较高（P均〈0．01）；而社会支持总分、主观支持分及支持利用度分均显著较低（P均〈0．01）。糖尿病组SCL-90总分及躯体化、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐惧6个因子分与SDS、SAS评分均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：2型糖尿病患者存在明显的负性情绪，有针对性的心理干预可能对其防治起重要作用。     

心理干预对精神分裂症患者亲属心理状况的影响

目的：探讨心理干预对精神分裂症患者亲属心理状况的影响。方法：采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）和自编精神分裂症健康知识调查问卷对83名精神分裂症患者的亲属进行调查,并对其进行为期4周的心理干预。结果：精神分裂症患者亲属心理干预前的SAS和SDS评分分别为（53.90±2.02）分和（61.40±1.07）分,显著高于全国常模的（41.90±2.60）分和（41.40±1.83）分（P〈0.05）;心理干预后患者亲属的SAS和SDS评分分别为（41.00±1.56）分和（41.50±1.08）分,较干预前有显著降低（P〈0.05）;干预后亲属对患者疾病相关知识的知晓度明显提高。结论：心理干预可有效改善患者亲属的心理状况。     

酒依赖患者稽延性戒断症状的心理干预及效果观察

目的探讨心理护理干预是否缓解酒依赖患者稽延性戒断症状及心理渴求。方法选取符合标准的酒依赖患者,经苯二氮革类替代递减治疗后,抑郁自评量表（SDS）〉53分,焦虑自评量表（SAS）〉50分者80例。随机分成干预组和对照组各80例。干预组患者根据制定的心理干预模式实施心理干预,对照组以抗抑郁治疗为主,并辅予常规心理护理,评估并比较两组患者的心理状态。结果干预后,干预组SDS、SAS、SQ量表分下降明显,与对照组量表分有显著差异（P〈0．01）。结论心理干预模式可缓解酒依赖患者稽延性戒断症状,降低心理渴求,帮助其维持戒断后的操守状态。     

精神分裂症患者家属心理状态与情感表达相关分析

对符合CCMD－2精神分裂症诊断标准的225例患家庭进行抑郁量表（CES－D）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）和情感表达量表测定，通过Statpal软件进行Correlation分析。结果显示情感表达问卷中的九项因素及其总分分别与CES－D自评总分、SAS自评总分进行相关分析：情感过分参入与CES－D自评总分呈正相关（r=-0.1243)；热情的缺乏与CES－D自评总分呈负相关（r=0.1607)；各项因子分及其总分均与SAS自评总分呈显相关关系（P＜0．001），说明情感表达与家属的心理状态休戚相关，降低家庭情感表达水平具有重要意义。     

首发精神分裂症患者配偶的心理状况与心理干预

目的探讨首发精神分裂症患者配偶的心理状况及干预效果。方法对80例首发精神分裂症患者配偶给予症状自评量表（SCL-90）,焦虑自评量表（SAS）,抑郁自评量表（SDS）进行测评,并根据测评存在的心理问题给予干预。结果首发精神分裂症患者配偶SCL-90各因子分,SAS、SDS评分明显高于国内常模,妻子与丈夫间差异不明显。经心理干预及随病情改善,患者配偶SAS、SDS分也随之下降。结论首发精神分裂症患者的配偶存在不同程度的心理问题,心理干预可提高其心理承受能力,减轻心理应激反应。     

湛江“4．28”校园重大突发事件对小学生心理健康的影响及其心理干预

目的了解湛江“4．28”校园重大突发事件受影响的小学生焦虑和抑郁障碍的严重性,并对暴露的因素进行分析,为进行有效心理干预提供依据。方法采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）对受“4．28”校园突发事件影响的五个班共357名小学生进行心理状况的调查。结果小学生焦虑和抑郁的阳性率分别为40．7％和24．9％;学生的性别与干预前后SAS和SDS的得分呈正相关,男生得分低于女生（P〈0．05）,班中有无伤员与干预前后SAS和SDS的评分呈正相关,班中有伤员的评分低于无伤员的评分;学生的性别与干预前后SAS和SDS的分差呈正相关,男生分差显著低于女生。班中有无伤员与干预前后SAS和SDS的分差则无显著相关性。结论校园突发事件对小学生的心理健康有明显的影响,且女生受影响的程度显著高于男生,及时开展有针对性的心理干预有一定作用。     

集体心理结合药物治疗对住院神经症疗效对照研究

目的：探讨集体心理治疗对神经病的疗效。方法：联合治疗（集体心理治疗结合药物治疗）61例，单一用药63例，于治疗前，治疗后12周分别用症状自评量表（SCL－90），焦虑和抑郁自评量表（SAS，SDS）进行评定。结果：联合治疗组显效率65．9％，单一用药组显效率30．2％，两组间差异有显性（P＜0．01），量表评定结果：SCL－90，SAS，SDS治疗12周后两组比较，差异有显性（P＜0．01），SAS，SDS治疗12周后两组比较有显性差异（P＜0．05），结论：集体心理治疗不仅能减轻神经症症状，而且能改善患的人际关系，可推广使用。     

护理干预对抑郁症患者生活质量的影响

目的：观察护理干预对抑郁症患者生活质量的影响。方法：90例抑郁症患者随机分为研究组和对照组各45例。两组均给予帕罗西汀治疗,研究组同时接受8周的护理干预。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）及抑郁自评量表（SDS）评价疗效;采用MOS健康状况调查表（SF-36）评价生活质量。结果：经8周护理干预,研究组HAMD、SAS及SDS评分均较对照组显著降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。出院后6个月,以研究组SF-36各项评分（除躯体疼痛评分显著低于人院时外）均显著高于人院时（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;两组间比较,以社会功能、精神健康、躯体疼痛及总分差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论：护理干预不仅能缓解抑郁症患者的症状,而且能提高生活质量。     

海洛因依赖者的生活事件与情绪问题调查

目的 探索海洛因依赖患者的生活事件发生情况和焦虑、抑郁情绪问题,以及生活事件与焦虑、抑郁情绪的相关性.方法 采用生活事件量表(LES)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)对139名吸毒者进行测评.结果 根据生活事件量表(LES)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)评定结果,76.26%受试者经历...     

脑梗死患者的生活质量与其焦虑、抑郁情绪的相关性研究

目的 探讨脑梗死患者的生活质量与其焦虑、抑郁情绪的关系。方法 采用Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）、Zung抑郁自评量表（SDS）及生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）对80例脑梗死患者（脑梗死组）及80名健康人（对照组）进行问卷调查，并对生活质量与其焦虑、抑郁情绪作相关分析。结果 脑梗死患者的生活质量总分及躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能3个维度评分均明显低于对照组（P〈0．01），而SAS及SDS评分均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。脑梗死患者的生活质量总分及躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能3个维度评分均与SAS及SDS评分呈显著性负相关。结论 脑梗死患者的生活质量较差，焦虑、抑郁情绪明显；其生活质量与焦虑、抑郁情绪密切相关。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.