Acupuncture for treating diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

ObjectiveThis review aimed to examine the effectiveness of acupuncture for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR).MethodsFourteen databases (5 English, 4 Chinese, and 5 Korean) were searched from their inception until May 20, 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using acupuncture for DR treatment were included. The study selection and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. The Cochrane risk of bias tool version 2 (RoB 2.0) and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) were used to assess all the included RCTs.ResultsOf 864 citations, 6 RCTs met the inclusion criteria of our review. Four studies reported the beneficial effects of acupuncture with standard medication or acupuncture alone compared with standard medication or no treatment on the effective rate. Only three studies showed that acupuncture combined with standard medications significantly improved visual acuity compared to standard medication alone. None of the studies reported on adverse events. The risk of bias of the included studies was judged to be of “some concern” and was marked with a moderate and low certainty of evidence in different outcomes.ConclusionOur results suggest the potential benefit of acupuncture in treating DR. Acupuncture in the form of combined therapy with standard medication or acupuncture alone may be more effective in the treatment of DR than standard medication alone. Further rigorous clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings.     

Diabetic ketoacidosis and its treatment increase plasma 3-deoxyglucosone

OBJECTIVES: Highly reactive dicarbonyl compounds are known to be increased by hyperglycemia, ketone bodies and lipid peroxidation. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and its treatment on the plasma concentration of 3 deoxyglucosone (3-DG) one of the dicarbonyl compounds. DESIGN AND METHODS: 3-DG was measured in 7 children before, during and following correction of severe DKA. 3-DG was elevated before treatment (610 nmol/L +or/- 70) in comparison to baseline (120 h) (200 nmol/L+/or- 17) (p < 0.05). At 6 to 24 h into treatment 3-DG was further elevated (1080 nmol/L +or/- 80) in comparison to both pretreatment (p < 0.05) and baseline (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: 3-DG is significantly elevated before the treatment of DKA and increases further during the treatment of DKA. The time course of the increase of 3-DG coincides with the time of progression of subclinical brain edema, which occurs in DKA.     

心理干预对糖尿病性白内障患者术后疗效的影响

目的：探讨心理干预对糖尿病性白内障患者术后疗效的影响。方法：将86例糖尿病性白内障患者随机分为实验组44例和对照组42例。两组患者均进行常规治疗及护理,另对实验组针对患者的心理问题实施心理干预。结果：两组患者角膜水肿、前房渗出和房水闪光分别为14.0%（7/50）和33.3%（16/48）、8.0%（4/50）和22.9%（11/48）、10.0%（5/50）和31.2%（15/48）。两组比较均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论：心理干预降低了患者术后并发症的发生率,提高了手术疗效。     

循证护理对老年糖尿病患者周围神经传导速度及足部并发症的影响

目的 探讨循证护理对老年糖尿病患者周围神经传导速度及足部并发症的影响.方法 选取2015年6月至2016年7月在我院接受治疗的老年糖尿病患者90例.采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各45例,对照组患者给予常规护理,观察组患者给予循证护理,观察比较两组患者护理后神经传导速度变化情况、足部并发症、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、护理效果和满意度情况.结果 护理后,两组患者的正中神经、腓总神经以及尺神经传导速度均有所提高,观察组高于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者的空腹血糖以及餐后2 h血糖均有所下降,观察组低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者护理后的总有效率为95.56%高于对照组的77.78%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);护理后,观察组患者的满意率为88.89%高于对照组的68.89%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);护理后,观察组患者脚痛、脚趾关节红肿以及红斑并发症发生率明显低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 对老年糖尿病患者给予循证护理,可以有效改善患者周围神经传导速度,减轻患者的临床症状,提高临床治疗效果.     

维生素 D 与 2 型糖尿病的相关性研究进展

维生素D是人体内一种激素,其经典作用是调节钙、磷代谢及骨矿化。近年来,国内外众多研究发现维生素D在糖代谢等方面也发挥重要作用。许多研究表明维生素D与糖尿病的发生发展关系密切,维生素D对胰岛具有保护作用,并且是维持正常的胰岛素分泌和糖耐量所必需的物质,与糖尿病慢性并发症也密切相关。合理补充维生素D可能延缓2型糖尿病进展,为糖尿病的综合防治枨来希望。     

血清胱抑素C与2型糖尿病并发症的相关性研究

目的：研究血清胱抑素C （cystatin C,CysC）与2型糖尿病（T2DM）并发症的相关性.方法：将536例住院T2DM患者根据是否合并糖尿病慢性并发症分为不合并糖尿病并发症的对照组、合并周围血管病变（peripheral arterial disease,PAD）组、合并肾脏病变（diabetic nephropathy,DN）组、合并视网膜病变（diabetic retinopathy,DR）组、合并周围神经病变（diabetic peripheral neuropathy,DPN）组,记录患者的年龄、病程、身高、体质量、腰围、臀围,并检测空腹血糖（FPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、血清肌酐（Scr）、血清CysC、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、肾小球滤过率（GFR）等,计算体质量指数（BMI）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,比较各组间所测指标的差异性,并分析CysC与T2DM并发症的相关性.结果：PAD组、DN组、DR组及DPN组的血清CysC水平均高于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论：T2DM患者的血清CysC升高与合并糖尿病周围血管病变、肾脏病变、视网膜病变、周围神经病变等慢性并发症具有相关性.     

磁共振灌注加权成像在糖尿病脑损害中的应用进展

糖尿病脑损害是糖尿病于中枢系统的并发症,脑灌注的异常是糖尿病脑损害的表现之一。磁共振灌注成像分为动态磁敏感对比增强、动态增强磁共振成像和动脉自旋标记3类,能够反映脑血流灌注等信息。随着磁共振灌注成像技术的不断发展,可以更早期、全面、准确地测量脑部微循环的改变及其所带来的中枢神经系统损害,特别是动脉自旋标记成像,作为非侵入性磁共振灌注成像技术,可以定量并重复测量脑血流量,更有效避免了使用外源性对比剂带来的风险,已逐渐成为糖尿病脑损害研究的有力工具。本文将围绕磁共振灌注成像在糖尿病脑损害中的研究与应用展开综述。     

A significant relationship between plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and lipoprotein(a) in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus without complications

We previously found a relationship between plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and lipoprotein(a) in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypothesized that this could be due to a compensatory mechanism able to lower the risk of hypofibrinolysis found in type II diabetes mellitus. The aims of the present study were: (1) to confirm the association between plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and lipoprotein(a) in a different group of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients and (2) to investigate whether the association could be related to diabetic complications. Other vascular risk factors able to influence fibrinolytic parameters such as glycemia, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress were also considered. Sixty-six non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients without diabetic complications (48 men, 18 women), 45 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients with complications (21 men, 24 women), and 31 control subjects (17 men, 14 women) were studied. Plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 antigen and activity, and the main parameters of lipo- and glycometabolic balance were determined. Antioxidant defense was assayed as oxygen radical absorbance capacity of serum. Statistically significant differences among controls and the two diabetic groups were found for fasting glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity of serum, while no statistically significant differences were evident for plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 antigen and activity and lipoprotein(a). Regression analysis of log plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1/lipoprotein(a) showed a significant correlation only in diabetic patients without complications (r=−0.57,P<0.001). These results show that a relationship between plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and lipoprotein(a) is characteristic of a diabetic population without complications, supporting the suggestion that this relationship could be a compensatory mechanism of the fibrinolytic system to limit the risks of hypofibrinolysis. A lack or a loss of capacity to balance lipoprotein(a) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 could contribute to the pathogenesis of the diabetic complications.     

Fulminant infection with emphysematous changes in the biliary tract and air-filled liver abscesses

Gas-producing infections are related to anaerobic bacteria and usually associated with immunosuppressive pathologies such as diabetes and have a fulminating course. We present the clinical course of a patient with diabetes whose infection progressed rapidly and ended in her dramatic death in a short period; surgical therapy was impossible, and the disease behaved similarly to type I emphysematous pyelonephritis.     

2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变检出率及其相关危险因素分析

目的：探讨2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）的发生率及相关危险因素。方法：收集448例2型糖尿病患者的眼底检查情况及其他临床资料,根据眼底检查结果将患者分为糖尿病无视网膜病变（NDR）及糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）组,比较可能诱发DR的危险因素。结果：112例患者合并DR占总数的25．0％。年龄、糖尿病病程、收缩压、尿素氮、肌酐、尿微量白蛋白以及高血压、脑梗死合并率两组之间的差异有统计学意义。Logistic回归糖尿病病程、尿微量白蛋白是DR发生的独立危险因素。结论：我院住院2型糖尿病患者中25．0％合并DR,糖尿病病程、尿微量白蛋白是DR独立的危险因素。     

糖尿病肾病肌酐尿素分离伴意识障碍的诊治

目的探讨伴有意识障碍和肾功能表现为肌酐尿素分离的糖尿病。肾病的临床特点及诊治要点。方法对我院收治的1例糖尿病肾病伴急性肾衰竭、糖尿病酮症、糖尿病神经源性膀胱的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本例因血糖高22年、蛋白尿6年、肾功能异常2年、意识模糊1周入院。曾在外院行血液透析治疗,症状可好转,为再次行此治疗人我院。经仔细分析病史结合尿素54．3mmol／L、肌酐322μmol／L、血糖19．8mmol／L、血酮0．7mmol／L,确定无血液透析指征,予补液、降糖、补钾、静脉营养等治疗,同时留置导尿时发现尿潴留。经上述综合治疗后血酮降至正常,血糖控制满意,意识逐渐转清,肾功能逐渐好转。结论病程长、血糖控制差、饮食欠佳的糖尿病肾病患者,尤其老年患者并发症多,临床接诊此类患者应详细询问病史,并结合相关检查仔细分析,以免误诊误治。     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退与2型糖尿病慢性并发症的相关性

【目的】探讨亚临床甲状腺功能减退（甲减）与2型糖尿病（T2DM ）慢性并发症的相关性。【方法】选择 T2DM 伴发亚临床甲减患者42例（甲减组）,随机另取无亚临床甲减的T2DM 患者50例（对照组）,比较两组生化指标及并发症发生率。【结果】甲减组患者在年龄、性别比、糖尿病病程及冠心病发生率均明显高于对照组（ P ＜0．05）。甲减组总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、24 h尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）、超敏 C 反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPO-Ab）、甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TG-Ab）水平明显高于对照组,而踝肱指数（ABI）、E峰（心脏快速充盈期）与A峰（心脏缓慢充盈期）比值（E/A）低于对照组（ P ＜0．05）。除糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）差异无显著性外,甲减组糖尿病肾病（DN ）、糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN ）及糖尿病外周动脉病变（PAD ）发生率均显著高于对照组。【结论】T2DM患者易并发亚临床甲减,而亚临床甲减可能影响糖尿病慢性并发症的发生。     

糖尿病性视网膜病变的筛查及护理配合

目的 了解糖尿病患者视网膜病变的发生状况,为指导糖尿病性视网膜病变护理提供科学依据.方法 配合医生对已确诊的380例糖尿病患者进行眼部视力、裂隙灯、眼底检查,对筛查出的患者进行眼底荧光血管造影(FFA)进一步确诊,收集相关实验室检查及个人资料.结果 380例糖尿病患者中有126例患糖尿病性视网膜病变,发生率为33.16%.结论 糖尿病性视网膜病变与糖尿病病程、空腹血糖水平、高血压、高血脂显著相关.应早筛查、早发现、早治疗和护理干预,延缓病情发展,是糖尿病患者防盲的关键.     

Complications Related to Permanent Pacemaker Therapy

This study evaluates complications related to permanent endocardial pacing in the era of modern pacemaker therapy. There is only limited information available about the complications related to modern cardiac pacing. Most of the existing data are based on the 1970s and are no longer valid for current practice. The recent reports on pacemaker complications are focused on some specific complication or are restricted to early complications. Thus, there are no reports available providing a comprehensive view of complications related to modern cardiac pacing. Four hundred forty-six patients, who received permanent endocardial pacemakers between January 1990 and December 1995 at Kuopio University Hospital, were reviewed retrospectively using patient records. Attention was paid to the occurrence of any complication during the implantation or follow-up. An early complication was detected in 6.7%, and 4.9% of patients were treated invasively due to the early complication. Late complication developed in 7.2% and reoperation was required in 6.3% of the patients. Complications related to the implantation procedure occurred in 3.1%. Inadequate capture or sensing was observed in 7.4% of the patients. Pacemaker infection was detected in 1.8% and erosion in 0.9% of the patients. An AV block developed in 3.6% (1.6%/year) patients who received an AAI(R)-pacemaker due to sick sinus syndrome. There was no mortality attributable to pacemaker therapy. A great majority (68%) of the complications occurred within the first 3 months after the implantation. Complications associated to modern permanent endocardial pacemaker therapy are not infrequent. Eleven percent of patients needed an invasive procedure due to an early or late complication.     

AIDS并慢性腹泻的血液学变化与死亡的关系

目的：探讨艾滋病（AIDS）并发慢性腹泻的血液学改变与住院天数及死亡的关系。方法：回顾性研究70例AIDS并发慢性腹泻患者的血液学改变（包括Hb、WBC、ESR）住院天数及死亡人数并对上述数据进行统计学处理。结果：70例患者中发生贫血的52例，WBC减少的30例、ESR增快的66例，分别占总人数的74．29％、42．86％、94．29％。在死亡的27例中有19例白细胞减少x^2=13．586〉7．88，P〈0．005，在存活的43例患者中白细胞减少的住院天数明显长于白细胞不减少的u=2．569〉1．96，P〈0．05。结论：WBC减少与否与住院天数有差异，与死亡有显著差异。     

2型糖尿病肾病患者同型半胱氨酸、C反应蛋白检测的临床意义

目的:探讨同型半胱氨酸(Homocysteine,Hcy)和C反应蛋白(CRP)水平在2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴发糖尿病肾病(DN)中的意义。方法:根据尿白蛋白排泄率(UAE)将86例2型糖尿病(DM)患者分为单纯糖尿病组(SDM组)、糖尿病肾病组(DN组),36名健康者作为对照组,分别测定各组血清Hcy和CRP的水平,采用化学发光法测定Hcy,免疫比浊法测定CRP。并与对照组比较。结果:糖尿病肾病组血清Hcy、CRP水平与2型糖尿病组及正常对照组比较均显著升高,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。另外Hcy和CRP分别与UAE呈显著正相关(r=0.528,0.442,P<0.01)。结论:DN患者血清Hcy和CRP水平随着UAE的增加而升高,两者之间关系密切,可能与DN的进展有关,可作为糖尿病肾病患者病情监测指标。