Growth and characterization of hexamethylenetetramine crystals grown from solution

Organic nonlinear optical single crystals of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT; 10 × 10 × 5 mm³) were prepared by crystallization from methanol solution. The grown crystals were subjected to various characterization techniques such as single crystal XRD, powder XRD, UV-Vis and electrical studies. Single crystal XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of the grown crystals. Their crystalline nature was also confirmed by powder XRD technique. The optical transmittance property was identified from UV-Vis spectrum. Dielectric measurements were performed as a function of frequency at different temperatures. DC conductivity and photoconductivity studies were also carried out for the crystal. The powder second harmonic generation efficiency (SHG) of the crystal was measured using Nd:YAG laser and the efficiency was found to be two times greater than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP).     

Studies on growth and characterization of an NLO crystal: L-alanine hydrogen chloride (LAHC)

A nonlinear optical (NLO) salt viz. L-alanine hydrogen chloride (LAHC) has been synthesized and solubility of the synthesized salt in de-ionized water was determined at different temperatures. Single crystals of L-alanine hydrogen chloride (LAHC) salt were grown by solution method with slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) and powder XRD analyses to study the crystal structure. The crystallinity of LAHC crystal was confirmed by the powder X-ray diffraction study and diffraction peaks were indexed. FTIR study was used to confirm the presence of various functional groups in the grown crystals. UV–visible transmittance spectrum was recorded to study the optical transparency of LAHC crystal. The nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the grown crystal was confirmed by Kurtz–Perry powder test. The density of LAHC crystal was determined by floatation method. The mechanical strength of the crystal was estimated by Vickers hardness test. The grown crystals were subjected to TG/DTA analyses. The dielectric behavior of the sample was also studied.     

Laser damage threshold,antimicrobial efficacy and physicochemical properties of an organometallic L-proline lithium chloride monohydrate single crystal for NLO application and optoelectronic device fabrication

The potential metalorganic L-proline lithium chloride monohydrate single crystal was grown by slow evaporation method for evaluating optoelectronic device fabrication. From the single crystal XRD studies, the grown crystal was confirmed the molecular packing in monoclinic crystal lattice. The powder XRD data confirm the phase purity of the grown crystal. Vibrational absorption band assignments were recognized by FTIR and FT-Raman spectrum and they confirmed the presence of multiple functional groups in the grown crystal structure. Optical properties of the grown crystal were studied by using transmittance and absorption spectrum of UV–Vis–NIR analysis. The dielectric response of the grown crystal was studied in the frequency range between 50 Hz and 2 MHz for four temperature gradients. From the microhardness study, some mechanical parameters such as fracture toughness, brittleness index and yield strength were calculated. The photoluminescence activity of the grown crystal was deliberate in terms of optical peaks. The amino group participation over the optical scattering nodal regions for generating radiation absorption process to fascinate optical endurance was studied. TG/DTA curve shows that the LPLCM crystal was thermally stable up to 132 °C. The laser damage threshold value of the grown crystal was measured using multishot mode and it was found to be 7.78 GW/cm². The fractionation of the etching time prevents lattice from over etching and degradation of the mechanical properties of the grown crystal. LPLCM crystal showed higher antibacterial activity against one gram positive and one gram negative bacterial species. Second order nonlinear optical efficiency of the LPLCM crystal was studied at 1064 nm generated by a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser source.

     

Growth and dielectric,mechanical, thermal and etching studies of an organic nonlinear optical l-arginine trifluoroacetate (LATF) single crystal

l-arginine trifluoroacetate, an organic nonlinear optical material, has been synthesized from aqueous solution. Bulk single crystal of dimension 57 mm × 5 mm × 3 mm has been grown by temperature lowering technique. Powder X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the monoclinic structure of the grown l-arginine trifluoroacetate crystal. Linear optical property of the grown crystal has been studied by UV–vis spectrum. Dielectric response of the l-arginine trifluoroacetate crystal was analysed for different frequencies and temperatures in detail. Microhardness study on the sample reveals that the crystal possesses relatively higher hardness compared to many organic crystals. Thermal analyses confirmed that the l-arginine trifluoroacetate material is thermally stable upto 212 °C. The etching studies have been performed to assess the perfection of the l-arginine trifluoroacetate crystal. Kurtz powder second harmonic generation test confirms the nonlinear optical properties of the as-grown l-arginine trifluoroacetate crystal.     

Growth,characterization and dielectric property studies of gel grown barium succinate single crystals

. Single crystals of barium succinate (BaC4H4O4) were grown in silica gel medium using controlled chemical reaction method. Plate-like single crystals of size up to 3 × 2 × 0·2 mm³ was obtained. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed that structure of the title compound is tetragonal. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern of the grown crystal and the Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) spectrum in the range 400–4000 cm^–1 are recorded. The vibrational bands corresponding to different functional groups are assigned. Thermal stability of the grown crystals is confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Dielectric constant and dielectric loss have been calculated and discussed as a function of frequency at different temperatures.     

Growth and characterization of 4-methyl benzene sulfonamide single crystals

Single crystals of 4-methyl benzene sulfonamide (4MBS) were successfully grown from aqueous solution by low temperature solution growth technique. The grown crystal was characterized by single crystal XRD and powder XRD methods to obtain the lattice parameters and the diffraction planes of the crystal. UV–vis–NIR absorption spectrum was used to measure the range of optical transmittance and optical band gap energy. The optical transmission range was measured as 250–1200 nm. FTIR spectral studies were carried out to identify the presence of functional groups in the grown crystal. The thermal behavior of the crystal was investigated from thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study. The absence of SHG was noticed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique. The third order NLO behavior of the material was confirmed by measuring the nonlinear optical properties using Z-scan technique and it was found that the crystal is capable of exhibiting saturation absorption and self-defocusing performance.     

Studies on the nonlinear optical single crystal: Ammonium d,l-tartrate (C4H9NO6)

The organic nonlinear optical material ammonium d,l-tartrate single crystal has been successfully grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal XRD and the lattice parameters have been confirmed. The structural perfection of the grown crystal was analyzed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurement. The optical transmittance spectrum shows that the material has a good optical transparency in the entire visible region with the UV cut-off wavelength at 234 nm. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric measurements were performed to study the thermal properties of the grown crystal. Chemical etching studies were attempted to determine the dislocation density of the grown crystal. Mechanical behavior was assessed using Vickers hardness testing carried out on (0 0 1) crystallographic plane. The Kurtz–Perry powder SHG technique confirms the NLO property of the grown crystal and the efficiency of AMT crystal was found to be 1.3 times that of standard KDP crystal.     

Synthesis,growth, and characterization of new stilbazolium derivative single crystal: 2-[2-(2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-1-ethyl-pyridinium iodide for third-order NLO applications

2-[2-(2,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-1-ethyl-pyridinium iodide (DMPI), a new organic stilbazolium derivative was synthesized and grown by slow evaporation technique. The crystal structure of the grown crystal was solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and it was found that DMPI crystallizes in triclinic structure with the centrosymmetric space group Pī. Various functional groups of the grown crystal were identified using FT-IR spectral analysis. The molecular structure of DMPI was further confirmed by ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectral studies. The linear optical studies revealed that the grown crystal has a wide transparency range from 481 to 800 nm, which is suitable for opto-electronic and nonlinear optical applications. The luminescence spectrum of DMPI showed yellow emission radiation at 571 nm. TG/DTA analysis revealed that the grown crystal was thermally stable up to 232?°C. Microhardness studies confirmed the reverse indentation size effect of DMPI. The dielectric behaviour of DMPI was analyzed by dielectric studies with various frequencies at different temperatures. The surface damage threshold study showed that the grown crystal has higher optical radiation stability against 1064 nm Nd: YAG laser. Studies of its nonlinear optical properties using a Z-scan technique indicated that DMPI crystal possesses a saturable absorption and the self-focusing effect. Negative photo conducting nature of the grown crystal was obtained by photoconductivity measurements.     

Growth and characterization of l-asparagine thiourea monohydrate (LATM): A nonlinear optical single crystal

l-Asparagine thiourea monohydrate (LATM) single crystal has been successfully grown (size 15 × 10 × 3 mm³) by slow evaporation solution growth technique. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report to the literature. The grown crystal was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. The UV-Vis transmittance spectrum shows that the material has wide optical transparency in the entire visible region. The relative second harmonic generation was confirmed by Kurtz powder technique. The mechanical properties have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester. The birefringence of the crystal was measured in the visible region and it was found to vary with the wavelength.     

Growth and characterization of l-proline cadmium chloride monohydrate single crystals

A novel semi-organic material of l-proline cadmium chloride monohydrate (l-PCCM) has been successfully synthesized and single crystal was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. The grown single crystals have been characterized by different instrumentation techniques like XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis-NIR and TG/DTA measurements. Its nonlinear optical property has been tested by Kurtz powder method. The mechanical properties of grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester. Its relative SHG efficiency is two times higher than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystal.     

Growth and characterization of L-Glycine thiourea nonlinear optical single crystal for optoelectronic applications

l-Glycine thiourea single crystals have been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST). The cell parameters were estimated from single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and it was found that the material crystallized in the orthorhombic symmetry with space group P2₁2₁2₁ and the theoretical data were estimated. The powder X-ray analysis proved its crystalline nature without the formation of secondary phases. The presence of functional groups and the nature of bonds appearing in the material were identified by FTIR spectroscopy. Optical constants were estimated by UV–Visible spectrum and the lower cut off wavelength was observed at 200 nm. The scanning electron microscope analysis has been carried out to determine the surface morphology of the grown crystal. Energy dispersive spectrum was done to confirm the composition of elements present in the title material. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency was done by Kurtz powder technique and the conversion efficiency was compared with KDP crystal of the title compound. Third order nonlinear optical susceptibility was measured using z-scan technique and it was found that the crystal has a positive refractive index which is self focusing in nature. The obtained results showed that l-glycine thiourea crystals are potential materials for NLO device fabrication.     

Optical,mechanical and transport properties of unidirectional grown l-tartaric acid bulk single crystal for non-linear optical application

Good optical quality bulk single crystal of l-tartaric acid has been grown by directional solidification crystal growth method from aqueous solution. Crystal of dimension 77 mm length and 12 mm diameter has been grown at a growth rate of 2.5 mm day⁻¹ which is the maximum size and growth rate achieved so far. The grown crystal was confirmed by powder XRD analysis and the presence of the functional groups in the crystal lattice was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis. Transmission spectral analysis shows that the crystal has more than 90% of transmittance in visible and near infrared region which exhibits the good optical quality of the crystal. The optical band gap was estimated to be 4.8 eV and it shows indirect optical transition. Thermal analysis shows the crystal to be thermally stable up to 172 °C and the load variation of the hardness has been explained on the basis of normal indentation size effect from microhardness study.     

A study on optical, thermal, mechanical, dielectric, piezoelectric and NLO properties of unidirectional ammonium chloride added ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystal

<0 0 1> directed ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystal with the addition of 1 mol% of ammonium chloride in the mother solution has been grown by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy method. The grown crystal has cylindrical morphology with good optical quality. It has good thermal stability up to 200 °C. Higher mechanical stability was observed in ammonium chloride added crystal compared to pure crystal. Moreover, the addition of ammonium chloride improves the quality and yields highly transparent crystal in minimum duration of growth. Good piezoelectric behaviour was observed for the grown crystal. Low dielectric loss shows that the grown crystal contains minimum defects. The optical transmission study and the powder SHG measurement show the suitability of the ingot for nonlinear optical applications.     

A study on the <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-lysine-iodic acid: semi organic non linear optical single crystals for electro-optic applications

Non linear optical single crystals of l-lysine-iodic acid (LLI) of dimensions upto 24?×?14?×?5 mm³ have been grown successfully by slow evaporation technique from aqueous solution. The crystal structure of the grown material was solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and it was found that the LLI crystal belongs to monocinic system with space group P2₁. Functional groups of the grown crystal were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis. The UV–Vis spectral analysis was carried out to measure the transparent range of the LLI crystal which is nearly 85% and the band gap energy is found to be 5.51 eV. Thermal stability and decomposition temperature of LLI crystal was found by means of TGA and DTA analyses. The mechanical behavior of the grown crystal has been employed using Vicker’s micro hardness technique. The Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) efficiency of the crystal was investigated and it was found to be 3.2 times of KDP. The particle size dependent SHG studies of LLI crystals were performed using Nd:YAG laser. The laser damage threshold value of LLI crystal is found to be 8.54 GW/cm². Dielectric study indicates the reasonable dielectric constant and low dielectric loss of LLI crystal which are essential properties to develop optoelectronic devices. The ac and dc electrical conductivity measurements were carried out at various temperatures. Photoconductivity study exhibits the negative photoconductivity nature of the LLI crystal and the results are discussed for the first time.     

Crystal growth, structure and characterizations of a new semiorganic nonlinear optical material—β-Alanine zinc chloride

The title compound, β-alanine zinc chloride—a new semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal was grown by slow evaporation technique. Single crystals of β-alanine zinc chloride have been subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis to determine the crystal structure. The powder X-ray diffractogram of the crystal has also been recorded. The amount of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen in the crystals was also estimated. Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman spectral measurements have been carried out on the grown crystals in order to identify the functional groups. The presence of hydrogen and carbon in the β-alanine zinc chloride was confirmed by using proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses. The percentage of zinc in the crystal was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Optical behavior such as ultraviolet-vis-near infrared transmittance spectrum and second harmonic generation has been investigated. The mechanical strength and thermal behavior of the grown crystal have been analyzed.     

Growth and characterization of organic material 2-hydroxypyridine single crystal by modified vertical Bridgman technique

Large size (15 mm diameter and 80 mm length) organic material 2-hydroxypyridine single crystal has been grown using the double wall ampoule with nano translation by modified vertical Bridgman technique for the first time. Material of the grown crystal was confirmed by single and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was used to identify the functional groups present in the grown crystal. High resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) has been performed to analyze the crystalline perfection of the grown single crystal. The optical property of the grown crystal was analyzed by UV–vis–NIR and photoluminescence (PL) spectral measurements. The thermal characteristics of the grown crystal were analyzed by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA). The dielectric measurements were carried out with four different frequencies at various temperatures ranging from 308 to 373 K and the results indicate an increase in the dielectric parameters with the increase of temperature at all frequencies. The second harmonic generation (SHG) studies were used to analyze the nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal.     

Growth and characterization of cobalt thiourea sulfate,a new nonlinear optical material

A new semi-organic nonlinear optical crystal of cobalt thiourea sulfate (CTS) has been grown by solvent evaporation solution growth method at room temperature. The unit cell parameters were evaluated by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The vibrational frequencies of various functional groups in the crystals have been derived from FT-IR analysis. The range and percentage of optical transmission are ascertained by recording the UV–VIS–NIR spectrum. The thermal behavior of the crystals has been investigated by DTA and TGA analyses. The mechanical property of the grown crystals has been analyzed by Vicker's microhardness method. The NLO property of the grown crystal has been confirmed by the Kurtz powder second harmonic generation (SHG) test.     

Physical properties of lauric acid crystals grown with KBr in aqueous solution

Lauric acid crystals were grown with potassium bromide (LAPB) in aqueous solution at room temperature by slow solvent evaporation technique. The monoclinic structure of grown single crystal was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction analyses. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum incorporates signatures of functional groups. The optical absorbance study reveals the UV cut-off wavelength as 230 nm. The Kurtz powder technique ensures that LAPB crystal has 1.1 times greater second harmonic generation efficiency than that of KDP crystals. The thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analyses ensure that the material has good thermal stability. A dielectric behaviour of the sample material is studied in the frequency range \(10^{1}\)–\(10^{6}\)  Hz.     

Study of optimum growth condition and characterization of zinc mercury thiocyanate (ZMTC) single crystals in silica gel

Some bimetallic thiocyanate complexes exhibit excellent nonlinear optical properties. Single crystals of one such material, zinc mercury thiocyanate ZnHg(SCN)₄ have been grown in silica gel with gel technique by the process of diffusions and the optimum growth condition has been studied. Crystals of 4 mm length have been obtained. Their structural, optical and thermal properties have been studied. Structural analysis was carried out using an X-ray diffractometer and the crystal structure was confirmed to be tetragonal. Fourier transform infrared spectrum was obtained to confirm the functional groups. Transmission spectrum has been recorded in the solution state and the cut-off wavelength has been determined. Thermal stability of the grown crystal has been investigated by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. Nonlinear optical property of the crystal has been confirmed using the Kurtz powder technique and a study of its second harmonic generation efficiency in comparison with urea has been made.     

Effect of magnesium chloride on growth,crystalline perfection,structural, optical,thermal and NLO behavior of γ-glycine crystals

In the present study, single crystals of γ-glycine possessing excellent non-linear optical properties were successfully grown at room temperature in the presence of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) for the first time by using the slow solvent evaporation method. The second harmonic conversion efficiency of γ-glycine crystal was determined using Kurtz powder technique with Nd:YAG laser and was found to be 6 times greater than that of the standard inorganic sample potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). The crystalline perfection of the grown crystal was analyzed using high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) rocking curve measurements. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal XRD and powder XRD, which confirmed that the crystal has hexagonal structure and belongs to space group P3₁. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was carried out to quantify the concentration of Mg element in the grown γ-glycine single crystal. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral studies were made to identify the functional groups. The optical band gap was likewise estimated for γ-glycine crystal using UV–vis–NIR study. The optical measurements of γ-glycine crystal helped to calculate the optical constants such as refractive index (n), the extinction coefficient (K), electric susceptibility (χ_c) and both the real (∈_r) and imaginary (∈_i) components of the dielectric permittivity functions of photon energy, which is essentially required to develop optoelectronic devices. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to study thermal stability and decomposition point of the grown crystal.