幔源岩浆岩源区成分判别原理及峨眉山玄武岩地幔源区性质

提出了用微量元素丰度关系探索幔源岩浆岩源区成分特征的原理、推论和方法。认为:并非所有亲岩浆(不相容)元素都是幔源成分的良好指示剂;两个强亲岩浆元素的比值,或两个亲岩浆性相同的元素的比值,不受岩浆形成方式和演化程度的影响,而保持岩浆形成前地幔源区成分特点;这些特点与不同的幔壳结构和动力学有关。峨眉山玄武岩系的幔源成分类似于南大西洋拉开时形成的孪生洋脊玄武岩和巴西陆缘玄武岩,它们可能具有类似的源区和构造环境。     

塔什库尔干碱性杂岩体形成时代及其地质意义

帕米尔构造结是青藏高原变形最强烈的地区之一，区内新生代岩浆侵入活动发育，既有壳源岩浆侵位，也有幔源岩浆广泛分布。根据岩石学和地球化学研究，侵入岩可分为幔源碱性正长岩和壳源花岗岩2个系列。幔源碱性正长岩总体上由暗色正长岩、浅色正长岩和碱性花岗岩组成，其成因为岩浆不不混溶作用。壳源花岗岩类成分单一，具有低共熔岩浆属性，其成因可能与幔源岩浆对地壳加热有关。利用碱性正长岩的钾长石进行^40Ar-^39Ar法获得3个分别为大约23Ma、13Ma和8Ma坪年龄数据，结合岩体地质特征，认为它们分别代表了碱性正长岩和花岗岩的侵位时间以及后期构造热事件。研究结果表明，岩浆活动是帕米尔构造结形成和帕米尔强烈变形的主要因素之一。     

东蒙地区燕山期三类成矿岩体地质地球化学特征

根据东蒙地区广泛发育的中生代燕山期岩体的成矿特征，将其成矿岩体分成三种类型。它们分别是铜成矿岩体、铅锌成矿岩体和锡成矿岩体。通过对三种成矿岩体的岩石学、稀土元素和微量元素的分析研究，认为铜成矿岩体具有明显的幔源和壳源双重特征，为燕山早期岩浆演化的结果；锡成矿岩体为燕山晚期岩浆演化的产物，具有壳源特点；铅锌成矿岩体的地质特征处于铜成矿岩体和锡成矿岩体的过渡。     

云南省中部富碱斑岩成矿机理探讨

云南富碱斑岩由地壳深部的源岩分离熔融形成，该源岩则由早期侵入陆壳的幔源超基性岩与陆壳组分混合而成。斑岩成矿作用的成矿物质主要来源于岩浆，铅同位素资料表明它们有深部流体相、早期陆壳和幔源岩浆三种来源，但归根结底可能本区存在异常上地幔。地质地球化学综合分析认为，铜金等元素主要来源于幔源组分，铅锌等元素来源于陆壳组分，源岩重熔和岩浆演化使成矿元素得到进一步的富集。在不同的构造单元中，源岩的壳幔组分比、重熔程度等存在差异，因而富碱斑岩特征及成矿作用有别，出现两个成矿亚系列。     

滇西北与喜马拉雅期富碱斑岩有关的金矿成矿系统

滇西北地区广泛发育一套以喜马拉雅期为主，以富碱为特点的斑岩体(脉)，空间上具有以岩体(脉)集中区为单元，不同单元组成岩带，多岩带近平行产出的特征。富碱岩浆是地幔富碱质流体经由深大断裂上升至壳-幔混合带激发其岩石部分熔融的产物。金矿成矿与岩浆成岩一脉相承，形影相随，具有与富碱岩体完全一致的时空分布特点，体现了其成岩成矿受区域构造控制的一体化特征。成矿流体主要源于地幔，矿质则地幔与岩浆源区兼而有之。岩浆和岩浆活动是金矿成矿作用中深部矿质上升的载体和不断聚集的动力。由(近)EW向构造活动一地幔富碱质流体上升-壳-幔混合带内岩浆形成-富碱岩浆分异演化一流体成矿构成了统一的区域成矿系统，称之为该区与喜马拉雅期富碱岩浆活动有关的金矿(构造)-壳-幔(流体-岩浆)成矿系统。     

东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区黄羊山花岗岩和包体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及地质意义

高精度LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,黄羊山岩浆混合花岗岩加权平均~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为311±12Ma,首次获得闪长质微细粒包体加权平均~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为300±6Ma,在误差范围内完全一致,均属于晚石炭世,前者代表黄羊山岩浆混合花岗岩成岩年龄,后者代表暗色闪长质微粒包体的形成年龄,表明两者是同时代形成的,属于300Ma前后准噶尔周边地区后碰撞岩浆活动的产物.岩石地球化学研究表明,寄主岩石具有高硅、低铝、贫钙镁、富碱和高分异的特征,寄主岩石、包体和辉绿岩脉成分均落在了混合趋势线上,寄主岩富集Rb和Th等大离子亲石元素及Zr、Hf等高场强元素,亏损Ba、Sr、Ta和Ti等元素,δEu值(为0.01)极低,具有低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr初始比值和高正的ε_(Nd)(t)值.黄羊山碱性花岗岩是在后碰撞拉张的构造背景下,幔源岩浆发生底垫作用,由于幔源岩浆底垫作用,下地壳温度升高而熔融形成酸性壳源岩浆,部分幔源岩浆沿着地壳中的深断裂带上涌,发生不同程度壳幔混合形成的,其中闪长质微细粒包体就是基性的幔源岩浆和酸性的壳源岩浆不同程度的混合的记录者,研究区的辉绿岩脉是幔源岩浆直接分异演化的产物.     

青藏高原南羌塘荣玛晚侏罗世闪长岩:班公湖——怒江特提斯洋向北俯冲产物

班公湖—怒江特提斯洋的演化一直以来备受关注,对于其俯冲极性存在不同认识。报道在青藏高原南羌塘荣玛地区新发现的晚侏罗世闪长岩年代学、地球化学和锆石Hf同位素特征。LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄结果表明,岩石形成于149.7±0.8Ma,时代为晚侏罗世。岩石呈富碱,低Mg O、TFe O、Ca O,富集轻稀土元素和Rb、Th、U、K等元素,亏损Ta、Nb、P、Ti等元素。锆石εHf(t)值为正值,并且具有较大的变化范围(+4.26~+9.29),指示岩浆来源于幔源和壳源岩浆的混合。结合区域地质背景认为,荣玛地区晚侏罗世闪长岩为班公湖—怒江特提斯洋向北俯冲所引起的幔源和壳源岩浆混合作用的产物。     

滁州火山岩地球化学及其对郯庐断裂带内岩石圈减薄的指示

位于郯庐断裂带张八岭隆起北段上的滁州早白垩世火山岩,属于准铝质、硅过饱和岩石,为一套中酸性的高钾钙碱性系列火山岩,部分样品（129~125Ma）具有类似于埃达克岩的地球化学特征。该套火山岩富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素及高场强元素,并具有类似于EMⅠ型的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成。地球化学特征显示该火山岩的岩浆源区属于华北克拉通,早期火山岩（约132Ma）是富集地幔来源岩浆和古老的华北下地壳源区混合的结果;中期和晚期火山岩（129~117Ma）是幔源底侵组分和古老的华北下地壳来源岩浆不同比例混合的产物。由早到晚,滁州火山岩中古老壳源物质比例逐渐增加,源区逐渐变浅,指示软流圈顶面不断抬升、岩石圈内等温面逐渐升高的过程。研究表明,热异常背景下强烈的壳-幔相互作用是该处断裂带内岩浆形成的主要方式,其具体过程是在岩石圈底部持续减薄、软流圈上涌背景下,幔源岩浆底侵而诱发了古老下地壳的部分熔融,从而形成了壳-幔过渡带内混源的岩浆。郯庐断裂带内较浅的岩浆源区、较高的源区熔融程度、强烈而持久的伸展及岩浆活动、强烈的壳-幔相互作用以及现今较薄的岩石圈厚度,都指示郯庐断裂带是华北克拉通东部岩石圈减薄中的强减薄带,在华北克拉通破坏中起着重要的作用。     

太行山北段燕山期花岗岩成因类型及其成矿作用

根据地质及岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学、同位素资料综合分析，太行山北段燕山期花岗岩成因类型为壳幔混源的Ⅰ型花岗岩。区内成矿作用与该类花岗岩关系密切，具体表现在矿床（点）与岩体具有时空上的一致性，成矿物质与成岩物质具有同源性和深源性以及岩体内Cu、Pb、Zn、Mo、Au、Ag元素丰度值较高等特点。矿化类型或成矿系列严格受岩石类型、化学成分、岩浆活动性质等因素控制，表现出明显的成矿专属性。部分熔融作用使下地壳物质形成熔浆的同时，还可以使下地壳中的成矿元素重新活化、迁移并富集在熔浆中，然后与深部上来的富含成矿元素的幔源岩浆一起混合形成壳幔混源的含矿母岩浆。因此，区内燕山期Ⅰ型花岗岩应该是成矿物质的主要提供者。并进一步指出软流圈物质大规模上涌是导致本区Ⅰ型花岗质岩浆活动及成矿作用的最根本的原因。     

浙西新路盆地火山岩型铀成矿的深部动力学机制

在中生代岩浆作用过程主量元素、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学演化轨迹的研究基础上,探讨了新路盆地火山岩型铀成矿的深部动力学机制.研究表明,新路盆地由早至晚系列岩浆岩,SiO2含量依次降低,碱度和K2O/Na2O比值逐渐升高,氧化物含量表现为“跳跃性”演变并趋向辉绿岩;ΣLREE、δEu值和Sr元素等含量显著动态升高;微量元素特征比值表现出趋势性变化特点;Sr-Nd同位素演化呈现出由黄尖组熔结凝灰岩依次趋向花岗斑岩、辉绿岩的混合演化趋势线;代表成矿流体同位素组成的萤石投影点位于岩浆作用过程Sr-Nd同位素混合演化趋势线上,且较花岗斑岩更趋近于辉绿岩投影区.认为新路盆地铀矿床成矿流体具有壳幔源区物质混合特征;酸性系列岩浆岩与火山岩型铀矿在空间上的叠置,是壳幔作用机制下系列产物的耦合;来自岩石圈富集地幔的以富含LREE及K、Sr等大离子亲石元素为特征的高温“轻物质流”持续上涌及由此诱发的壳幔作用,为新路盆地岩浆活动及火山岩型铀成矿作用提供了动力学机制;壳幔作用源区是铀成矿作用的动力源,也是成矿流体的发源地.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the